Direct & Indirect Speech

Direct and Indirect
Direct and Indirect
Speech
Speech
Lesson1: Direct Speech
Lesson2: Indirect Speech
CHAPTER 6:
CHAPTER 6:
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01

Wrenzie Nanagad
10
DIRECT SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH
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Direct Speech
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The actual words of speaker are quoted as it is
without any change. The exact words of speaker
are enclosed in inverted commas or quotation
marks.
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Example:
04
Mark
Mae
I am
studying.
What are
you doing?
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05
Mark
Mae
I am
studying.
What are
you doing?
Direct Speech:
Mae said, " I am studying".
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Shandy Khaye Esporas
06
Indirect Speech
Indirect Speech
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INDIRECT SPEECH
reported speech
reports what a speaker said without using the exact
words
when we report what another person has just said, we
usually do not use the speaker's exact words (direct
speech" but reported (indirect speech)
07 Group 2

in reporting speech, the tense usually
changes. this is because when we use reported
speech, we are usually talking about a time in
the past.
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10
Basic Rules of Indirect
Speech
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NO.1
1. Words of the speaker (reported
speech) are not enclosed in inverted
commas or quotation marks
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NO.2
2. Usage of the Word “that”
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The conjunction “that” is always used between reporting
verb and reported speech in indirect speech
Example:
Direct Speech: He said, “I write a letter”.
Indirect Speech: He said that he wrote a letter
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NO.3
13
3. Change in the Tense of the reported speech
A change is made in the tense of reported speech for
changing a direct speech into an indirect speech.
Example:
Direct Speech: She said, “I am watching a movie”.
Indirect Speech: She said that she was watching a movie.
TENSE CHANGED
Direct Speech:
He says, “I am playing cricket”.
Indirect Speech: He says that he is playing cricket.
NO CHANGE IN TENSE
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NO.4
14
4. Changes in Pronoun
The pronoun of reported speech is sometime changed
according to the pronoun or the object of the reported verb
Example
Direct Speech: He said, “I eat two apples”.
Indirect Speech: He said that he ate two apples.
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NO.5
15
5. Change in Time
If there’s a specific time mentioned in the sentence of a direct
speech, the time will be changed in Indirect Speech
Example
Direct Speech: She said, “I am buying a laptop today”.
Indirect Speech: She said that she was buying a
laptop that day.
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Keith Hinojales & Ellen Mae Francisco
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Indirect Speech for
Indirect Speech for
Interrogative (question) sentences – Rules
Interrogative (question) sentences – Rules
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The basic rules for converting Direct Speech into Indirect Speech are as
follow:
1.Comma and inverted commas will be removed.
2.The Conjunction “that” will not be used in Indirect Speech. The conjunction “that” is
used in indirect speech of all positive sentences.
3.In indirect speech, the question sentence will be expressed in an assertive (positive)
form instead of interrogative form.
4.Question mark (?) will not be used in the indirect speech of interrogative sentence.
5.The verb such as ‘say’ or ‘tell’ (e.g. he said/she said) in direct speech is replaced
with verb such as ‘ask’ or ‘inquire’ (e.g. he asked/she inquired) in indirect speech.
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·Do you like a mango?
(can be answered by saying only YES/NO)
There are two types of question-sentences:
·What are you doing?
(cannot be answered by YES/NO but requires a bit
explanation)
Examples:
1.Question which can be answered with YES or NO
2.Question which cannot be answered only with YES
or NO but requires a detailed answer.
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The specific rules according to the type of question are as follows:
1. Question which can be answered with YES or NO
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To make the indirect speech of such question, the word
“if” or “whether” will be used in Indirect Speech. Both the
words “if” or “whether” can be used interchangeably.
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2. Question which cannot be answered only with YES or NO.
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To make the indirect speech of such questions,
the word “if” or “whether” will not be used. The
question is changed into assertive (positive) form
and is simply placed after the reporting verb.
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Mae Arra Lecobu-an & Janessa Gayares
INDIRECT SPEECH
FOR MODALS:
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Modals
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a modal is a verb that combines with another verb to
indicate mood or tense. A modal, also known as a modal
auxiliary or modal verb, expresses necessity, uncertainty,
possibility, or permission.
Some modals in reported speech also shift back in
time just like tenses do.
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There are some modal verbs that change tense in indirect speech.
The most commonly used are:
MODAL VERBS MODAL VERBS IN INDIRECT SPEECH
Must (obligation) Had to
Can Could
May (possibility) Might
May (permission) Could
Will Would
Shall Should
NOTE: Modal verbs that do not change: could, might, must (speculation), need,
ought, should and would.
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INDIRECT SPEECH FOR MODALS
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e.g., MUST, MAY, CAN, MIGHT, etc
For coverting direct speech into indirect
speech, Present Modals (e.g. Must, Can,
May) are changed into Past Modals (i.e.
Could, Might, Had to)
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INDIRECT SPEECH FOR MODALS
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e.g., Might, Should, Would, Could, Ought to
These Modals are not changed and
remain the same in indirect speech
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Gerna Hombrebueno & Shara Mae Jabolin
31
INDIRECT SPEECH
FOR IMPERATIVE SENTENCES:
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Imperative Sentence
-A sentence which expresses command, request,
advice or suggestion is called imperative sentence.
For example:
• Open the door.
• Please help me.
• Learn your lesson.
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Reported speech imperatives differ in structure to other reported speech sentences.
Imperatives are:
33
Commands: Keep quiet! Requests: Please close the window
Advice: Go and lie down Suggestions: Take the test next year instead
This is the structure that we use:
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Here are some further examples using the imperative sentences ,
showing them in direct speech and indirect speech.
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Direct Speech:
-She said, “Keep quiet!”
-“Please close the window”, the
teacher said
-He told her, “Go and lie down”
-She said, “Take the test next year
instead”
Reported/
Indirect Speech:
-She instructed me to keep quiet
-The teacher asked me to close
the window
-He told her to go and lie down
-She advised them to take the test
next year instead
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Reporting/ Indirect Verbs for Imperatives
35
She said she was tired
He told me I should come tomorrow
In normal reported speech, the common reporting verbs are said and told. For instance:
There are many more, however, that are used with reported speech imperatives. Some are
for orders while others are for polite requests.
Polite Request
-Advise
-Urge
-Ask
-Remind
-Request
-Beg
-*suggest
Orders
-Tell
-Order
-Instruct
-Command
-Forbid
-*demand
-*insist
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Here are some more examples of reported speech imperatives using
these verbs:
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Polite Requests
-My doctor advised me to sleep more
-The government urged the people to use less
water
-She asked me to join her on holiday
-They reminded us to put our seat belts on
-He requested the guests to vacate their rooms
-He begs her to stay
Orders
-John told his brother to change direction
-My boss orders me to work harder
-She instructed them to learn the alphabet
-The general commanded his soldiers to
obey
-The sign forbade them to enter
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Suggest / demand / insist as Reported Verbs
37
Suggest / demand / insist + that + someone
the structure for using them is as follows:
She suggested me to study harder X
He insisted us to take a taxi home X
You can't say:
Direct Speech: She said, "Study harder to pass your test"
Reported Speech: She suggested that I study harder to pass my test
Direct Speech: He said, "Take a taxi home"
Reported Speech: He insisted that we take a taxi home
So this is how reported speech with these verbs will look:
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Negative Imperatives in Reported Speech
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Structure: reporting verb + noun/pronoun + not + to infinitive
Example: She advised me not to come late
examples of direct speech changed into indirect speech using negative imperatives.
Direct Speech:
-She said, "Don't keep talking!"
-"Please don't study too hard", the teacher
said
-He told her, "Don't wait up for me"
-The doctor said, "Don't over eat"
Reported Speech:
She instructed us not to keep keep
talking
The teacher asked them not to study to
hard
He urged me not to wait up for him
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39
Chlomen Madario
CHANGES IN PRONOUN
IN INDIRECT SPEECH
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CHANGE OF PRONOUNS IN
INDIRECT SPEECH
To convert a direct speech into an Indirect speech. The pronoun
(subject or object) of a sentence is changed.
Direct speech: He said,” I like music”.
Indirect Speech: He said that he liked music.
40 Group 2

THERE ARE FOUR RULES FOR THE CHANGE IN
PRONOUN IN INDIRECT SPEECH
Rule No. 1
The 1st person pronoun of reported speech (e.g. We, I, Me,My
,Mine, Us or Our) is changed according to the Pronoun of the
reporting verb if it is 3rd person Pronouns(i.e. she ,he ,it, they,
their, her, his,them,their, theirs)
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Examples:
Direct Speech: He said, ”I am busy”.
Indirect Speech: He said that he was busy.
Direct Speech: They said,”We have completed the work”
Indirect Speech: They said that they had completed the work.
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Rule No. 2
-The 1st person pronoun of reported speech (e.g. we, I, me,my
,mine, us or our) is changed according to the Pronoun of the
reporting verb is also 1st Person Pronoun (I.e. I ,we)
42
Examples:
Direct Speech: I said,” I had applied for a job”
Indirect Speech:I said that I had applied for a job.
Direct Speech: We said, ”We sing a song”
Indirect Speech: We said that we sang a song.
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Rule No. 3
-The 2nd person pronoun (I.e you, yours) of the reported
speech is changed according to “ object “ of the reporting verb
43
Examples:
Direct speech: He said to me, “You are a generous person.“
Indirect speech: He said to me that I was a generous person.
Direct speech: He said to her, “You are cute.”
Indirect speech: He said to her that she was cute.
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Rule No. 4
The 3rd person pronoun (I.e, she,he, it, they, his, her,him,
them,their, theirs) of the reported speech will not be changed in
the Indirect speech
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Examples:
Direct Speech: He said, ”He works in a factory”.
Indirect Speech: He said that he worked in a factory.
Direct speech: They said, “She does not have the necessary qualifications.“
Indirect speech: They said that she did not have the necessary qualifications.
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Pamela Lucas & Skipper Ly
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INDIRECT SPEECH
FOR EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES:
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Exclamatory Sentences
express sudden emotions such as:
Joy
Sorrow
Regret
Surprise
Wonder etc.
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Examples:
·Alas! I couldn’t pass the exam. (state of sorrow)
·Hurrah! I won the competition. (state of joy)
·Wow! What a beautiful car. (state of wonder)
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An exclamatory sentence has a sign of exclamation, which
changes into a full stop in the indirect speech.
Exclamations normally become statements in indirect speech.
They Are often introduced by verbs like exclaim, remark, say,
etc. Therefore, to change them into Indirect
Speech, specific words (i.e. exclaimed with joy,
exclaimed with sorrow, exclaimed with wonder) are
added to the sentence, depending upon the state of emotion
expressed in the sentence.
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Direct Speech
Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
David said to him, “
How intelligent you
are!”
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Examples:
They said, “
Hurrah! We won
the game”
Indirect Speech
David exclaimed with
wonder that how
intelligent he was.
Indirect Speech
They exclaimed with
joy that they had
won the game.
He exclaimed with
sorrow that he had
failed the test.
Direct Speech
“ Alas! I failed the
test.”
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50
June Therese Malifero & Ma. Regina Maparangala
CHANGES IN TIME AND
ADVERBS IN INDIRECT SPEECH
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Rules for the Change in Time and Adverbs in Indirect Speech
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Besides the changes in the tenses and the pronouns, words showing nearness in
direct speech are normally changed into words showing distance in indirect speech.
The most common changes are given below. The rules are as follows:
This will change into that.
These will change into those.
Here will change into there.
Now/just will change into then.
Today will change into that day.
Yesterday will change into the
previous day or the day before.
Last night will change into the previous night or the
night before.
Tomorrow will change into the next day.
Ago will change into before.
The next day/week/year will change into the following
day/week/year.
Hence will change into thence.
Thus will change into so or in that way.
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Examples:
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Direct: He said, ‘I am too weak to work now.’
Indirect: He said that he was too weak to work then.
Direct: She said, ‘I will leave for New York tomorrow.’
Indirect: She said that she would leave for New York the next day.
Direct: He said, ‘I visited them yesterday.’
Indirect: He said that he had visited them the previous day.
Direct: She said, ‘I liked this bag.’
Indirect: She said that she liked that bag.
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Examples:
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Direct: I said, ‘I am leaving tomorrow.’
Indirect: She said that she was leaving the next day.
Direct: She said, ‘These mangoes are rotten.’
Indirect: She said that those mangoes were rotten.
Direct: He said, ‘These are our dogs.’
Indirect: He said that those were their dogs.
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Notes:
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Adverbs of time or place do not normally change if the reporting verb is in the present
or future tense.
Direct: She says, ‘My husband will come now.’
Indirect: She says that her husband will come now.
Direct: She will say, ‘I have to leave now.’
Indirect: She will say that she has to leave now
If the adverbs now, this, here etc., refer to objects present at the time of reporting the
speech, or to the place in which the reporter is at the time of the speech, they are not
changed into then, that, there etc.
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Example:
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John said to me, ‘I have no time to talk to you now.’
John told me that he had no time to talk to me now. (Here the
report is made immediately.)
Alice said, ‘This is my basket.’
Alice said that this was her basket. (Here the basket is right before
us.)
He said, ‘I will speak here.’
He said that he would speak here. (Here the report is made on the
same spot.)
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67
END
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
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