'Exploring information literacy through the lens of Activity Theory' is a paper presented by Bruce Ryan at the 5th European Conference on Information Literacy in St-Malo, France, 18th to 21st September 2017. It is concluded that Activity Theory is an appropriate tool for information literacy research. Its main strengths are found in the processes of preparing data collection tools and the extraction of ‘meaning’ from interview data. In addition, Activity Theory is especially powerful at identifying contradictions between the activities under scrutiny in research projects. In this case, since information literacy was viewed through the lens of Activity Theory, barriers to information sharing, and the stimulation of change in information practice, emerged as strong themes in the research project findings. **The full paper for this slide deck is available. Please see https://www.napier.ac.uk/research-and-innovation/research-search/outputs/exploring-information-literacy-through-the-lens-of-activity-theory **
This document summarizes a study on how social media affordances can increase network awareness. The study found that social media platforms and tools provide affordances that increase employees' awareness of others' skills and expertise in the network. Preliminary results showed that social media allows people to widen their networks, learn from others, and more easily access resources and people. Social media was found to enhance knowledge sharing and provide benefits like speed of access to expertise across wide geographical boundaries.
Defining the UK information worker: the CILIP/ARA Workforce Mapping ProjectHazel Hall
Key findings of the CILIP/ARA Workforce Mapping Project completed by Edinburgh Napier University in 2015, and its impact to date. Presentation delivered at the McMaster Library Symposium, Hamilton, Canada, 15th August 2017.
Presentation of doctoral research at Abo Akademi University, Turku, FinlandLyndsey Middleton
This document provides an overview of Lyndsey Jenkins' PhD research on enhancing workplace learning and innovation in Scotland. The research aims to understand how people learn to innovate from an information science perspective using social cognitive theory as the theoretical framework. The research will involve a literature review, developing research questions, and using qualitative and quantitative methods like case studies, interviews, and surveys across multiple sectors in the UK and Finland. The expected outcome is a framework or guidelines to explain the relationship between workplace learning and innovative work behavior.
Part 1: Concepts and Cases (the language of networks, networks in organizations, case studies and key concepts)
Part 2: (Starts on #44) Mapping Organizational, Personal, and Enterprise Networks: Tools
An update to last year's Social Network Analysis Introduction and Tools...
Net work creating and sustaining successful networksPatti Anklam
This document provides an overview of networks and how to create and sustain successful networks. It discusses attributes of networks, tools for network management, and how networks relate to leadership, innovation, and social media. The document examines different types of networks that exist in organizations, communities, ideas, the human body, and the internet. It also discusses examining network structure and managing a network's context. The key aspects of "net work" are creating, examining, and shaping a network's properties as well as stewarding the connections within the network.
A high-level overview of social network analysis, providing background on how it came into the knowledge management field. Includes an example and core concepts pertinent to the audience, online community managers.
This document summarizes a study on how social media affordances can increase network awareness. The study found that social media platforms and tools provide affordances that increase employees' awareness of others' skills and expertise in the network. Preliminary results showed that social media allows people to widen their networks, learn from others, and more easily access resources and people. Social media was found to enhance knowledge sharing and provide benefits like speed of access to expertise across wide geographical boundaries.
Defining the UK information worker: the CILIP/ARA Workforce Mapping ProjectHazel Hall
Key findings of the CILIP/ARA Workforce Mapping Project completed by Edinburgh Napier University in 2015, and its impact to date. Presentation delivered at the McMaster Library Symposium, Hamilton, Canada, 15th August 2017.
Presentation of doctoral research at Abo Akademi University, Turku, FinlandLyndsey Middleton
This document provides an overview of Lyndsey Jenkins' PhD research on enhancing workplace learning and innovation in Scotland. The research aims to understand how people learn to innovate from an information science perspective using social cognitive theory as the theoretical framework. The research will involve a literature review, developing research questions, and using qualitative and quantitative methods like case studies, interviews, and surveys across multiple sectors in the UK and Finland. The expected outcome is a framework or guidelines to explain the relationship between workplace learning and innovative work behavior.
Part 1: Concepts and Cases (the language of networks, networks in organizations, case studies and key concepts)
Part 2: (Starts on #44) Mapping Organizational, Personal, and Enterprise Networks: Tools
An update to last year's Social Network Analysis Introduction and Tools...
Net work creating and sustaining successful networksPatti Anklam
This document provides an overview of networks and how to create and sustain successful networks. It discusses attributes of networks, tools for network management, and how networks relate to leadership, innovation, and social media. The document examines different types of networks that exist in organizations, communities, ideas, the human body, and the internet. It also discusses examining network structure and managing a network's context. The key aspects of "net work" are creating, examining, and shaping a network's properties as well as stewarding the connections within the network.
A high-level overview of social network analysis, providing background on how it came into the knowledge management field. Includes an example and core concepts pertinent to the audience, online community managers.
Revision of Previous Show on SNA and Introduction to Tools
The Language of Networks
Introduction to Social Network Analysis/ Cases
Tools for Analyzing social networks, including graphing Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter networks
Yes, I still do KM and KM is not dead. I thought I would share the basic deck that I use in workshops that are part of my KM Assessment and Strategy consulting practice. In addition to interviews, surveys, and inventories, it is important during a KM assessment to educate and engage the organization.
The Key Success Factor in Knowledge Management... What Else? Change ManagementPatti Anklam
Presented at SLA 2013, on a panel with Ethel Salonen of MITRE Corporation. Provides perspective on change management and how it is used in understanding and creating interventions in knowledge networks.
Jankowski & van selm, promise and practice of public debate, 2000Nick Jankowski
This document summarizes three studies that empirically investigated public debates in cyberspace to assess claims about digital democracy. The first study analyzed a year-long Usenet discussion on abortion, finding it was diverse and reciprocal but lacked equality and high-quality discourse. The second was an experiment with software to support an online debate about land use policy among 100 invited participants in the Netherlands. The third studied an online debate between senior citizens and political candidates before an election. The document reviews different perspectives on the promises of digital democracy around information, deliberation and decision-making, and suggests more research is needed to properly evaluate these initiatives.
NetWorkShop: Boston Facilitators RoundtablePatti Anklam
1. The document summarizes a presentation on networks and network analysis. It discusses how networks are important in the 21st century and how understanding network structure can provide insights.
2. Various types of network metrics and analyses are introduced, including structural metrics about the overall network and centrality metrics about individual nodes. Mapping networks can reveal informal relationships and raise good questions.
3. Understanding value networks and exchanges within them is discussed, differentiating tangible from intangible exchanges. Mapping value networks analyzes how work gets done and where there are opportunities to improve value and efficiency.
Introduction to Social Network AnalysisPatti Anklam
This document provides an overview of network analysis and its applications. It discusses the origins and history of network study in fields like graph theory and sociology. Various network patterns and metrics are described, including density, distance, centrality, and structural measures. Case studies are presented on using network analysis to understand expertise management, trust, and performance issues in organizations. The document emphasizes that network analysis can provide insights through metrics and visualization to inform important business and organizational questions.
The document provides an overview of building and sustaining networks. It discusses key concepts like:
- Understanding networks through their purpose, structure, style, and value properties.
- Examining networks using tools like organizational network analysis and value network analysis to assess relationships and flows of value.
- Designing networks by defining their purpose, structure, style, and value up front.
- Using collaboration tools and social media to facilitate interaction and information sharing within a network.
What do you do with your community IT centreGeorge Roberts
The document summarizes research on how people use community IT centers. Through interviews and focus groups with 24 people over 5 years, the researcher found:
1) People had a broad range of motivations for using the community IT center, including support for education, housing applications, job searching, and building confidence.
2) Affective factors, like people's experiences with education and feelings about computers, shaped their engagement. Many had negative school experiences.
3) Major institutions like family, education, and work played foundational roles in people's lives and influenced their participation at the community IT center.
4) The community IT center provided space for identity development and social support. It appeared to cult
Wcu Yeung Nam University Project, Lectures & Workshops, 16 Sept2009Nick Jankowski
This document provides an overview of the schedule and topics for a lecture and workshop series in September 2009 that is part of the WCU-YeungNam University Project. The series includes workshops on mapping political objects across the web, scholarly publishing, and social media in Korea. Lectures will cover topics such as social science research in the digital age, e-scholarship, e-research challenges and opportunities, and social computing. The lectures and workshops will be led by researchers from YeungNam University, VKS, KAIST, and Ryerson University and are open to university students and faculty.
The document discusses networks and their importance in achieving impact. It provides characteristics of healthy networks, including clearly defined purpose, diversity, engagement, distributed leadership, strategic use of technology, ability to share resources and learn. The document also outlines strategies for strengthening networks, such as nurturing quality connections, bridging differences, mapping the network, and engaging peripheral members.
Talk held during the SolarStorm Learning Analytics Symposium. Organized by Simon Buckingham Shum.
The OUNL team will talk about work in progress from a SocialLearn research internship held by Bieke Schreurs. The Network Awareness Tool (NAT) was developed initially for rendering the normally invisible non-digital networks underpinning informal learning (in particular for teacher professional development). The work reported here describes how NAT was adapted to render social networks between informal learners in the OU’s SocialLearn platform, in which different social ties can be filtered in and out of the network visualization, and moreover, enriched with topics.
http://bit.ly/LearningAnalyticsOU
The document discusses the need for data infrastructure to enable open sharing of data across boundaries. It describes infrastructure as relationships between people, technologies, and institutions. The Research Data Alliance (RDA) aims to build these relationships by developing standards and recommendations to serve as "gateways" that link different data systems. RDA works both globally through international coordination, and locally through regional groups to address issues at multiple levels simultaneously.
IMPLEMENTING VIRTUAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES (WB6)John1Lorcan
Distributed networks are found everywhere: from social communities, computer networks, gaming communities, to cryptocurrencies. All of these are an instance of a distributed network. Virtual organizations are another instance of a distributed network, which does not require its belonging individuals to be physically present in a single place to do work. In this paper, we will review the structure of these types of organizations, present some challenges that these organizations face, as well as introduce potential solutions and tools that they can use to meet their needs. Finally, we will propose virtual organizations as a resolution to some of the issues that exist in the Western Balkan countries (WB6).
This document provides a high-level overview of social network analysis as a field of study. It discusses three main ways of looking at social reality - as categories, groups, or networks. It also summarizes key concepts in social network analysis including nodes, ties, whole network analysis, personal network analysis, and multilevel analysis. Finally, it discusses changes in social connectivity from traditional groups to modern networked individualism enabled by new communication technologies.
Inclusion through Learning and Web 2.0 - A New Project for Better Policies an...Sandra Schön (aka Schoen)
The document summarizes the LINKS-UP project, which aims to collect experiences from European projects using learning and Web 2.0 for inclusion. It will develop recommendations for better future projects and policies in this area. The project involves case studies of existing initiatives and innovation laboratories to test hypotheses. Four case studies being analyzed are projects focused on rehabilitation, professional orientation for young migrants, a social network for seniors, and an e-portfolio training for teachers. The results of LINKS-UP aim to provide guidance for more effective inclusion initiatives using emerging technologies.
The document outlines plans by the London Policy and Strategy Network to better connect community insights to policy development. It discusses establishing an Insights Hub to showcase non-traditional community data, a learning network to share best practices, and supporting peer research. The network aims to improve how insights are collected, used, and embedded in policy by rebalancing power dynamics and valuing lived experience. It provides examples of past initiatives and outlines pilots for the Insights Hub and learning network to strengthen the connection between community voices and policymaking.
Developing Community Assets: Innovative ways to empower communitiesInterfaceOnline
Interface –The knowledge connection for business and Heriot-Watt University present at webinar for third sector organisations and social enterprises. The event discussed developing community assets and looked at innovative ways to empower communities with reference to the Scottish Community Empowerment and Renewal Bill. It also highlighted the range of expertise, knowledge, research and funding available within Heriot Watt University that could help your organisation.
Prospect Community Housing Association presented their innovative ways to empower local communities by partnering with Heriot-Watt University and the University of Edinburgh.
Revision of Previous Show on SNA and Introduction to Tools
The Language of Networks
Introduction to Social Network Analysis/ Cases
Tools for Analyzing social networks, including graphing Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter networks
Yes, I still do KM and KM is not dead. I thought I would share the basic deck that I use in workshops that are part of my KM Assessment and Strategy consulting practice. In addition to interviews, surveys, and inventories, it is important during a KM assessment to educate and engage the organization.
The Key Success Factor in Knowledge Management... What Else? Change ManagementPatti Anklam
Presented at SLA 2013, on a panel with Ethel Salonen of MITRE Corporation. Provides perspective on change management and how it is used in understanding and creating interventions in knowledge networks.
Jankowski & van selm, promise and practice of public debate, 2000Nick Jankowski
This document summarizes three studies that empirically investigated public debates in cyberspace to assess claims about digital democracy. The first study analyzed a year-long Usenet discussion on abortion, finding it was diverse and reciprocal but lacked equality and high-quality discourse. The second was an experiment with software to support an online debate about land use policy among 100 invited participants in the Netherlands. The third studied an online debate between senior citizens and political candidates before an election. The document reviews different perspectives on the promises of digital democracy around information, deliberation and decision-making, and suggests more research is needed to properly evaluate these initiatives.
NetWorkShop: Boston Facilitators RoundtablePatti Anklam
1. The document summarizes a presentation on networks and network analysis. It discusses how networks are important in the 21st century and how understanding network structure can provide insights.
2. Various types of network metrics and analyses are introduced, including structural metrics about the overall network and centrality metrics about individual nodes. Mapping networks can reveal informal relationships and raise good questions.
3. Understanding value networks and exchanges within them is discussed, differentiating tangible from intangible exchanges. Mapping value networks analyzes how work gets done and where there are opportunities to improve value and efficiency.
Introduction to Social Network AnalysisPatti Anklam
This document provides an overview of network analysis and its applications. It discusses the origins and history of network study in fields like graph theory and sociology. Various network patterns and metrics are described, including density, distance, centrality, and structural measures. Case studies are presented on using network analysis to understand expertise management, trust, and performance issues in organizations. The document emphasizes that network analysis can provide insights through metrics and visualization to inform important business and organizational questions.
The document provides an overview of building and sustaining networks. It discusses key concepts like:
- Understanding networks through their purpose, structure, style, and value properties.
- Examining networks using tools like organizational network analysis and value network analysis to assess relationships and flows of value.
- Designing networks by defining their purpose, structure, style, and value up front.
- Using collaboration tools and social media to facilitate interaction and information sharing within a network.
What do you do with your community IT centreGeorge Roberts
The document summarizes research on how people use community IT centers. Through interviews and focus groups with 24 people over 5 years, the researcher found:
1) People had a broad range of motivations for using the community IT center, including support for education, housing applications, job searching, and building confidence.
2) Affective factors, like people's experiences with education and feelings about computers, shaped their engagement. Many had negative school experiences.
3) Major institutions like family, education, and work played foundational roles in people's lives and influenced their participation at the community IT center.
4) The community IT center provided space for identity development and social support. It appeared to cult
Wcu Yeung Nam University Project, Lectures & Workshops, 16 Sept2009Nick Jankowski
This document provides an overview of the schedule and topics for a lecture and workshop series in September 2009 that is part of the WCU-YeungNam University Project. The series includes workshops on mapping political objects across the web, scholarly publishing, and social media in Korea. Lectures will cover topics such as social science research in the digital age, e-scholarship, e-research challenges and opportunities, and social computing. The lectures and workshops will be led by researchers from YeungNam University, VKS, KAIST, and Ryerson University and are open to university students and faculty.
The document discusses networks and their importance in achieving impact. It provides characteristics of healthy networks, including clearly defined purpose, diversity, engagement, distributed leadership, strategic use of technology, ability to share resources and learn. The document also outlines strategies for strengthening networks, such as nurturing quality connections, bridging differences, mapping the network, and engaging peripheral members.
Talk held during the SolarStorm Learning Analytics Symposium. Organized by Simon Buckingham Shum.
The OUNL team will talk about work in progress from a SocialLearn research internship held by Bieke Schreurs. The Network Awareness Tool (NAT) was developed initially for rendering the normally invisible non-digital networks underpinning informal learning (in particular for teacher professional development). The work reported here describes how NAT was adapted to render social networks between informal learners in the OU’s SocialLearn platform, in which different social ties can be filtered in and out of the network visualization, and moreover, enriched with topics.
http://bit.ly/LearningAnalyticsOU
The document discusses the need for data infrastructure to enable open sharing of data across boundaries. It describes infrastructure as relationships between people, technologies, and institutions. The Research Data Alliance (RDA) aims to build these relationships by developing standards and recommendations to serve as "gateways" that link different data systems. RDA works both globally through international coordination, and locally through regional groups to address issues at multiple levels simultaneously.
IMPLEMENTING VIRTUAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES (WB6)John1Lorcan
Distributed networks are found everywhere: from social communities, computer networks, gaming communities, to cryptocurrencies. All of these are an instance of a distributed network. Virtual organizations are another instance of a distributed network, which does not require its belonging individuals to be physically present in a single place to do work. In this paper, we will review the structure of these types of organizations, present some challenges that these organizations face, as well as introduce potential solutions and tools that they can use to meet their needs. Finally, we will propose virtual organizations as a resolution to some of the issues that exist in the Western Balkan countries (WB6).
This document provides a high-level overview of social network analysis as a field of study. It discusses three main ways of looking at social reality - as categories, groups, or networks. It also summarizes key concepts in social network analysis including nodes, ties, whole network analysis, personal network analysis, and multilevel analysis. Finally, it discusses changes in social connectivity from traditional groups to modern networked individualism enabled by new communication technologies.
Inclusion through Learning and Web 2.0 - A New Project for Better Policies an...Sandra Schön (aka Schoen)
The document summarizes the LINKS-UP project, which aims to collect experiences from European projects using learning and Web 2.0 for inclusion. It will develop recommendations for better future projects and policies in this area. The project involves case studies of existing initiatives and innovation laboratories to test hypotheses. Four case studies being analyzed are projects focused on rehabilitation, professional orientation for young migrants, a social network for seniors, and an e-portfolio training for teachers. The results of LINKS-UP aim to provide guidance for more effective inclusion initiatives using emerging technologies.
The document outlines plans by the London Policy and Strategy Network to better connect community insights to policy development. It discusses establishing an Insights Hub to showcase non-traditional community data, a learning network to share best practices, and supporting peer research. The network aims to improve how insights are collected, used, and embedded in policy by rebalancing power dynamics and valuing lived experience. It provides examples of past initiatives and outlines pilots for the Insights Hub and learning network to strengthen the connection between community voices and policymaking.
Developing Community Assets: Innovative ways to empower communitiesInterfaceOnline
Interface –The knowledge connection for business and Heriot-Watt University present at webinar for third sector organisations and social enterprises. The event discussed developing community assets and looked at innovative ways to empower communities with reference to the Scottish Community Empowerment and Renewal Bill. It also highlighted the range of expertise, knowledge, research and funding available within Heriot Watt University that could help your organisation.
Prospect Community Housing Association presented their innovative ways to empower local communities by partnering with Heriot-Watt University and the University of Edinburgh.
Public and Collaborative, Eduardo Staszowski, Parsons DESIS Labdesis_uk
This document summarizes four projects from the Public & Collaborative program. The first project focuses on improving housing services in NYC through new informational materials, application processes, and networks among neighbors. The second project aims to encourage collaboration among government agencies and inspire civil servants through training and idea incubation. The third explores "public innovation places" as sites for collaborative problem solving. The fourth looks at co-creating more engaging education experiences among students, teachers and families. The document outlines strategies, outcomes and next steps for each project.
This document summarizes the current state of local governance and urban regeneration policy in the UK. It explains that the government has attempted to combine long-term strategic planning through Sustainable Community Strategies with short-term performance targets in Local Area Agreements. However, the resulting system is seen as overly bureaucratic and top-down. While the intentions are to improve outcomes for poor communities, on the ground little has changed and communities feel disempowered by the many initiatives, regulations and targets set at the national level. The success of regeneration now depends on navigating this complex framework at the local level.
This document outlines a seminar presentation given by Dr. Alice Mathers and James Richardson of Tinder Foundation on evaluating digital inclusion projects. It discusses defining digital and social exclusion and their overlap, as well as the need to evidence what intervention strategies are effective. Two case studies are presented: an eReading Rooms project and a Vodafone mobile devices initiative. Attendees then participate in a workshop designing evaluation frameworks for sample digital inclusion projects focusing on aims, methods, outcomes, and adding value.
Bristol masterclass for councillors on data and digital transformation 31-Jan-20LG Inform Plus
This document summarizes a data and digital masterclass event for elected members. The event included presentations from local authorities on how they are using digital approaches and data to improve services. The day consisted of speakers on using digital to help councils, maximizing the benefits of data, reflections on culture and mindset, and creating conditions for digital as councillors. The goal was for members to learn from each other's experiences on navigating the opportunities and challenges of digital transformation.
These are the slides from the Izwe, FutureGov and SOLACE Enterprise event "Meeting the Cuts and Big Society Challenge."
If you would like any more information please feel free to contact us on hello@izwe.com.
A story about a survey research uses crowdsourcing method to collect a large amount of reliable and rich data for project prioritisation and implementation in its smart city initiative. The sharing provides you with steps and modifications of the methodology for your own projects that gain lots of rewards. The gains are lower costs, creative, nimble and replicable design, and flexible and collaborative deployment strategies.
By Beth Massey & Long Pham. Presented at Crowdsourcing Week Global 2016. Learn more and join the next event: www.crowdsourcingweek.com
Cities for eCitezens: Making eDemocracy Projects WorkEGAP Program
Презентація з Форуму е-демократії «Цифровий розвиток міст: сьогодення та майбутнє», що відбувся 18.12.2017 у м.Чернівці.
Автор: Йорданка Томкова (Jordanka Tomkova).
Social innovation in neighbourhood policing colloquium sept 2017Tim Curtis
This document provides an overview of a research project investigating social innovation in neighbourhood policing using soft systems methodology and critical realism. It describes the context of limited community engagement by neighbourhood police teams. The research questions examine how a toolkit was created and implemented by PCSOs to design socially innovative interventions. It also explores the mechanisms at work in the toolkit and how it can be improved. The investigation does not aim to evaluate social impacts or police effectiveness, but rather take a retrospective critical realist view of the social innovation in action.
Using Digital Badges to Recognize Co-Curricular LearningSteven Lonn
Presentation about University of Michigan Pilot on Digital Badges for Co-Curricular Learning pilot. Presented to Mozilla Open Badges Research Community Call on May 21, 2014 (Notes available here: https://openbadges.etherpad.mozilla.org/research-calls-May21)
Summary:
This pilot project studied the recognition of undergraduate engineering students' co-curricular learning experiences using digital badges in one semester, Winter 2014. Using a web environment, students described and reflected upon their experiences in categories of competencies that leaders in industry and education have identified when evaluating the future needs of the global STEM workforce. The objectives of the project were to (1) deploy an online system that served to standardize the recognition of engineering co-curricular learning; (2) understand different motivations students have for seeking recognition for their co-curricular learning and whether digital badges satisfy those motivations; (3) maximize the perceived value of digital badges while minimizing undue burden on the student to collect evidence of their co-curricular learning; (4) examine how students discuss, discover, and share digital badges and their supporting evidence, with their peers and with potential employers; and (5) disseminate findings that inform the use of digital badges designed to represent the wide variety of skills that students can acquire through co-curricular opportunities in higher education.
London data and digital masterclass for councillors slides 14-Feb-20LG Inform Plus
On 14th February 2020, the Local Government association ran a masterclass discussion day for councillors and elected members on data and digital transformation in local government. It took place in London. This is the slide set that was used to steer discussions
This document introduces the Generic Social Outcomes (GSO) framework developed by the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council to help cultural institutions evidence their social impact. It discusses an evaluation project that used the GSO framework to assess the social impacts of the National Year of Reading initiative in Yorkshire, England. Key findings from the evaluation included evidence of impacts in stronger communities, public life, and health and well-being. The document also raises potential issues for further developing the GSO framework and using social impact measures.
This document discusses transitioning to smart communities and rural environments through open knowledge and collaboration. It argues that smart places require participatory and user-driven innovation where citizens are empowered through ubiquitous apps and services. However, continuously engaging users in collaborative processes is challenging. Blockchain and human computation techniques can help turn citizens into prosumers of public data and services by incentivizing contributions and tracking refinements on open data portals. This can provide actionable open knowledge to better serve rural citizens and enterprises.
The presentation was a workshop at Evolve 2014: the annual event for the voluntary sector in London on Monday 16 June 2014.
This presentation was chaired by Terry Perkins, Development Officer (NAVCA).
Find out more about the Evolve Conference from NCVO: http://www.ncvo.org.uk/training-and-events/evolve-conference
Find out more about the work NCVO does around funding: http://www.ncvo.org.uk/practical-support/funding
This document summarizes a presentation by Matt Leighninger on building civic infrastructure. It discusses how citizens have changed and need to be treated as adults through providing them information, opportunities to share their stories and perspectives, choices, legitimacy, and ways to take action. It outlines key components of civic infrastructure like democratic spaces in neighborhoods, schools, online, and for youth, as well as buildings to house citizen engagement, leadership, skills training, information dissemination, and democratic decision-making processes. The presentation argues that stronger civic infrastructure requires involvement from many sectors of the community.
INNOVATIVE PATHWAYS TO PUBLIC SERVICES RESULTS IN:
Development of vibrant 21st century government leaders who can transform the government sector to be more responsive to communities and better equipped to find solutions to complex inter governmental issues
Jobs with living wages and benefits that lead to healthier communities
A more diverse, representative and prepared public service workforce via employer/education partnerships
- The document aims to develop a definition of civic strength, understand its contributing domains in London, measure its distribution, and support the Building Strong Communities mission.
- It creates a Civic Strength Index framework measuring relationships/social capital, democratic engagement, and public/social infrastructure to provide a new lens for understanding community strengths.
- The index identifies data gaps that need filling to have a complete picture of civic strength distribution across London and support areas of opportunity.
Similaire à Exploring information literacy through the lens of Activity Theory (20)
Preparation of the PhD thesis for examinationHazel Hall
Training materials used with doctoral students faced with the challenge of writing up their research and asking themselves 'How do I write up my doctoral study?'
Presentation delivered by Professor Hazel Hall at the RIVAL Reunion event in Edinburgh, 25th May 2023. Further details of the event at https://blogs.napier.ac.uk/social-informatics/2023/05/rival-reunion-event-25-may-2023/
Platform to Platform project lightening talkHazel Hall
Lightning talk on the AHRC/Creative Informatics funded Platform to Platform project to create a podcast series based on Lorna Lloyd's 'Diary of the war', and assess audience engagement with archives in two different digital formats - (1) a Blipfoto journal of text and images, and (2) sound in podcast episodes.
Undertaking a part-time LIS PhD: 10 tips in 20 minutesHazel Hall
This document provides 10 tips for undertaking a part-time PhD from Dr. Hazel Hall based on her experience supervising and completing part-time PhDs. The tips address deciding if a part-time PhD is right, choosing supervisors and a topic, getting employer support, presenting research along the way, accepting feedback, and ensuring the thesis contributes new knowledge to the field. Key advice includes only pursuing a part-time PhD if committed to independent study for 6 years, choosing a stable supervisory team, negotiating support from employers, and publishing parts of the research as it is completed.
Platform to Platform: initial findings from the empirical studyHazel Hall
Initial findings from the empirical study of the Platform to Platform project are presented. The research centred on the creation of a podcast series based on the war diary of Lorna Lloyd (available at https://rss.com/podcasts/lornalloyd/), and the evaluation of audience engagement with it as compared with engagement with online text and images in a Blipfoto journal at http://blipfoto.com/lornal. The research was funded by the AHRC through the Creative Informatics programme.
Digital options: an assessment of audience engagement with a digitised set of...Hazel Hall
Paper presented at the Archives and Records Management conference, 2nd September 2022 on audience engagement with Lorna Lloyd's Diary of the war as a Blipfoto journal, and as a podcast series.
Using a multi-location, longitudinal focus group method to conduct qualitativ...Hazel Hall
Paper presented at 13th Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries International Conference (QQML2021) (virtual conference), 25-28 May 2021. Full text available at https://www.napier.ac.uk/~/media/worktribe/output-2755729/using-a-multi-location-longitudinal-focus-group-method-to-conduct-qualitative-research.pdf
Professor Hazel Hall introduced the fourth event of the RIVAL Network at Edinburgh Napier University. Since the last meeting, output teams have been working on deliverables and a joint funding application was unsuccessful. Lessons from RIVAL helped inform the Digital Proxies project. The teams then met to discuss progress and next steps, with an upcoming deadline of February 12th for further output team meetings and a wrap-up plenary session.
The document summarizes a presentation by Professor Hazel Hall at the Research, Impact, Value & LIS (RIVAL) Network Event 3 in Edinburgh on November 19th, 2020. The presentation discussed practitioner research, specifically focusing on the value and impact of such research, as well as research priorities. It provided an introduction of Professor Hall and outlined some of the activities of the RIVAL network since the previous event, including presentations, a joint funding application, and interactions between members.
Research, impact, value and library and information science (RIVAL): developm...Hazel Hall
The research-practice gap in Library and Information Science (LIS) is well documented, especially in respect of the difficulties of translating research into practice, and resultant lost opportunities. While many researchers attempt to explain this research-practice gap, few suggest strategies to address it. The creation of researcher-practitioner networks, however, is one approach that has been proved empirically to bridge the distance between the two communities. Such a network is currently operating in Scotland, funded by the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Research, Impact, Value and Library and Information Science (RIVAL) is part-way through its implementation based around four knowledge exchange events for a network membership of 32 from a wide variety of LIS sectors. RIVAL’s successful delivery depends in part on the project leads’ experience of undertaking, and evaluating the impact of, a UK Arts and Humanities Research Council funded grant: the Developing Research Excellence and Methods (DREaM) project. Already there are indications that RIVAL is delivering value to network members. There is a strong expectation for this to be enhanced, both in the remainder of the funding period and beyond, offering theoretical contributions to the study of social networks, especially in respect of social capital development to support knowledge exchange.
Collaboration and networking: learning from DREaM and RIVALHazel Hall
Discusses the extent of networking and collaboration amongst library and information science researchers and practitioners who took part in the AHRC-funded Developing Research Excellence and Methods (DREaM) project in 2011/12, and the extent to which learning from this grant has influenced the delivery of the Royal Society of Edinburgh funded Research Impact and Value and Library and Information Science project in 2019/20.
Research into Practice case study 2: Library linked data implementations an...Hazel Hall
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Exploring information literacy through the lens of Activity Theory
1. EXPLORING INFORMATION
LITERACY THROUGH THE LENS
OF ACTIVITY THEORY
HAZEL HALL
@HAZELH
PETER CRUICKSHANK
@SPARTAKAN
BRUCE RYAN
@BRUCE_RESEARCH
CENTRE FOR SOCIAL
INFORMATICS
2017_09_20 HALL, CRUICKSHANK, RYAN - ECIL (SESSION D323) 1
2. WHAT ARE COMMUNITY COUNCILS?
Community councils represent small areas within local authorities
◦ Legal duty: Ascertain, co-ordinate and express to the local authorities for its
area, … the views of the community which it represents
◦ In practice, also communication of key facts to citizens
◦ Some rights to be consulted on planning
◦ small budgets (around £1000 annually)
Community councillors
◦ unpaid volunteers
◦ around 11,000 community councillors
◦ No solid demographic information exists
HALL, CRUICKSHANK, RYAN - ECIL (SESSION D323)2017_09_20 2
UK Government
Scottish Government
local authorities
community councils
3. WHY COMMUNITY COUNCILS ARE INTERESTING FOR ECIL
Pure representation role
Almost entirely oriented
to information finding
and sharing
May give an insight into
approaches to ‘facts’ by
representatives
Small scale,
community-based nature:
Analogies with
hyperlocal media?
‘channel-blurring’
2017_09_20 HALL, CRUICKSHANK, RYAN - ECIL (SESSION D323) 3
4. RESEARCH MOTIVATION
2014: looking at community councils’ online presences
◦ 16% don’t exist
◦ 36% exist but are not online
◦ 26% are ‘out-of-date’
◦ Only 22% are ‘up-to-date’
Subsequent work used models of knowledge sharing and CoPs (Cruickshank & Ryan, 2015)
◦ information science could provide useful insights
◦ how do community councillors acquire skills and information?
Research gap: information literacy in representatives
Personal motivation/perspective
2017_09_20 HALL, CRUICKSHANK, RYAN - ECIL (SESSION D323) 4
5. ABOUT THE PROJECT
9-week project at the end of 2016.
Project aims
◦ How do community councillors
1. access and understand information on their duties and rights
2. keep up to date with local developments of relevance to the communities that they serve;
3. disseminate information to their communities?
◦ Where do future efforts need to be directed to improve the skills and practices of this group?
◦ What are the roles of public library staff in the training of community councillors?
◦ How do community councillors information literacies contribute to their communities, to
building social capital, and to their or others’ citizenships?
2017_09_20 HALL, CRUICKSHANK, RYAN - ECIL (SESSION D323) 5
6. RESEARCH APPROACH (1)
Identified themes …
◦ Information literacy
◦ Behaviour and practices
◦ Lifelong learning/everyday life
◦ Libraries
◦ Communities, social capital and
citizenship
◦ Becoming information literate
2017_09_20 HALL, CRUICKSHANK, RYAN - ECIL (SESSION D323) 6
•From
themes
•From
literature
Interview
questions
developed
•Information
Literacy
•Activity systems
Validated
against
models
7. RESEARCH APPROACH (2)
IL focusses on the individual
Activity Theory (AT) provides ‘a language for making sense of complex, real-world activities in
cultural and historical contexts’
◦ Stems from work by soviet psychologists Vygotsky, Rubenstein and Leont’ev.
◦ AT’s early history: Mironenko (2013)
◦ Developed into CHAT by Bergstrom
Sees human activities as systemic and socially-situated phenomena.
Provides ready-built framework for contextualising and understanding
underlying issues around social/collective activities.
◦ AT has been used in IL research (e.g. in Wilson, 2008)
◦ not in the context of democratic representation (or specifically, the actions of representatives)
◦ Inspired partly by Detlor, Hupfer & Smith (2016)
2017_09_20 HALL, CRUICKSHANK, RYAN - ECIL (SESSION D323) 7
8. RESEARCH APPROACH (2)
2017_09_20 HALL, CRUICKSHANK, RYAN - ECIL (SESSION D323) 8
•From themes
•From literature
Questions
developed
•Information
Literacy
•Activity
systems
Validated
against
models
Subject
Tools
Object Outcome
Division of
labour
CommunityRules and
norms
Motivation
9. RESEARCH PROCESS
METHODS
Semi-structured interviews
◦ Interview questions validated against
SCONUL model
◦ 1 hour
◦ Most by phone
◦ Thematic analysis (RQs and AT
constructs)
Triangulation through
◦ Online survey
◦ Direct contact with LA support staff
◦ Desktop research
PARTICIPANTS
19 volunteers across Scotland
◦ From 17 CCs
◦ Recruited via LA officials and CC
KnowledgeHub group
◦ 11M, 8F
◦ CC areas SIMD range 5 to 10
◦ Almost all have degree or PG education
Lack CC demographics information
◦ But untypically high self-efficacy
2017_09_20 HALL, CRUICKSHANK, RYAN - ECIL (SESSION D323) 9
1
3
9
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
10
30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-+
numberofparticipants
participant age-range
10. FINDINGS:
EXPLORING THE AT CONSTRUCTS
Illustrative examples follow, showing
◦ How we used AT constructs
◦ How AT was useful in this information literacy project.
◦ thematic analysis
◦ We didn’t specifically search for contradictions, though some contradictions
did emerge.
The full project findings are in other outputs.
2017_09_20 HALL, CRUICKSHANK, RYAN - ECIL (SESSION D323) 10
Community, Knowledge, Connections
11. FINDINGS:
WHO ARE THE SUBJECTS?
Definition
Subjects are people undertaking activities.
Problem
◦ individual community councillors, because they are the
people who undertake the activities?
◦ the community councils, as ‘inanimate’ groups?
Our solution
Precedent
Detlor, Hupfer and Smith (2016) collected data from
individuals but classed libraries as subjects.
2017_09_20 HALL, CRUICKSHANK, RYAN - ECIL (SESSION D323) 11
‘interviewee’
‘subject’
Subject
Tools
Object Outcome
Division of
labour
CommunityRules and
norms
Motivation
12. FINDINGS:
WHAT ARE THEIR MOTIVATIONS?
2017_09_20 HALL, CRUICKSHANK, RYAN - ECIL (SESSION D323) 12
Definition
Motivations are the reasons why subjects
undertake activities
Anticipation
◦ responses to legislation
◦ response to local authority ‘schemes’
Findings
A majority of interviewees engaged in
information activities that fit with the
motivation construct of AT.
In addition, the interviewees explained their
more general motivations to volunteer as
hyperlocal representatives.
Subject
Tools
Object Outcome
Division of
labour
CommunityRules and
norms
Motivation
13. FINDINGS:
WHAT ARE THE OBJECTS AND OUTCOMES?
2017_09_20 HALL, CRUICKSHANK, RYAN - ECIL (SESSION D323) 13
Definitions
Objects are the goals subjects wish to achieve
◦ can change over time
Outcomes are the actual results of activities
◦ can include unexpected results
Anticipation
Main object of information activities would be to
gather, process and convey information about citizens’
opinions.
Finding: objects
confirmed by 15 of the 19 interviewees
Finding: outcomes
Evidence of poor information practices
◦ ‘mailing list [has] 60-odd people [but] there are
25,000 people in the area’.
◦ Another interviewee was considering resignation
due to lack of peer support.
‘We don’t transact actions, we don’t have any
financial power. Our currency is information’
Subject
Tools
Object Outcome
Division of
labour
CommunityRules and
norms
Motivation
14. FINDINGS:
WHAT ARE THE TOOLS?
2017_09_20 HALL, CRUICKSHANK, RYAN - ECIL (SESSION D323) 14
Definition
Tools are the physical or mental devices used by
subjects in their activities.
Anticipation
◦ digital
◦ traditional
◦ face-to-face
Question
We asked interviewees how they
◦ gather information about local issues
◦ share information with their citizens.
Findings
Identification of a range of tools including
◦ bodies, e.g. local authorities
◦ individuals, e.g. citizens by word of mouth
◦ traditional media, e.g. local press
◦ internet sources, e.g. Facebook.
Bonus
Data on perceived usefulness and levels of
comfort when using these tools
◦ practical information (training needs)
Subject
Tools
Object Outcome
Division of
labour
CommunityRules and
norms
Motivation
15. FINDINGS:
WHAT ARE THE RULES AND NORMS?
2017_09_20 HALL, CRUICKSHANK, RYAN - ECIL (SESSION D323) 15
Definition
Rules and norms are the regulations and
conventions that mediate activities and
relationships within the activity system.
Anticipation
Imposed: legislation and LA schemes
Findings
◦ Imposed: legislation and LA schemes
◦ Self-devised:
◦ e.g. mark email as ‘internal only’ etc
◦ e.g. ignore all planning matters that not
directly impinging on CC’s area.
◦ Two mentions of autocracy
◦ one subject aims for ‘open-ness, information-
and resource-sharing, and accessible paper-
trails’.
Bonus
Revealed factors influencing how information
tasks are undertaken, including whether or
not they are undertaken at all.
Subject
Tools
Object Outcome
Division of
labour
CommunityRules and
norms
Motivation
16. FINDINGS:
WHAT IS THE COMMUNITY?
2017_09_20 HALL, CRUICKSHANK, RYAN - ECIL (SESSION D323) 16
Definition
Community is the activity’s stakeholders. It
may be
◦ the subject’s immediate work group or team
◦ the wider organisational community
◦ society at large
Findings
◦ NB each community council has its own AT
‘community’
◦ Fellow community councillors
◦ Local citizens
◦ Local authority staff and councillors
Bonus
additional commentary provided on levels of
engagement across the communities
But…
Subsequently found indications that most
engagement is with local authority, not with
citizens ‘represented’ by community councils.
Subject
Tools
Object Outcome
Division of
labour
CommunityRules and
norms
Motivation
17. FINDINGS:
WHAT IS THE DIVISION OF LABOUR?
2017_09_20 HALL, CRUICKSHANK, RYAN - ECIL (SESSION D323) 17
Definition
Division of labour refers to the manner(s) in
which work is allocated among actors
Findings
range of approaches, e.g.
◦ individual skills
◦ designated roles
Result
AT could establish an overview of the means
of task-allocation.
But…
Problems understanding how division of
labour is mediated by rules and norms.
◦ difficult to find clear-cut distinctions between
these two constructs.
Subject
Tools
Object Outcome
Division of
labour
CommunityRules and
norms
Motivation
18. CONCLUSIONS:
A PICTURE OF INFORMATION ACTIVITIES
2017_09_20 HALL, CRUICKSHANK, RYAN - ECIL (SESSION D323) 18
Object
information sharing
between citizens and
authorities
Subject
community
councils
Tools
Facebook, other social media, face-to-face, paper
Outcome
limited information
sharing between citizens
and authorities
Division of labour
conflicts, roles
Community
peers and local authority
councilors/staff, local residents
(to some extent)
Rules and norms
mostly from local authority guidance
but some developed ‘in-house’
Motivation
legislation and
local authority
schemes
19. CONCLUSIONS:
ADVANTAGES OF USING ACTIVITY THEORY
Systematic data collection and analysis
Ensured comprehensive data extraction to
answer RQs
◦ Checking each construct was in interview
schedule
Ready-made framework for coding the data
◦ analysis of activities reported by the
interviewees
◦ see alignments between the data put under AT
constructs and the SCONUL IL pillars
◦ e.g. data relevant to both tools and community
fit with the gather and present pillars.
Brought out important findings about IL
amongst community councillors in Scotland
and the factors that influence these
Contradictions/tensions identified
◦ foundations of future practical benefits, by
‘exposing opportunities for change’.
◦ e.g. community councillors are part-time
volunteers
◦ do not have time to undertake all possible
activities.
◦ community councils’ low use of the Internet to
engage with citizens.
◦ Practical recommendations
2017_09_20 HALL, CRUICKSHANK, RYAN - ECIL (SESSION D323) 19
20. CONCLUSIONS:
ADVANTAGES OF USING ACTIVITY THEORY
Overall
◦AT is valuable to research design in projects
concerned with group information practices
◦AT can contribute to the generation of findings that
relate to existing IL models
◦ in this case the SCONUL 7 pillars
2017_09_20 HALL, CRUICKSHANK, RYAN - ECIL (SESSION D323) 20
21. CONCLUSIONS:
CHALLENGES AND FURTHER WORK
◦ Who are the subjects?
◦ rules and norms v division of labour
◦ Choice of ‘best’ activity system
◦ from local authority to community council to
citizens?
OR
◦ from citizens to community council to local
authority
◦ both may happen simultaneously, e.g. in
Facebook
Activity diagrams are snapshots
at a certain time
Ideas for future work:
◦ Explicit study of contradictions
◦ Longitudinal studies
◦ observe impact of interventions
◦ such as our recommendations, if
implemented
Next: Bigger online survey of IL
2017_09_20 HALL, CRUICKSHANK, RYAN - ECIL (SESSION D323) 21
22. SELECTED REFERENCES & FURTHER READING
Behrens, S. J. (1994). A Conceptual Analysis and Historical Overview of Information Literacy. College & Research Libraries, 55(4), 309–322.
https://doi.org/10.5860/crl_55_04_309
Cruickshank, P., Hall, H., Ryan, B.M. (2017). Practices of Community Representatives in Exploiting Information Channels for Citizen Engagement. Paper presented at
information: interactions and impact 2017, Aberdeen, 27-30 June 2017. Abstract available at: http://www.napier.ac.uk/research-and-innovation/research-
search/outputs/practices-of-community-representatives-in-exploiting-information-channels-for-citizen
Cruickshank, P., & Ryan, B. M. (2015). The Communities of Practice model for understanding digital engagement by hyperlocal elected representatives. In E. Tambouris, H. J.
Scholl, M. Janssen, M. A. Wimmer, K. Tarabanis, M. Gascó, … Ø. Sæbø (Eds.), Electronic Government and Electronic Participation (pp. 11–18). IOS Press.
http://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-570-8-11
Detlor, B., Hupfer, M. E., & Smith, D. H. (2016). Digital storytelling and memory institutions: a case study using activity theory. In ASIST 2016. Copenhagen, Denmark.
Hall, H., Cruickshank, P., Ryan, B.M. (2017). Information Literacy for Democratic Engagement. Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh.
https://communityknectdotnet.files.wordpress.com/2017/02/il-dem-stakeholder-report-january-2017.pdf
Irving, C., Brettle, A., & Hall, H. (2015). How can information literacy be modelled from a lifelong learning perspective? In Information: Interactions and Impact. Aberdeen, UK.
Retrieved from www.rgu.ac.uk/file/i3-irving-et-al-pdf-800k
Mironenko, I.A. (2013). Concerning Interpretations of Activity Theory. Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 47(3), 376–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-013-
9231-5
Ryan, B. M., & Cruickshank, P. (2014). Scottish Community Councils online: the 2014 survey. Edinburgh. https://doi.org/10.14297/enr.2016.000002
Smith, L. (2016). Information literacy as a tool to support political participation. Library and Information Research, 40(123), 14–23.
Wilson, T. (2008). Activity Theory and Information Seeking. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 42, 119–161. https://doi.org/10.1002/aris.2008.1440420111
2017_09_20 HALL, CRUICKSHANK, RYAN - ECIL (SESSION D323) 22
23. THE END
…FOR NOW
H A Z E L H A L L
@ H A Z E L H
H . H A L L @ N A P I E R . A C . U K
P E T E R C R U I C K S H A N K
@ S P A R T A K A N
P . C R U I C K S H A N K @ N A P I E R . A C . U K
B R U C E R Y A N
@ B R U C E _ R E S E A R C H
B . R Y A N @ N A P I E R . A C . U K
P R O J E C T I N F O :
H T T P S : / / C O M M U N I T Y - K N E C T . N E T /
2017_09_20 HALL, CRUICKSHANK, RYAN - ECIL (SESSION D323) 23
The authors are grateful to …
CILIP Information Literacy Group
Community councillor participants
Local authority & Improvement Service staff
Local authority librarians
Community, Knowledge, Connections
Notes de l'éditeur
Legal duty unchanged since 1973
Recent(ish) examples of communicating key facts from Edinburgh: alignment of health & social care, presentations from developers on major building and transport developments. (I could bore for Scotland on the lack of communication in some cases!)
Consulted on **spatial** planning (not community planning) and licensing – but apparently often over-ruled (no data on this, I admit)
No tax-raising, service delivery or legislative powers
There were 1369 CCs in 2012. Almost exactly the same numbers in 2014 but lots of churn. Even up-to-date presences are poor, don’t do 2-way
Why is this? What can be done?
not citizens – well covered, e.g. by Smith (2016)
The SCONUL 7-pillar model of information literacy (SCONUL, 2011) was chosen for its recentness and extensibility
SCONUL pillars weren’t used to directly create questions
LA policies on public library support for community councils
Results are going to be close to best practice
NB – these are just examples. Full findings in I3/JoLIS paper (early 2018) and project report (available now)
This is important because information behaviour and use findings may need to be presented from either, or both, perspectives.
UK legislation says that LAs must create schemes for CCs. I’ve collected as many up-to-date ones as I can find on our research blog
Changed objects lead to Wilson introducing the concept of process within activity systems.
Anticipation springs from law
It was confirmed by 15 of the 19 interviewees, when asked ‘what is the role of your community council, and your part within that?’
tools may be physical, e.g. technology, or cognitive, e.g. skills.
Is this ‘BUT…’ a surprise? I guess that the most well-attended CC I go to appears to have an average audience of 4 people. Two others often have none
Co-ordinated (participants work independently towards goals and using methods which they have not set), co-operative (participants set the common goals), or co-constructive (participants set both)