Hill area remain different, distinct and unique in environment, culture, terrain and morphology. Accordingly, such area's need to be viewed and treated differently from its counterparts - plain area's Hill areas need to be planned, developed and managed with sensitivity. Such areas need special skill , knowledge , expertise and understanding of the complexities . Hill areas cannot be burdened with urbanisation, loaded with physical infrastructures and planned for vehicles. Such areas needs to be preserved , conserved with value addition and not treated as a commercial entity. Treating hills as a tradeable commodity, is sure to bring disaster to nations and communities, accordingly these areas need to be empowered with a framework of planned development; limiting the human load on such areas; promoting selective non-polluting and source extensive industries; promoting activities which are not consumers of land; working with nature; eliminating all factors which adversely impact the environment, ecology and bio-diversity. These areas are to be declared as wellness area serving as the vital lungs of the society. Regional planning would remain the best option for developing such areas by leveraging synergies between bot rural and urban areas. Regulating tourism and making it qualitative will remain essential. Hill areas nee d to be made self-contained and self-sufficient in daily essential /basic needs.
This presentation summarizes John C. Hudson's theory of rural settlement growth, which proposes that settlements progress through three stages: colonization, spread, and competition. In the colonization stage, population density is low and settlements are scattered. In the spread stage, new settlements grow and expand horizontally. Population size and impact on resources increase. In the final competition stage, larger settlements dominate economically and exploit more natural resources, putting pressure on smaller settlements. The theory is criticized for having an unrealistic time-space framework and for not fully accounting for changes in density due to competition.
The document discusses the morphology and socio-spatial structure of rural settlements in India. It describes how settlement morphology examines the layout, plan, and internal components of villages in relation to their physical and socio-economic spaces. Caste plays a major role in determining the internal structure, with higher castes typically occupying the central areas and lower castes on the peripheries. The case study of Sangawali village in Uttar Pradesh illustrates this caste-based spatial organization, with Brahmins and Rajputs at the center and untouchable castes on the outskirts.
Human geography is the study of the relationship between humans and the Earth's surface. It examines how humans interact with the environment and each other in various spatial contexts. The document outlines different perspectives on this relationship, including environmental determinism, possibilism, and neo-determinism. It also discusses fields within human geography like social, cultural, economic, and urban geography and how they relate to other social sciences.
Settlement geography is a branch of human geography that deals with how human populations are distributed on Earth and how settlements form and change over time. It examines characteristics like population size, layout, functions, and relationship to the surrounding environment. Originally focused on describing existing settlement patterns, the field has evolved to use remote sensing and modeling to analyze changes and plan more sustainable development. Settlement geography considers factors influencing where and how people first formed settlements and how they have expanded, as well as issues around rapid urbanization and strategies for improving rural and urban livability. While its scope has adapted over time, the core focus remains understanding the physical attributes of settlements and their interactions with social and environmental conditions.
The primary aim of studying settlement geography is to acquaint with the spatial and structural characteristics of human settlements under varied environmental conditions.
Conservation of land , water , biotic resourcesRAJKUMARPOREL
The document discusses the concepts of conservation and land degradation. It defines conservation as the wise usage, improvement, and protection of natural resources for long-term sustainability. Land degradation is the deterioration of soil quality and fertility, which can be caused by overpopulation, urbanization, damage to topsoil, industrial waste contamination, and soil erosion. Methods to reduce land degradation include organic farming, mulching, terrace farming, strip cropping, and contour ploughing. The National Wastelands Development Board was established in 1985 to address land degradation and deforestation issues.
1. Early humans lived nomadic lifestyles as hunter-gatherers but began settling in caves near water sources for shelter.
2. Around 10,000-5,000 BC, humans learned agriculture and began living in permanent settlements of huts and mud houses near their cultivated fields.
3. As populations grew and chiefdoms formed, social stratification emerged between rich elites living in fortified castles and poorer peasants and artisans living in surrounding areas, laying the foundations for early civilizations.
Regional planning is needed to promote balanced development across urban and rural areas in a region. A region typically includes cities, towns and surrounding rural countryside that are connected through population growth and expansion. Regional plans aim to decentralize development, conserve resources, rectify disparities, and ensure equity through balanced development of industry and agriculture. Regional planning is necessary to efficiently allocate land use and infrastructure, allow growth across a larger area, protect resources like forests and wildlife, and address issues like pollution, migration and lack of opportunities in a harmonious manner.
This presentation summarizes John C. Hudson's theory of rural settlement growth, which proposes that settlements progress through three stages: colonization, spread, and competition. In the colonization stage, population density is low and settlements are scattered. In the spread stage, new settlements grow and expand horizontally. Population size and impact on resources increase. In the final competition stage, larger settlements dominate economically and exploit more natural resources, putting pressure on smaller settlements. The theory is criticized for having an unrealistic time-space framework and for not fully accounting for changes in density due to competition.
The document discusses the morphology and socio-spatial structure of rural settlements in India. It describes how settlement morphology examines the layout, plan, and internal components of villages in relation to their physical and socio-economic spaces. Caste plays a major role in determining the internal structure, with higher castes typically occupying the central areas and lower castes on the peripheries. The case study of Sangawali village in Uttar Pradesh illustrates this caste-based spatial organization, with Brahmins and Rajputs at the center and untouchable castes on the outskirts.
Human geography is the study of the relationship between humans and the Earth's surface. It examines how humans interact with the environment and each other in various spatial contexts. The document outlines different perspectives on this relationship, including environmental determinism, possibilism, and neo-determinism. It also discusses fields within human geography like social, cultural, economic, and urban geography and how they relate to other social sciences.
Settlement geography is a branch of human geography that deals with how human populations are distributed on Earth and how settlements form and change over time. It examines characteristics like population size, layout, functions, and relationship to the surrounding environment. Originally focused on describing existing settlement patterns, the field has evolved to use remote sensing and modeling to analyze changes and plan more sustainable development. Settlement geography considers factors influencing where and how people first formed settlements and how they have expanded, as well as issues around rapid urbanization and strategies for improving rural and urban livability. While its scope has adapted over time, the core focus remains understanding the physical attributes of settlements and their interactions with social and environmental conditions.
The primary aim of studying settlement geography is to acquaint with the spatial and structural characteristics of human settlements under varied environmental conditions.
Conservation of land , water , biotic resourcesRAJKUMARPOREL
The document discusses the concepts of conservation and land degradation. It defines conservation as the wise usage, improvement, and protection of natural resources for long-term sustainability. Land degradation is the deterioration of soil quality and fertility, which can be caused by overpopulation, urbanization, damage to topsoil, industrial waste contamination, and soil erosion. Methods to reduce land degradation include organic farming, mulching, terrace farming, strip cropping, and contour ploughing. The National Wastelands Development Board was established in 1985 to address land degradation and deforestation issues.
1. Early humans lived nomadic lifestyles as hunter-gatherers but began settling in caves near water sources for shelter.
2. Around 10,000-5,000 BC, humans learned agriculture and began living in permanent settlements of huts and mud houses near their cultivated fields.
3. As populations grew and chiefdoms formed, social stratification emerged between rich elites living in fortified castles and poorer peasants and artisans living in surrounding areas, laying the foundations for early civilizations.
Regional planning is needed to promote balanced development across urban and rural areas in a region. A region typically includes cities, towns and surrounding rural countryside that are connected through population growth and expansion. Regional plans aim to decentralize development, conserve resources, rectify disparities, and ensure equity through balanced development of industry and agriculture. Regional planning is necessary to efficiently allocate land use and infrastructure, allow growth across a larger area, protect resources like forests and wildlife, and address issues like pollution, migration and lack of opportunities in a harmonious manner.
Land suitability can be assessed as either actual (based on current conditions) or potential (after improvements). Actual suitability uses physical data from soil surveys, while potential accounts for improvements. Land use planning should suggest uses based on characteristics like soil, water resources, vegetation, existing use, and socioeconomics, without harming ecological balance. Geographic information systems (GIS) can create thematic maps for natural resource management and land suitability analysis by integrating remote sensing data, GPS, and digital soil maps produced using GIS technologies. GIS allows viewing and analysis of geographically referenced data in maps, globes, reports and charts.
Remote Sensing and GIS in Land Use / Land Cover MappingVenkatKamal1
This document discusses using remote sensing and GIS for land use/land cover mapping. It describes analyzing agricultural versus urban land to ensure development doesn't degrade farmland. Land cover refers to ground surface characteristics like vegetation or bare soil, while land use refers to how land is used, such as agriculture or recreation. The document outlines classification systems and criteria for remote sensing-based land use/land cover mapping. It also discusses digital classification techniques, global and national land use datasets, and applications of remote sensing for natural resource management and change detection analysis.
Von thunen’s model of agricultural land useThe Urban Unit
This presentation is based on a agricultural land use model around the city. This is the theory of urban Geography it describe the agricultural pattern and how should the agricultural activities perform around the city. basically this Model was put forwarded before industrialization and when there was no roads networks and this Model is not applicable in real word but is gives great ideas for developing new towns and cities.
The document discusses the concept of peri-urbanization, which refers to the dispersive urban growth that creates hybrid rural-urban landscapes in the areas surrounding cities. Some key points about peri-urbanization include:
- Peri-urban areas are growing rapidly worldwide and account for almost as much built development as urban areas.
- This rapid growth risks increased urban sprawl, but also presents opportunities to improve quality of life and link cities to surrounding rural areas more sustainably.
- Peri-urbanization is driven by population growth, shifting employment from agriculture to other sectors, and rising land costs.
- Most future rural-urban land conversion will occur in peri-urban areas, presenting environmental and service delivery challenges
This document discusses rural settlement patterns in Asia, focusing on patterns found in Bangladesh. It describes the main types of rural settlements as nucleated, dispersed, elongated, and cluster villages. For Bangladesh specifically, it outlines the nucleated, linear, and dispersed settlement patterns found in different regions, including the Barind region, active delta region, and haor areas. It also provides examples of different house types found across Asia, including India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.
Landuse is an emerging socio-economic activity wherein a region of one major specific purpose utility may be converted into another land for general purpose utility. The categories of landuse are highlighted in this module.
The document discusses geographical research, including its definition, characteristics, significance, steps, objectives, types and approaches. Geographical research is defined as a systematic investigation of physical and human geography that uses various tools and techniques. It has key characteristics such as being systematic, following research ethics, using logical reasoning, and prioritizing accurate data. The significance of geographical research is that it is problem-focused and aims to develop generalizations to predict future occurrences. The main steps involve forming a topic, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reaching conclusions.
Application of gis & rs in urban planning sathish1446
Remote sensing uses sensors aboard satellites or aircraft to acquire spatial, spectral and temporal data about objects without physical contact. This data is digitized and processed into images. GIS is a system that integrates hardware, software and data to capture, store, analyze and display spatial or geographic information. Remote sensing and GIS are useful tools for urban planning applications such as land use/cover mapping, environmental monitoring, updating basemaps, studying urban growth, transportation systems, and site suitability analysis. GIS allows for overlaying of maps, buffering, and route analysis to support zoning, land management, emergency response and other planning needs. Together, remote sensing and GIS provide timely, reliable spatial data and analysis functions for addressing challenges
Land use planning refers to the process by which a society decides where different socioeconomic activities such as agriculture, residence, industry, and commerce should take place within its territory. Aerial photographs and remote sensing techniques are applied in land use planning for various purposes such as crop production forecasting, land cover and land degradation mapping, soil mapping, and precision farming.
1) Agriculture is an important part of the Indian economy, with over half the population dependent on it until recent decades. The country can be divided into different agro-ecological regions based on factors like climate, soil and cropping patterns.
2) Key agro-ecological regions in India include the hot and dry western plains, the Deccan plateau region, the northern plains and central highlands, and the eastern Ghats region, each with characteristic climates, soils and common crops.
3) Properly identifying and understanding agro-ecological regions is important for agricultural development and policy across varied conditions in India.
The document summarizes Central Place Theory and extensions made by August Losch. Central Place Theory proposes that settlements form a hierarchy based on the goods and services provided to surrounding areas. August Losch extended this theory by arguing for a more flexible hierarchy based on maximizing consumer welfare. Losch proposed a hexagonal system where settlements were regularly distributed to minimize travel for goods. This created rich and poor sectors with varying levels of services.
Definition,meaning, scope,approach, and aim of urban-geographyKamrul Islam Karim
Urban geography is the study of urban areas and cities, their development, spatial patterns, and interactions within the surrounding environment. It examines the site and evolution of cities and towns, as well as their morphology, classification, and the economic and social impacts of urbanization. The scope of urban geography has expanded over time to consider cities not just as physical entities but as complex systems influenced by cultural, political, and historical factors.
Transportation involves the movement of people and the shipment of goods from one location to another.
A geospatial model of a transportation network is comprised of linear features and the points of intersection between them.
This document discusses the classification of knowledge and the place of geography within this classification. It begins by defining geography as the study of the Earth, its lands, inhabitants, and phenomena. The first use of the word "geography" is attributed to Eratosthenes, while Hecataeus is considered the father of geography.
Geography is divided into physical geography and human geography. Physical geography focuses on Earth science topics like landforms, climate, hydrology, and biogeography. Human geography examines human, political, cultural, economic, and social patterns. Both physical and human geography have numerous sub-classifications, such as economic geography, agricultural geography, population geography, and historical geography. In conclusion, the
Population geography is the study of human population distribution and dynamics across different regions. It examines how numbers, characteristics, and movement of people vary based on environmental and cultural factors in an area. G.T. Trewartha is considered the father of population geography for establishing it as a distinct subfield in the 1950s and proposing what topics it encompasses. Population geography analyzes absolute population sizes, qualities like age and sex ratios, and dynamics including fertility, mortality, and migration patterns. It also relates population trends to variables like resources, development levels, and government policies. As an interdisciplinary field, it interconnects with demography, sociology, economics, history and other social sciences.
Scope and content of population geographyMithun Ray
This document provides an overview of population geography as an academic discipline. It discusses key thinkers who established population geography as a subfield of human geography. It also outlines major topics of focus for population geography, including population size and distribution, dynamics of growth, and qualities/characteristics of populations. The document contrasts population geography with related fields like demography and population studies, noting geography's emphasis on spatial variation and relationships between places. It also briefly discusses the development of population geography as a topic of study in India.
Hill area planning, development and management, remains both intricate and a complex task, requiring specialised skill, expertise, understanding, knowledge and experience. Hills are special for the reason they remain part of and close to nature and have complex bio-sphere system. Hills remain storehouse of natural resources. They house natural wealth and best of climate. Hills have numerous positivities but because of their fragility they remain vulnerable to all development activities undertaken by human species. Tourism has emerged as the double edged weapon in hill area development. Heritage has been subjected to large vulnerability. Promoting mobility has led to disaster and population influx has made hill areas weak vulnerable. For mitigating challenges of climate change; overcoming heat island; reducing global warming and making cities carbon neutral, hill areas offer the best option. Hill areas need healing touch using nature and natural elements. They require care , and caution for their sustainable development. They need celebrations for the reason that remain the best hope to make world more livable and sustainable. Nations must care , respect ,revere and celebrate its hill areas and should eliminates all factors which lead to diluting, damaging the hill area fabric, structure and soul.
Promoting Sustainable Development of Hill Areas- Issues and OptionJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation tries to define the issues and roadblocks facing the growth and development of hill settlements in India and suggests strategies to make them rational and supportive of sustainability
Land suitability can be assessed as either actual (based on current conditions) or potential (after improvements). Actual suitability uses physical data from soil surveys, while potential accounts for improvements. Land use planning should suggest uses based on characteristics like soil, water resources, vegetation, existing use, and socioeconomics, without harming ecological balance. Geographic information systems (GIS) can create thematic maps for natural resource management and land suitability analysis by integrating remote sensing data, GPS, and digital soil maps produced using GIS technologies. GIS allows viewing and analysis of geographically referenced data in maps, globes, reports and charts.
Remote Sensing and GIS in Land Use / Land Cover MappingVenkatKamal1
This document discusses using remote sensing and GIS for land use/land cover mapping. It describes analyzing agricultural versus urban land to ensure development doesn't degrade farmland. Land cover refers to ground surface characteristics like vegetation or bare soil, while land use refers to how land is used, such as agriculture or recreation. The document outlines classification systems and criteria for remote sensing-based land use/land cover mapping. It also discusses digital classification techniques, global and national land use datasets, and applications of remote sensing for natural resource management and change detection analysis.
Von thunen’s model of agricultural land useThe Urban Unit
This presentation is based on a agricultural land use model around the city. This is the theory of urban Geography it describe the agricultural pattern and how should the agricultural activities perform around the city. basically this Model was put forwarded before industrialization and when there was no roads networks and this Model is not applicable in real word but is gives great ideas for developing new towns and cities.
The document discusses the concept of peri-urbanization, which refers to the dispersive urban growth that creates hybrid rural-urban landscapes in the areas surrounding cities. Some key points about peri-urbanization include:
- Peri-urban areas are growing rapidly worldwide and account for almost as much built development as urban areas.
- This rapid growth risks increased urban sprawl, but also presents opportunities to improve quality of life and link cities to surrounding rural areas more sustainably.
- Peri-urbanization is driven by population growth, shifting employment from agriculture to other sectors, and rising land costs.
- Most future rural-urban land conversion will occur in peri-urban areas, presenting environmental and service delivery challenges
This document discusses rural settlement patterns in Asia, focusing on patterns found in Bangladesh. It describes the main types of rural settlements as nucleated, dispersed, elongated, and cluster villages. For Bangladesh specifically, it outlines the nucleated, linear, and dispersed settlement patterns found in different regions, including the Barind region, active delta region, and haor areas. It also provides examples of different house types found across Asia, including India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.
Landuse is an emerging socio-economic activity wherein a region of one major specific purpose utility may be converted into another land for general purpose utility. The categories of landuse are highlighted in this module.
The document discusses geographical research, including its definition, characteristics, significance, steps, objectives, types and approaches. Geographical research is defined as a systematic investigation of physical and human geography that uses various tools and techniques. It has key characteristics such as being systematic, following research ethics, using logical reasoning, and prioritizing accurate data. The significance of geographical research is that it is problem-focused and aims to develop generalizations to predict future occurrences. The main steps involve forming a topic, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reaching conclusions.
Application of gis & rs in urban planning sathish1446
Remote sensing uses sensors aboard satellites or aircraft to acquire spatial, spectral and temporal data about objects without physical contact. This data is digitized and processed into images. GIS is a system that integrates hardware, software and data to capture, store, analyze and display spatial or geographic information. Remote sensing and GIS are useful tools for urban planning applications such as land use/cover mapping, environmental monitoring, updating basemaps, studying urban growth, transportation systems, and site suitability analysis. GIS allows for overlaying of maps, buffering, and route analysis to support zoning, land management, emergency response and other planning needs. Together, remote sensing and GIS provide timely, reliable spatial data and analysis functions for addressing challenges
Land use planning refers to the process by which a society decides where different socioeconomic activities such as agriculture, residence, industry, and commerce should take place within its territory. Aerial photographs and remote sensing techniques are applied in land use planning for various purposes such as crop production forecasting, land cover and land degradation mapping, soil mapping, and precision farming.
1) Agriculture is an important part of the Indian economy, with over half the population dependent on it until recent decades. The country can be divided into different agro-ecological regions based on factors like climate, soil and cropping patterns.
2) Key agro-ecological regions in India include the hot and dry western plains, the Deccan plateau region, the northern plains and central highlands, and the eastern Ghats region, each with characteristic climates, soils and common crops.
3) Properly identifying and understanding agro-ecological regions is important for agricultural development and policy across varied conditions in India.
The document summarizes Central Place Theory and extensions made by August Losch. Central Place Theory proposes that settlements form a hierarchy based on the goods and services provided to surrounding areas. August Losch extended this theory by arguing for a more flexible hierarchy based on maximizing consumer welfare. Losch proposed a hexagonal system where settlements were regularly distributed to minimize travel for goods. This created rich and poor sectors with varying levels of services.
Definition,meaning, scope,approach, and aim of urban-geographyKamrul Islam Karim
Urban geography is the study of urban areas and cities, their development, spatial patterns, and interactions within the surrounding environment. It examines the site and evolution of cities and towns, as well as their morphology, classification, and the economic and social impacts of urbanization. The scope of urban geography has expanded over time to consider cities not just as physical entities but as complex systems influenced by cultural, political, and historical factors.
Transportation involves the movement of people and the shipment of goods from one location to another.
A geospatial model of a transportation network is comprised of linear features and the points of intersection between them.
This document discusses the classification of knowledge and the place of geography within this classification. It begins by defining geography as the study of the Earth, its lands, inhabitants, and phenomena. The first use of the word "geography" is attributed to Eratosthenes, while Hecataeus is considered the father of geography.
Geography is divided into physical geography and human geography. Physical geography focuses on Earth science topics like landforms, climate, hydrology, and biogeography. Human geography examines human, political, cultural, economic, and social patterns. Both physical and human geography have numerous sub-classifications, such as economic geography, agricultural geography, population geography, and historical geography. In conclusion, the
Population geography is the study of human population distribution and dynamics across different regions. It examines how numbers, characteristics, and movement of people vary based on environmental and cultural factors in an area. G.T. Trewartha is considered the father of population geography for establishing it as a distinct subfield in the 1950s and proposing what topics it encompasses. Population geography analyzes absolute population sizes, qualities like age and sex ratios, and dynamics including fertility, mortality, and migration patterns. It also relates population trends to variables like resources, development levels, and government policies. As an interdisciplinary field, it interconnects with demography, sociology, economics, history and other social sciences.
Scope and content of population geographyMithun Ray
This document provides an overview of population geography as an academic discipline. It discusses key thinkers who established population geography as a subfield of human geography. It also outlines major topics of focus for population geography, including population size and distribution, dynamics of growth, and qualities/characteristics of populations. The document contrasts population geography with related fields like demography and population studies, noting geography's emphasis on spatial variation and relationships between places. It also briefly discusses the development of population geography as a topic of study in India.
Hill area planning, development and management, remains both intricate and a complex task, requiring specialised skill, expertise, understanding, knowledge and experience. Hills are special for the reason they remain part of and close to nature and have complex bio-sphere system. Hills remain storehouse of natural resources. They house natural wealth and best of climate. Hills have numerous positivities but because of their fragility they remain vulnerable to all development activities undertaken by human species. Tourism has emerged as the double edged weapon in hill area development. Heritage has been subjected to large vulnerability. Promoting mobility has led to disaster and population influx has made hill areas weak vulnerable. For mitigating challenges of climate change; overcoming heat island; reducing global warming and making cities carbon neutral, hill areas offer the best option. Hill areas need healing touch using nature and natural elements. They require care , and caution for their sustainable development. They need celebrations for the reason that remain the best hope to make world more livable and sustainable. Nations must care , respect ,revere and celebrate its hill areas and should eliminates all factors which lead to diluting, damaging the hill area fabric, structure and soul.
Promoting Sustainable Development of Hill Areas- Issues and OptionJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation tries to define the issues and roadblocks facing the growth and development of hill settlements in India and suggests strategies to make them rational and supportive of sustainability
Promoting Sustainable Development of Hill Areas- Issues and OptionsJIT KUMAR GUPTA
This document discusses issues and options related to promoting sustainable development in hill areas. Some key issues discussed include lack of planned development, unscientific exploitation of natural resources, pollution from industries, uncontrolled tourism, poor land management, loss of heritage, and lack of accessibility. Development options proposed include adopting models like the Swiss and Japanese that focus on conservation, pursuing non-land based economic activities, regional approach, land use planning based on ecological principles, compact urban development, and eco-tourism. Rational planning and management of resources is needed to achieve development without destruction of fragile hill ecosystems.
This document defines resources and discusses their classification based on origin, exhaustibility, ownership, and development status. It covers different types of resources in India like land, soil, forests, water, and minerals. It emphasizes the need for resource planning and conservation to ensure sustainable development. Some key points discussed are land use patterns in India, soil types and conservation, and measures to tackle land degradation issues caused by human activities.
The document discusses sustainable development and related topics. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It also discusses issues like non-renewable energy resources running out, the need for renewable alternatives, and balancing energy production with environmental protection. National parks aim to protect natural beauty and resources while allowing public access.
Architectural development relies heavily on natural resources and can negatively impact the environment through various means. Key impacts include increased pollution, degradation of ecosystems, deforestation, overexploitation of resources like forests and water, and disruption of natural processes. Sustainable development practices like compact development, mixed-use design, green building, and prioritizing infill over expansion can help mitigate these effects. Conservation of resources through reduced consumption, recycling, and regeneration of lands is also important.
Resources are anything available in the environment that satisfy human needs. They must be technologically accessible, culturally acceptable, and economically feasible. Resources are classified based on their origin and exhaustibility. Planning is required for judicious use of limited resources to prevent depletion and ensure equitable distribution. Soil is an important resource that is formed over millions of years but is degraded through deforestation, overuse of fertilizers, mining, and overgrazing. Gandhi advocated conserving resources by avoiding greed and exploiting nature through sustainable production methods.
Paper tries to look at the positivity and negativities of hill areas and suggest options for its holistic and integrated development to make hill areas more sustainable , productive, livable, qualitative, effective, efficient, promoter of economy, employment and banishers of poverty.
The document discusses different types of resources and their classification. It describes resources as being biotic or abiotic, renewable or non-renewable, owned by individuals, communities, nations or internationally. Resources are also classified based on their development status. The document notes challenges from overusing resources like depletion and environmental crises. It advocates for sustainable development and resource planning to protect resources for future generations while allowing present development.
The document discusses different types of resources and their classification. It describes resources as being biotic or abiotic, renewable or non-renewable, owned by individuals, communities, nations or internationally. Resources can also be potential, developed, stock or reserves. Overuse of resources can lead to depletion, social divisions and ecological crises. Sustainable development is important to protect resources for future generations and the environment. The document also discusses land resources in India, types of soil in India formed by different geological and environmental factors.
This presentation discusses resource depletion and conservation. It classifies resources based on origin, exhaustibility, ownership, and development status. Renewable resources like solar energy can be replenished, while non-renewables like fossil fuels are finite. Resources are also individual, community, national or international. Depletion is caused by overpopulation, consumption and lack of conservation. Effects include water shortages and species extinction. Conservation properly manages resources to prevent exploitation. It is needed to maintain ecosystems, biodiversity, and availability for future generations.
The document discusses different classifications and types of resources. It defines resources as everything available in the environment that satisfies human needs. Resources are classified based on their origin (biotic or abiotic), exhaustibility (renewable like forests or non-renewable like minerals), ownership (individual, community, national, international), and level of development (potential, developed, stock, reserves). Soil is an important resource that takes millions of years to form and varies based on factors like parent rock and climate. Soil erosion due to human and natural causes upsets the balance between soil formation and erosion. Resource planning and conservation methods like contour ploughing are important for sustainable use of limited resources.
Natural resources occur naturally and include materials like rocks, minerals, soil, water, plants and animals. Humans can develop resources by adding value to these physical materials. However, human activities like habitat destruction, agriculture, and development are putting pressure on natural resources and biodiversity. Water is essential for life but freshwater makes up a small portion of the total water on Earth. Minerals have various uses from industry to medicine. Forests provide timber and other resources but depletion of forests can increase temperatures, reduce rainfall, and cause other environmental issues. Sustainable practices like conservation and reforestation are needed to manage these vital natural resources.
This document discusses various methods of protecting and managing rural landscapes in the UK, including National Parks, Environmentally Sensitive Areas, and Site of Special Scientific Interest designations. It provides examples of each, such as the success of the Lake District Environmentally Sensitive Area scheme in restoring stone walls and farm buildings. Conflicts between different land uses, like farming and conservation or tourism, are also examined. Case studies on karst landscapes in Yorkshire Dales and coastal areas in Dorset are previewed to illustrate formation processes and potential opportunities and challenges.
Australia has an important role to play in improving food security in the region through exporting agricultural knowledge and expertise, rather than bulk commodities. This involves smarter food system planning, research and development, extension and education to develop more sustainable and resilient food production systems. Key challenges include increasing water and energy productivity, adapting to climate change, developing alternative energy sources, and ensuring food production does not compromise other important landscape values like biodiversity and soil health.
This document provides an overview of non-living natural resources with a focus on water resources. It discusses how water is a renewable but limited resource and describes the water cycle. It also discusses challenges facing water resources like pollution and overdrawing of supplies. The document concludes by discussing land use, soil erosion, food production, and challenges of desertification.
This document provides an overview of non-living natural resources with a focus on water resources. It discusses how water is a renewable but limited resource and describes the water cycle. It also discusses challenges facing water resources like pollution and overdrawing of supplies. The document concludes by discussing land use, soil erosion, food production, and challenges of desertification.
This document discusses the various impacts of tourism, including economic, socio-cultural, and environmental impacts. It outlines both the positive and negative economic impacts of tourism. It also examines how tourism can impact local cultures, such as through the preservation of cultural heritage but also potential commercialization. The document further analyzes the environmental effects of tourism, such as pollution, loss of habitat, and climate change, but also how ecotourism and environmental awareness initiatives are addressing these impacts. Specific examples are provided for each type of impact.
Built environment created in the past was invariably based on nature and optimally using resources made available by nature to meet the basic requirement of ventilation, heating and cooling of the buildings in order to create ambient environment for quality living. Using local materials and local skills ,built environment created was based on adopting passive approach and passive methods of making buildings sustainable. Cities in the past were made compact to make them human centric, energy efficient, land efficient and promoting safety and security. Mechanism of mixed landuse was used to make cities more humane and social. Cities were treated, planned and designed as integrated entities. Water was valued and innovative mechanisms were used to conserve, preserve and promote availability of water. Streets dominated the planning of human settlements instead of roads. Despite being planned and developed as compact cities, adequate public spaces were made integral part of planning process. Planning focused on creating self-sustaining communities , mutually supporting each other. Fundamental principal was promoting planning and living based on need and not greed. Nature was the governing principle of planning and nature based solutions were evolved, devolved and made applicable in making human settlements sustainable and livable. Back to basic remains a great option and agenda to understand the principles which can be used to charter the future agenda for growth and development.
Heritage Conservation.Strategies and Options for Preserving India HeritageJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation looks at the role , relevance and importance of built and natural heritage, issues faced by heritage in the Indian context and options which can be leveraged to preserve and conserve the heritage.It also lists the challenges faced by the heritage due to rapid urbanisation, land speculation and commercialisation in the urban areas. In addition, ppt lays down the roadmap for the preservation, conservation and making value addition to the available heritage by making it integral part of the planning , designing and management of the human settlements.
Role and Relevance of Architects and architecture in SustainabilityJIT KUMAR GUPTA
This brief text on Role, Relevance and importance of Architects and profession of Architecture in making this world and human settlements more livable, climate responsive and sustainable has been prepared as commitment of the professionals and profession of Architects on this World Environment Day ; June 5th , 2024 , with the hope that profession would be understood, valued ,appreciated and empowered in the right context for enabling it play its designated role in making built environment qualitative, cost-effective, energy-efficient, eco-friendly, safe and sustainable.
Bridging gap between resources and responsibilities at Local level.JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Text refers to need, role, relevance and importance of empowering urban local bodies by bridging gap between resources available and responsibilities bestowed, for enabling ULBs to operate and function as institutions of local governance more effectively and efficiently.
Construction Industry Through Artificial Intelligence -.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Considering the role, relevance and importance of construction sector in promoting economy, generating employment and creating wealth besides providing infrastructures and amenities, there is need to make the sector more effective, efficient, productive and sustainable. Driven manually, construction sector remains in the slow lane of creating quality built environment which are cost-effective, energy efficient, least consumers of resources and generators of waste. Artificial intelligence can help and empower the construction to make it more valuable, productive and qualitative besides supportive of environment and ecology. However, construction sector must be ready to co-operate and collaborate with IT industry to look for options and opportunities to make construction sector more qualitative and productive. Majority of urban ills and climate related issues can be resolved if Artificial intelligence can be embedded as integral part of the construction industry right prom planning, designing, construction, operation and management of the built environment and infrastructures. Communities and nations will save lot of valuable non-renewable resources if the construction sector is transformed from human led to technology led by the induction of Artificial intelligence. However, Construction industry has to search the areas where Artificial intelligence can be used effectively and intelligently.
Making Urban India a Role Model of Planned Urban Growth a.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Known for productivity, promoting economy, employment and innovations cities, when properly planned, rationally developed and professionally managed, have been labelled and recognized as engines of economic growth. Prosperity and urbanisation are known to have positive co-relation with rational urbanisation, leveraging growth and development of any community, city, state and region. In majority of developing countries, where urbanisation remains unregulated, forced largely by rural push and less by urban pull, cities invariably remain in crisis, crisis of population, crisis of poverty, crisis of development and management. Cities need to be cared ,incentivized, empowered and made more productive, effective, efficient and humane.
Redefining Globalization, urbanisation and LocalisationJIT KUMAR GUPTA
If cities are to made more livable, humane and productive, it is time that intent, contents and scope of globalization must be revisited and reviewed, both critically and objectively. Globalisation would need redefinition for promoting universality and inclusiveness among people and nations to have basic amenities and quality of life for all its residents , including poorest of the poor to lead a dignified life. Failure to redefine globalization, rationalise urbanisation, restore localization empowering poor and promoting universalisation and inclusivity; will invariably lead to making SDGs merely a paper exercise. In addition, making the world, cities and communities sustainable, livable, safe and inclusive, would remain merely a dream and a mirage, for future generations and communities, making planet earth as their preferred place of residence.
Knowing, Understanding and Planning Cities- Role and Relevance Physical Plan...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Cities are known for its complexities and operational inefficiencies. cities remain dynamic ,ever evolving, ever devolving, never static and never finite.
All cities remain different, distinct, unique and universal. No two cities are similar. Each city has its own strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Accordingly, problem faced by any city cannot be viewed, dissected, analyzed and enumerated, while sitting within the four walls of the air-conditioned rooms and by the so called intellectual sitting in the so called offices determining the future of cities and towns. Neither the cities can be made more rational by limited knowledge agencies providing consultancy to cities , states and nations.
For realistically and rationally understanding, analyzing the cities and having simple, cost-effective and quality solutions to the problems and challenges faced , Cities have to be walked through and concerns of the various communities have to be properly understood and appreciated.
Prime reason for inability and lack of capacity on the part of majority of physical planners, engaged in the art and science of planning, designing and developing the cities, to address the issues and challenges faced by cities , realistically and rationally, has genesis in the lack of understanding of the origin, growth and development of cities.
Lack of capacity in majority of town planners, has roots in the quality of education imparted and seriousness and commitment on the part of both teachers and taught involved. As it stands today, majority of institutions involved in imparting education in planning are being run on an ad-hoc manner and by proxy. Only few institutions have regular teachers and regular students. Majority of planning institutions are being run on proxy with proxy students and proxy teachers. Education system including curricula used for teaching, needs, review, revision and redefinition to make it more relevant to rational for addressing the issues and challenges faced by the cities and towns.
Land as a Resource for urban finanace- 24-1-23.pptJIT KUMAR GUPTA
PPt tries to brief Land, as a gift of nature, is being grossly misused, abused , manipulated Land is globally used for providing platform for all human driven activities, based on living, working, culture of body/ mind and travel.
Limited availability, coupled with large number of human beings trying to source land, has invariably created large demand for land resource for human consumption. Land, in urban context, is required for meeting the specific needs of urban dwellers for residential, commercial, institutional, recreational, travel& traffic purposes besides providing space for infrastructures , amenities, services, trade and commerce etc. Land in urban context remains under large demand and command high price due to concentration of large population in small physical area, with stakeholders making competing claims.Rapid and uncontrolled growth in population experienced by urban areas has adversely impacted and generated considerable pressure on land resource in cities and towns , leading to large scale conversion, sub-division and illegal occupation of urban land. Unregulated and regulated pressure on land has largely been met by means of both formal/informal sub-division and development of land. Growth of the urban settlements and entire mechanism of urban planning and development remains land based/ land focused. In order to make optimum use of land resource on 24x7x365; making city planning, growth, development and management ,both rational. realistic, orderly and promoter of quality living, it will be critical and essential, that all ULBs are made to focus on eliminating culture and practices promoting un-authorized/ illegal sub-division of land for ushering an environment and era of planned urban development in the cities. Land needs to be effectively leveraged to generate resources for ULBs to make cities vibrant.
COST-EFFETIVE and Energy Efficient BUILDINGS ptxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Built environment is known for its capacity, capability, role, relevance and importance to change the quality of life of the occupants and communities. Presentation focuses on options which need to be leveraged to make buildings sustainable, cost-effective, energy efficient, resource efficient, qualitative over its entire life-cycle through designing, construction, operation. It calls for making buildings green and sustainable.
Making Buildings cost-effective , Energy Efficient ptxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation focuses on options which need to be leveraged to make buildings sustainable, cost-effective, energy efficient, resource efficient, qualitative over its entire life-cycle
Ppt briefs about role, relevance, importance of the rating systems applicable in India, criteria used in assessing
greeness, weightage allocated, , brief of how these rating systems are applied, parameters involved; weightage granted, levels of rating granted , incentives given by states for green rated buildings and brief of suggestions, how to make rating system more effective, efficient, objective and transparent.
The phenomenon of global warming remains more pronounced in the urban areas, for the reason cities house large concentration of people and activities in a small/compact urban space.Densely-built downtown areas tend to be warmer than suburban residential areas or rural areas.. UHI not only raises urban temperatures but also increases ozone concentrations because ozone is a greenhouse gas whose formation will accelerate with the temperature. Tokyo, an example of an urban heat island. Normal temperatures of Tokyo go up higher than those of the surrounding area. However, it needs to be understood and appreciated that climate change is not the cause of urban heat islands but it is causing more frequent and more intense heat waves which in turn amplify the urban heat island effect in cities. Major reasons for ever growing global warming and climate change can be attributed to the; Nature and natural; Human-Driven; population; Rapid Urbanisation; Irrational Urban planning; High Density; Inefficient Transportation ;Large generation/consumption of fossil fuel based Energy; Unsustainable Buildings; Polluting Industry & Manufacturing; Unsustainable Agriculture; Irrational Development; Large scale Deforestation; Lack of open spaces and individual life-choices;
Making and Unmaking of Chandigarh - A City of Two Plans2-4-24.pptJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation is a narrative of a
capital city- known for its innovative planning, designing, construction and management of a new capital . It briefs about the principles used in the planning and designing of city -by the first team of planners led by Albert Mayer and Mathew Nowicki-- followed by the second team led by Le- Corbusier, P Jenerette, Jane B Drew , Maxwell Fry. It also details about the various aspects of the city planning, planning of the sector as a neighbourhood, typologies of
various developmental controls used for regulating the construction of buildings. Innovations used for regulating the growth and development of periphery; redensification of city in case city exceeds its planned population of half a million, creating a narrative of city and periphery, innovative landscaping, defining an edict for the city to educate the future citizens of the capital city to safeguard the future growth and development besides lessons learnt from planning and designing the new cities.
Planning and Designing Green buildings-.issues, options and strategiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Affordability and sustainable development are considered anti-thesis across the world. Generally there exists conflict between the approach to sustainable built environment and affordable buildings. Sustainable development is considered more expensive. According to Middleton, ‘Sustainability and affordability aren’t mutually exclusive goals. It’s not about adding extra, but thinking more carefully about the design of buildings and incorporating technologies that can offset the rising costs of energy, water and other services. Affordability and sustainability are known to fit together perfectly’.
Through excellent design, buildings can be made more sustainable and affordable. Smaller the footprint of buildings, lower will be the upfront costs and embodied energy and lower shall be the running costs of buildings. Looking at the entire context of health, rising cost of amenities/services; Sustainable/Green designs are now being increasingly adopted, to make built environment more cost-effective and affordable. Considering the enormous amount of built environment to be created, India will have no option but to tread the path of sustainability and sustainable development in the built environment. Sustainable built environment would also help in and go a long way in achieving the majority of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals for the reason, built environment is known to be the largest consumer of energy, avoid wasteful use of resources and minimise generation of waste. Global sustainability will be largely contingent upon how effectively and efficiently we can make our buildings sustainable and qualitative through innovative/green design solutions based on local climate and culture, valuing site planning, embedding orientation, cross ventilation, using renewable/waste materials and involving state of the art building technologies.
_Neighborhood Planning in Capital City of Chandigarh- An Appraisal (2) - Copy...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Neighborhood as an idea, concept, option and strategy has been extensively used locally and globally by the Urban Planners to plan and decentralize cities, create cities within cities, promote self-contained communities and to make cities more humane, safe and socially vibrant. Neighborhood has also been used recently to define the city in terms of travel time - making 10/15 minutes city
Accordingly, large typologies of NH ,in terms of planning and designing , with varying shapes, sizes and contents have emerged in the urban context. Americans have used superblock and French using Sector for defining the neighborhood. Despite distinct advantages, holding high degree of relevance in urban and local area planning , NH planning has not been able to deliver the envisioned objectives of safety and social vibrancy. Cities in the process have been socially, economically and physically fragmented, leading to clear division of cities into different communities with little economical and social connectivity. Variance of planning and designing norms followed at NH and sub-neighborhood levels have promoted more dichotomy and contradictions with varying quality of life inducted at local level. Differential population and infrastructures have divided the city into the categories of high/low end NH units. Fabric and morphology of cities, in large cases, has been distorted with urban settlement emerging as a distinct social map of communities graded economically and socially,on the basis of area/location . In the process, the way NH planning concept has been used, neighborhood planning has emerged as an instrument of social and economic segregation/division. In fact in number of cases, concept has been used, misused, abused in intent and content to divide the cities into distinct social and economic layers. Instead of unifying , concept has led to division of cities.
Genesis of modern application of NH can be found in the planning and designing of Chandigarh where entire city fabric of capital city was woven around Sector as the basic unit of planning, concptulasied as self-contained and self-sustaining unit at the local level. However, the way sectors have been planned, it has led to dividing the cities into different and distinct communities. Individual status in Chandigarh can be judged from his/her residence. Concept of Sector has done more damage than good to the fabric of the city. Chandigarh is likely to face considerable problem in making city socially and economically cohesive/vibrant,. Sectors in Chandigarh remain anti-thesis to the basic concept of NH planning of safety, involving walkability, vehicular movement, putting commercial space in the centre. Considering role, relevance, importance and usability , NH needs to be planned, designed with care and caution, in order to make cities socially and economically vibrant, inclusive. NH planning deserves a new definition and approach to make it relevant and rational.
Reviewing, Revising and Redefining Master Plans and Development Plans to Ma...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Looking at its efficacy and efficiency, it can be seen and observed that Master Plans/ Development Plans have done more damage than good for the planned growth and development of the cities to which they have been made applicable. These plans have been violated with impunity both by the people, communities, cities and parastatal agencies; for the betterment/welfare of which these plans were prepared. These plans have been visualized as controller of development rather than promoters of development. Instead of planned development , these plans have been usherers of the unplanned development. These plans are known to be responsible for promoting large number of slums besides making quality of life poor for majority of the urban inhabitants. Cities under Master Plans are also known to promote exclusion rather than inclusion. Master Plans/Development Plans are known to promote prosperity for few and marginalize the large proportions of the local community by making them poor. Instead of catering to urban dynamism, Master Plans/Development Plans try to freeze the city, for next two decades, to which it is made to serve. Accordingly, these plans need to be reviewed , rationalised, revised and redefined to make them better Master Plans/Development Plans
Rationalizing the Planned Growth of Urban India- paper.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Rapid and uncontrolled growth in population experienced by urban areas has adversely impacted and generated considerable pressure on land resource in cities and towns , leading to large scale conversion, sub-division and illegal occupation of urban land. Unregulated and regulated pressure on land has largely been met by means of both formal/informal sub-division and development of land. Growth of the urban settlements and entire mechanism of urban planning and development remains land based/ land focused, based on a strategy of sub-division of the land, dictated by the economic forces prevailing in the market. Irrational and ineffective public policies of urban planning and land sub-division, devoid of prevailing ground realities, have turned out to be incompatible with the demands of urban expansion, leading to large scale un-authorized and illegal sub-division of land. In the process, valuable land resources, gift of nature, has been misused, abused and mutilated in this race of uncontrolled and irrational urbanisation. In order to make optimum use of land resource; making city planning, growth, development and management ,both rational. realistic, orderly and promoter of quality living, it will be critical and essential, that all urban centres are made to focus on eliminating the culture and practices promoting un-authorized/illegal sub-division of land for ushering an environment and era of planned urban development in the country.
Suggestion and Options for integrating villages. within the framework of the...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Preparing Master Plans/Development Plans for any urban settlements, basically and essentially, involves declaring a planning area for which the said long term plans are prepared. Planning area invariably includes and involves, number of rural settlements, which comprise of the planning area besides the urban settlement. It has been observed that in majority of cases, while detailed studies and analysis are carried out of the urban settlements but villages in the study and analysis remain marginalized, diluted and muted. Despite the fact, villages have critical role in the rational development of the urban settlement, but in preparing Master Plans their role and relevance is not made part of the said plan. Accordingly, this text tries to bring out the typologies of villages falling in the planning area and the suggested framework to develop these villages in making Master Plans, better Master Plan. In order to improve Master Plan qualitatively, quantitively, both in intent, contents and scope, It will be appropriate that all the villages falling in the planning area must be studied , analyzed and made integral part of the final outcome of the proposals of Master Plan. In-fact one Chapter must be exclusively dedicated to detail out the issues faced by the Villages and options which can be leveraged to promote the rational growth of villages ,as an integral part of the long term development of the urban settlement , for which the Master Plan is being prepared. This will help not only in integrating the urban- rural settlements falling in the planning area, but would also go a long way in promoting and ensuring rational growth and development of the urban settlement, for which the Master Plan is being prepared.
Making cities Climate Responsive and SustainableJIT KUMAR GUPTA
“Decarbonization” of cities ,as an issue ,as an option and as a strategy , has been gaining currency in the parlance of; making planet earth livable and sustainable. “Decarbonization has been globally valued for keeping the global temperature below 1.5C, and achieving the agenda and goals defined in the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, defined by UN for achieving universal sustainability. Despite distinct role and relevance, criticality and importance of decarbonization of cities has neither been properly understood and appreciated nor made integral part of the architectural practice and art and science of designing and construction of buildings. Consuming one -third of global energy (33%) and generating 39% of greenhouse gas emissions buildings have been considered as the major player in the domain of climate change and global warming. Since Architects and Architecture are
actively involved in the making and unmaking of buildings, accordingly it becomes important that planners and architects must play a significant role in making
cities and buildings least consumers of energy and generators of the minimum greenhouse gas emissions. This objective can be achieved if decarbonizing cities/buildings is made a distinct reality . Issue of decarbonizing the cities/buildings assumes importance for the reason, that world’s building floorspace is likely to be become double by the year 2060, with the addition of large number of newcities/ buildings due to rapid urbanization, population growth and economic development ; required for catering to
to the needs of additional population opting for urban living.
Managing Planning and Development of Citie- 26-2-24.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Cities in India are known to be in perpetual crisis; facing numerous crises in terms of; crisis of rational growth, crisis of orderly and planned development; crisis of effective and efficient urban management; crisis of making provision of basic infrastructure and services; crisis of climate change; crisis of global warming; crisis of poverty, pollution and population and crisis of making human living and prevailing environment qualitative. These urban crises have genesis in the fact that cities in India, lack ownership, command, authority and lack of willingness to run and manage cities professionally and objectively. In majority of cases, cities in India are run by proxy. In terms of physical growth and development; large cities are marked by multiplicity of agencies claiming right/ownership of development over the urban areas, whereas smaller cities face absence of such ownership and are made to run, operate and function like orphans
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
2. HILL AREAS- CONTEXT AND IMPORTANCE
NBC defines Hill areas -- height>600m msl /average slope 30 degree,
Hill areas -- India’s 17% land mass & houses 11 % population.
Hills- known to be happy/healthy places to live
Hill Areas- also Known for dualities – positivities & limitations
Hill Areas known to be;
- Gift of Nature to mankind
-Place for connecting/Searching nature -Space for meditation
- having Wonderful Climate, Environment , Ecology
- for humane Culture and bio-diversity
- Serving as Natural Bio-sphere Reserve
-- Rich in Natural resources, Mineral wealth , flora& fauna
-Abundance of Hydel Energy
-Preferred Tourist Destination
- Storehouse of Rich Cultural Heritage- natural and Manmade
- Capacity to promote Sustainability
--- Serving as water-sheds of major river systems in India –
-Offer enormous option for exploring nature
- Quality fruits/vegetables
- Capacity to influence Climate;
- Houses High degree of Eco-fragility/sensitivity
-Development/ Economy of Hill areas and Plains remain closely linked
3. HILL AREAS –CONTEXT AND DISADVANTAGES
Despite Distinct Advantages ;- Hill Areas suffers from numerous
problems- manmade/natural
-Vulnerable to natural /manmade disasters
-Limitation of land
- Limited Carrying Capacity-supporting population/land intensive
activities
-Growing Population pressure
- Growing Urbanization -Concentration of Population
- Growing Congestion,
- - Unplanned growth and development of human settlements
- -Uncontrolled /Unregulated tourism
-Limitation of accessibility / mobility
- Limitation of infrastructure & services
-- Susceptibility to disasters- natural/manmade
- large scale deforestation- for sourcing land for Agriculture/
urbanization/housing/industry
- Acute problem of potable water supply
-Problem of Construction-sourcing materials /construction
- Remains lower on development.
4. HILL AREAS –CONTEXT OF GROWTH
Stockholm Conference , 1972 on Human Environment called for;
--creating awareness among nation’s policy planners about :
--deteriorating environmental quality in hill areas
--its adverse impact on growth /development and called for
-- Evolving strategies to make hill areas development
-- More rational and sustainable
Promoting Development of hill areas assume importance for;
-Conserving / preserving/promoting /making value additions to Hills
-Rationalising / optimum utilisation of hills/ resources
-–-Making hilly areas more productive
- Making hill cities happy and healthy places to live
- Making hill areas Safe -Free from disaster- natural / manmade
-- Minimising flooding,
-- Minimising changes in Agro-climatic conditions
-- Limiting large-scale migration
- Ensuring Rapid economic Growth / development of India as a nation
– Making India $ 5 Trillion economy
-Overcoming environmental challenges
- minimising global warming
- Making India Carbon neutral
8. HILL AREAS-DEVELOPMENT ISSUES
- Scarcity of buildable land,
- Haphazard/unplanned/unregulated development of human
settlements
- Unsustainable Built environment
-- unscientific exploitation of natural resources,
-- large scale soil erosion/landslide
- Lack of basic infrastructure/services/amenities
-- Linear development along road network
-- Uneven/unplanned development of urban system,
- Uncontrolled Tourism
-- Ecological / environmental problems-
- Submergence of forest areas under river valley projects
--- indiscriminate felling of tree
- Loss of green cover,
-declining wildlife population
-- Encroachment on forest lands
-- Large Scale Mining
--shifting cultivation
18. HILL AREAS- ISSUES- LAND
Land posing major challenge/opportunities in hill areas
Greatest challenge/ Limiting factors - to rational planning /
development -- Slope, soil characteristics, flora & fauna, vegetation/
rocks --their structure.
-- Land under eco-fragile areas under great stress due to-
-- large scale cutting of trees
-- destruction of large flora and fauna
--large scale cutting/ filling of land
- Poor land record—land holding/ownership/demarcation/land profile
--high degree of land speculation
-- Unscientific land development
-- Poor land management,
- Irrational land sub-division
- Unscientific land conversion,
-- Poor Land preservation,
-- Imbalance between agricultural and non-agricultural uses
19. HILL AREAS- ISSUES-MOBILITY
- Hill Areas face acute problems of Accessibility
-Limited options for mobility
-Major thrust on using road based mobility
- Unscientific Road construction in hill areas -- promoted
vulnerability of hills- leading to disasters
- Unscientific Disposal of Construction waste
-Majority of roads– having ribbon growth / development
-- unplanned, substandard / haphazard –
Problems of Congestion
- traffic & transportation problems /parking
-- Encroachment on road space
--Roads needs; -- careful planning, designing, construction
- drainage;
protection/ safeguards from encroachment/ development
- Exploring other means of mobility- Railways, ropeways, pipes etc
20.
21.
22. HILL AREAS- ISSUES- INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
--Despite rich natural resources-- industrial development
confined to few pockets
-- leading to Wide spatial and economic imbalances.
- Industries growth haphazard/unplanned
- Polluting industries created havoc with ecology/resources
-High degree of Pollution- air/water/ solid waste
--Existing pattern of industrial growth / development done more
damage than good to resources/ environment/ economy.
-- Pattern of industrial growth needs critically review.
--Vast potential offered by hill area due to;
--excellent pollution free climate
-- abundant horticultural
--rare herbal flora and fauna;
-- deposits of natural resources etc.- Needs to be explored and
utilised
26. HILL AREAS- ISSUES-TOURISM
Tourism -- Leverages economy / employment, transportation, growth and
development, removing poverty, promoting prosperity
Tourism- Double edged weapon
Uncontrolled tourism—
-- cause irreparable damage to valuable resources /environment
- promoted mushroom /haphazard development
- adversely impact bio-diversity, eco-system, ecology, environment/ culture,
infrastructure, quality of life growth and development
Tourism concentrated in few areas/ few pockets/periods
Tourism related development-- both haphazard /sub-standard.
Carrying capacity -- a non-issue in permitting development
Current practices-- made hill areas highly vulnerable to natural/ manmade
disasters,
- unscientific exploitation of sensitive area
-- Absence of long term strategy
-- Lack of well -defined roadmap for tourism
Need for Regulating uncontrolled tourism
– promote quality Tourism,
- promoting Eco- tourism; exploratory tourism
Heritage Tourism; Opening new areas for tourism
29. HILL AREAS- ISSUES- HERITAGE
Hill States-- Reservoir of manmade / natural heritage;--
- -- temples, palaces, public buildings, public spaces, precincts,
building complexes,
-- bio-sphere reserves, lakes, dense forests, wild life sanctuaries,
flora and fauna.
-- villages, cities/ towns house
---- Majority of heritage lost-- lack of identification/ unplanned
/haphazard development/ fire / destruction of buildings/
unauthorized and inconsistent uses/ Uncontrolled tourism
Absence of appropriate building controls / development
regulations --choked areas around heritage buildings.
-- Unplanned/ substandard development
-- Heritage conservation- low priority area
-- Need strategies/policies for identifying, conserving,
preserving, promoting heritage
-architectural glory of built environment / natural areas
40. OPTIONS- DEVELOPMENT WITHOUT DESTRUCTION
Critical issues for hill areas relate to:
-Sustainability
- Safety from Disasters
- Environment
-Safe Built Environment
-- Ecology,
--Land
-Unplanned, haphazard, uncontrolled urban development,
- Unsustainable Buildings
-- Poor resource management,
- Poor Heritage/ culture management
Development strategies must focus on:
Rational settlement system,
Planned development of Urban/Rural settlements/ tourism
Sound land use practices,
Development of alternate sources of energy,
Conservation of heritage,
Constructing Safe/ healthy/ resource efficient buildings
Optimum utilization and development of resources etc
Minimising Generation of waste
Sustainable Mobility
41. APPROACH
Hill area- planning remains a different, distinct and specialised task
Need- specialised, knowledge, skill, expertise, understanding
Hill Areas ; in terms of – structure, flora fauna, bi-diversity, Environment
-- Hills Treated as-- National Treasures/ Resources/ Opportunities
Hills -- Development based on principles of;
- development without destruction
- Based on Carrying Capacity of area
- Design with nature /
- Preserving , Promote Making value addition - fragile eco-system
-- Adopting Eco-Sensitive approach
- Promoting Sustainability
- Preserving Nature/Natural resources
-- Making Environment more qualitative
- – Promoting planned development of hill areas
Creating /strengthening educational institutes engaged in promoting
art / science of Architecture /planning of hill areas
--Skilling manpower in planning/designing healthy/happy cities/ buildings
- Starting a Specialised Course – master/undergraduate/ -on Hill area Planning/ Designing
Buildings
-- Replacing practice of project based environmental impact assessment (EIA), with Strategic
Environmental Assessment (SEA)
Creating dedicated institutions for-- integrated hill area North – Eastern Council-
--Planning for optimum/Efficient /intensive land-use
42. APPROACH
Promote non-land based economic activities to remove
poverty / ensure environment Protection.
Evolving a comprehensive human settlement policy– to
discourage migration.
Promote Non-Conventional Energy sources/Solar, Hydro,
-- Adopting- Regional Approach for planning hill areas
--- Rationalising/Minimising - Urbanisation
- Promoting Sustainable
-- Planning for Compact settlement planning
Plan for zero energy, zero waste settlements.
Planning for safety/disaster mitigation,
Promoting connectivity at Regional level- rail, road, air
Promoting accessibility/not mobility at settlement level
Reserving local culture/values
Planning for people and not vehicles at local level
Planning for Sustainable /Green Buildings
Planning for Carbon Neutral development
Involving communities- planning/ development
43. HILL AREAS-- DEVELOPMENT MODELS
Two successful models of hill area development in world;--
- European Model- Swiss Model
-Evolving Sound practices of land use planning,
--Development of hydro-electric power -- major source of alternate energy
--Preventing destruction of forest cover, -
Adopting Planned / dispersed tourism.
Japanese model,--Hill areas preserved -made low density -- 2%
population occupying 75% of land
Population Concentrated on plains-- 98% population occupying 25% of land
area.
Hill areas largely used for :-
-conservation of resources, -forestry- generating hydro-electric power,-
promoting tourism
whereas plain areas --used for housing large economic activities including
industry, trade, commerce and housing
Both models have
-- relevance, advantages, limitations, importance and contexts and
-- Himachal Pradesh. - May adopted any one /Hybrid model – to suite needs of
physical/socio-economic conditions prevailing in state
47. HILL AREAS—REGIONAL PLANNING
Carrying out- Land Suitability Analysis in state
Adopting Regional Planning best option for-- conservation, preservation
/development of hill areas without damage to ecology / environment.
Regional approach helps in ;
--integrated development of urban /rural areas
--Minimising friction in urban / rural settlements.
- Optimizing resources
--altitude, slope, vegetation, soil types / rain fall used to classify state into
zones--
extremely sensitive/ high sensitive/ medium sensitive / low sensitive
zones
preservation becoming strategy for Extreme/ high sensitivity area
development concentrated in medium/ low sensitivity zones
Development focused on Ecologically degraded areas
- for restoration , reclamation / development
developments planned based on carrying capacity of areas.
Development focused on valley floors / upland flats -- to relieve pressure
on more sensitive areas.
48. HILL AREAS- OPTIONS-LAND USE PLANNING
Rational land use planning based on:
-- the carrying capacity analysis
-- rational use of resources.
Very steep slope --put to intensive Afforestation
Moderate slopes -- put to a mix of horticulture plants of economic importance.
Valley / plain/ flat lands –low eco-sensitivity zones used for
-- Cultivating crops -- Human habitation.
-- Promoting Non-polluting hi-tech industries -- requiring dust free environment
/ minimum land /resources -- with zero level of pollution--
-- to generate employment/ promote economic growth / development
Agro based industries -- using horticulture /agricultural produce including bio-
tech parks considered as priority in selected growth centres
Vast scope of hydel power tapped for:
-- generating electricity with
-- water resources used for irrigation,-- recharging of ground water &
-- ensuring growth of vegetation cover in derelict areas.
52. APPROACHING COMPACT CITIES
Make cities compact by;
- Avoiding Urban Sprawl
-- Stopping melting of cities
. – promoting High-density development
-- adopting Transit oriented development
-- Raising Height
----- Rationalizing land uses /Building bye-laws
-----Building inside not outside
--- Building vertical not horizontal
--- Building High not low
--- Building mix not pure
---Building dense not shallow
-- optimizing current infrastructure.
.
53. DEFINING SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT
Sustainable Transport --
-- sometimes known as Green Transport
-- form of transport that does not use / rely on dwindling
natural resources.
-- relies on renewable /regenerated energy
-- rather than fossil fuels that have a finite life expectancy
54. HILL AREAS- OPTIONS- ECO-TOURISM
In tropical country like India,-- with hot/dry climate.
tourist traffic at hill stations increased significantly
-- damaging local natural resources, ecology /support systems.
-- Need for limiting number of visitors ;
- promoting economic, environmental /social development
-- maintaining aesthetics, atmosphere, sound infrastructure /ecology by-
- Harmonizing Tourist infrastructure/ development -- with surrounding
environment.
-- Evolving Tourism supportive policy -by involving local community
-- Permitting Tourism development – gelling with environment/socio-cultural
characteristics of local community
.-- Tourism planned as integral part of area development strategy/ integrated
land use plan.
Addressing tourism related issues within Eco-Tourism policy / guidelines
-- Evolving location specific code for tourists -- to maintain surroundings
clean/disease free, protect local ecology/ respect local traditions, culture /
heritage
--Avoiding misuse/abuse of resources,--water / fuel-wood
55. HILL AREAS- OPTIONS-HERITAGE PRESERVATION
Heritage in Hill states – mapped/notified
Heritage conservation made
-- public led- rather than government led program
-Government to act as facilitator
- adequately/professionally addressed at local/ULB level -
with manpower/resources
-- made integral part of settlement planning process
-- integrated with with existing /proposed development- on
pattern HRIDAY
-- Minimizing damage to manmade/natural heritage
-- Implementing concept of Heritage areas/ heritage zones /
heritage cities/towns
-- Incentivizing -- heritage preservation
-- Discouraging - destruction of heritage areas.
-- Creating rational/realistic Development controls for
heritage areas--
56. STRATEGIES- DISASTER- LAND SUITABILITY ANALYSIS
Safety from disaster -- made integral part of settlement
planning/development process.
For Rational Planning Carrying out-
Detailed Land suitability analysis
All low lying area -- no- construction zone/ green area/ water bodies.
All eco-sensitive area/ forest area--- protected area/ prohibited for
urbanisation.
All water bodies -- zoned for preservation
All existing hydro / water shed area --clearly defined/ preserved
All existing trees --declared protected trees.
Areas prone to seismic activities– identified/prohibited for human
habitation
Indiscriminate road/ building construction /creation of artificial large
water bodies minimized
Safe construction/ made part of building code
.
.
60. REDISCOVERY OF THE INDIAN ETHOS
5 elements of Nature (Panchabhutas)-
Supported by Technology
Prithvi (Earth) Site Selection and Planning
Jal (Water) Water Conservation
Agni (Fire) Energy Efficiency
Vayu (Air) Indoor Environmental Quality
Akash (Sky) Daylight, Night Sky Pollution
Daylighting
Views
Water Body Local materials
65. HILL AREAS- OPTIONS- PLANNED DEVELOPMENT
Limited Options -- for promoting rational Hill area development
/protecting,/preserving --ecology, environment and resources
Planned development -- best option for Hill area development --
based on sustainability.
Hill states -create a empowered unified machinery for—
-- preparing developmental framework for state for
- Regional Planning
- –planning of healthy cities /villages
-- designing of buildings /
-- ensure Capacity building of Architecture /Town Planning
Departments/ULBs
----Promoting Synergies between Architecture / Town
Planning/Engineering Departments
Make human settlements – safe, productive, efficient sustainable,
livable, providers of assured quality of life.
-- bringing Town planning/ULB/Development Authorities under
unified command
-- Make optimum use of local expertise/ knowledge/experience/
understanding of premier institutes
--- to assist/advise/guide/evolve / implement the
Planning/development/management framework of state