Insect Physiology
Insect venom (spider and scorpions)
what is venom?
spider venom?
venom glands in spider
composition of spider venom
basic components of spider venom
use in pharmaceuticals
scorpion venom
venom glands
toxicity
physiological effects of venom
medical importance
references
Introduction to phylum Kinorhyncha
Introduction to phylum Nematoda
Characteristics of phylum Nematoda
Locomotion in Nematodes
External and Internal features
Feeding and Digestive systems
Reproduction and development in Nematodes
Some other organ systems
Presentation
Best of Luck
This document provides information on protozoans, including their structure, life cycles, reproduction, and diseases they can cause. Some key points:
- Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotes that exist in almost every habitat and include both free-living and parasitic species.
- They have organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus. Parasitic protozoa range in size but are generally less than 50 micrometers.
- Life cycles typically involve different infectious stages like trophozoites and cysts. Reproduction can be asexual through binary fission or schizogony, or involve sexual stages and hosts.
- Protozoan diseases range from mild to
This presentation discusses snake venoms and their biochemistry. It begins by defining snake venom as a mixture of toxins used for prey digestion and defense. The presentation then covers the main protein and toxin components of venoms, including neurotoxins, cytotoxins, and hemotoxins. Various physiological effects of these toxins types are also described. The presentation concludes by noting that antivenoms have been developed from antibodies to treat snake bites, but may cause minor side effects in some cases.
Arthropods are a phylum that includes insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others. They have an exoskeleton, jointed appendages and a tube-like heart. Some arthropods are medically important as vectors of diseases. The document discusses the characteristics and classification of arthropods, focusing on orders and species that can transmit pathogens like ticks that carry Lyme disease, fleas that transmit plague, and mosquitoes that transmit malaria. Prevention methods against arthropod bites are also outlined.
Snakes either have venom apparatus consisting of poison glands, ducts, and fangs for injecting venom, or they lack these features and are non-venomous. Venomous snakes have different types of fangs adapted for venom injection. The mechanism of biting involves a series of muscle contractions that erect the fangs and squeeze venom from the glands into the fangs. Venom is a complex mixture that can cause bleeding, organ damage, or paralysis depending on the snake species. Antivenom developed from horses immunized to snake venom can counteract the effects of bites.
1. Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can cause important diseases in animals. Trypanosomes, babesia, and coccidia are protozoan parasites that infect livestock and cause significant economic losses.
2. Trypanosomes are transmitted between animals by tsetse flies or other biting flies. They multiply in the bloodstream and cause trypanosomiasis, also known as nagana, in cattle. Control relies on chemotherapy, insecticides, and trypanotolerant breeds.
3. Coccidia are intracellular parasites with direct or indirect life cycles. Eimeria species infect the intestinal epithelium of many animal hosts and cause coccidiosis
Snake venom is modified saliva produced by venom glands in snakes. The glands store venom which is ejected through hollow fangs. Venom contains various proteins, peptides, and enzymes that can be toxic to humans and animals. Major classifications of toxins are neurotoxins which affect the nervous system, and cytotoxins which affect cells. Antivenoms are treatments created by injecting snake venom into other animals to produce antibodies against the venom. Different antivenoms exist for different snake species based on the composition of their venom.
Classifiction and Nomenclature of Kingdoms of LifeCyra Mae Soreda
This document discusses the history and principles of taxonomy and biological classification. It begins with definitions of taxonomy, classification, and nomenclature. It then covers the historical development of classification systems from Aristotle to the modern five-kingdom and three-domain systems. Key figures discussed include Linnaeus, Haeckel, Copeland, and Whittaker. The document also outlines taxonomic ranks, important classification features like embryology and body plans, and rules of scientific nomenclature.
Introduction to phylum Kinorhyncha
Introduction to phylum Nematoda
Characteristics of phylum Nematoda
Locomotion in Nematodes
External and Internal features
Feeding and Digestive systems
Reproduction and development in Nematodes
Some other organ systems
Presentation
Best of Luck
This document provides information on protozoans, including their structure, life cycles, reproduction, and diseases they can cause. Some key points:
- Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotes that exist in almost every habitat and include both free-living and parasitic species.
- They have organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus. Parasitic protozoa range in size but are generally less than 50 micrometers.
- Life cycles typically involve different infectious stages like trophozoites and cysts. Reproduction can be asexual through binary fission or schizogony, or involve sexual stages and hosts.
- Protozoan diseases range from mild to
This presentation discusses snake venoms and their biochemistry. It begins by defining snake venom as a mixture of toxins used for prey digestion and defense. The presentation then covers the main protein and toxin components of venoms, including neurotoxins, cytotoxins, and hemotoxins. Various physiological effects of these toxins types are also described. The presentation concludes by noting that antivenoms have been developed from antibodies to treat snake bites, but may cause minor side effects in some cases.
Arthropods are a phylum that includes insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others. They have an exoskeleton, jointed appendages and a tube-like heart. Some arthropods are medically important as vectors of diseases. The document discusses the characteristics and classification of arthropods, focusing on orders and species that can transmit pathogens like ticks that carry Lyme disease, fleas that transmit plague, and mosquitoes that transmit malaria. Prevention methods against arthropod bites are also outlined.
Snakes either have venom apparatus consisting of poison glands, ducts, and fangs for injecting venom, or they lack these features and are non-venomous. Venomous snakes have different types of fangs adapted for venom injection. The mechanism of biting involves a series of muscle contractions that erect the fangs and squeeze venom from the glands into the fangs. Venom is a complex mixture that can cause bleeding, organ damage, or paralysis depending on the snake species. Antivenom developed from horses immunized to snake venom can counteract the effects of bites.
1. Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotic organisms that can cause important diseases in animals. Trypanosomes, babesia, and coccidia are protozoan parasites that infect livestock and cause significant economic losses.
2. Trypanosomes are transmitted between animals by tsetse flies or other biting flies. They multiply in the bloodstream and cause trypanosomiasis, also known as nagana, in cattle. Control relies on chemotherapy, insecticides, and trypanotolerant breeds.
3. Coccidia are intracellular parasites with direct or indirect life cycles. Eimeria species infect the intestinal epithelium of many animal hosts and cause coccidiosis
Snake venom is modified saliva produced by venom glands in snakes. The glands store venom which is ejected through hollow fangs. Venom contains various proteins, peptides, and enzymes that can be toxic to humans and animals. Major classifications of toxins are neurotoxins which affect the nervous system, and cytotoxins which affect cells. Antivenoms are treatments created by injecting snake venom into other animals to produce antibodies against the venom. Different antivenoms exist for different snake species based on the composition of their venom.
Classifiction and Nomenclature of Kingdoms of LifeCyra Mae Soreda
This document discusses the history and principles of taxonomy and biological classification. It begins with definitions of taxonomy, classification, and nomenclature. It then covers the historical development of classification systems from Aristotle to the modern five-kingdom and three-domain systems. Key figures discussed include Linnaeus, Haeckel, Copeland, and Whittaker. The document also outlines taxonomic ranks, important classification features like embryology and body plans, and rules of scientific nomenclature.
Acanthocephala are a diverse group of endoparasitic worms that infect the intestines of fish and other aquatic animals. They have a complex life cycle requiring an arthropod intermediate host and a vertebrate definitive host. In the intermediate host, eggs hatch into acanthors which develop into cystacanths. When the intermediate host is eaten by the definitive host, usually a fish, the cystacanths mature into adult worms in the intestine. Adult worms attach to the intestine using a spined proboscis, which can cause damage and inflammation. Their life cycles enhance transmission between hosts. Acanthocephalans have morphological features adapted for their parasitic lifestyle and infection can cause clinical signs in hosts.
Myxozoans are the microscopic fish parasites having complex life cycle stages. Understanding the intrapiscine and intra oligochete developmental stages is necessary for knowing about this parasite and the disease caused by the myxozoan parasite in fish.
Nematodes are commonly called roundworms. They have a cylindrical structure covered by a protective cuticle. They are bilaterally symmetrical and the sexes are usually separate. Nematodes parasitize domestic animals and can be found throughout the body. They vary greatly in size. The cuticle provides structure and protection while allowing flexibility. It also plays roles in osmoregulation and eliciting immune responses. Internal structures include the digestive tract, reproductive tract, and musculature that allows sinusoidal movement.
Snake bites can be classified based on the type of venom secreted by the snake's poison glands. Elapidae snakes secrete neurotoxic venom. Viperidae snakes secrete vasculotoxic venom which affects blood vessels. Hydrophidae snakes secrete myotoxic venom which damages muscle tissue. Common signs and symptoms of snake bites include localized swelling, pain, and discoloration at the bite site. Systemic effects vary depending on the snake family but can include neurologic impairment, coagulopathies, renal failure, and respiratory failure in severe cases. Treatment involves wound care, immobilization, antivenom administration, and supportive care depending on the clinical effects of the envenomation.
This document provides an overview of microbiology and the classification of microorganisms. It discusses how Carolus Linnaeus established the scientific naming system using genus and species names. Microorganisms are classified into three domains - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya - based on characteristics like cell structure and nucleic acid. Within these domains, microbes are further classified into six kingdoms and grouped according to their features. The document also describes key characteristics of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses, and multicellular parasites.
Here are the answers to the flatworm quiz:
1. Phylum Platyhelminthes
2. Platy means “flat” and helminth means “worm”
3. Nephridium
4. Ecto or endoparasitic and few are free-living (usually aquatic)
5. Bilateral symmetrical
6. Non-parasitic flatworm respire through their body surface while parasitic worms absorb the host’s digested food through body wall.
7. Sexually and asexually
8. Body cavity and acoelomate
PART 2
1. Class Turbellaria - includes non-parasitic and aquatic flatworm (marine flatworm
21. phylum nematoda full explanation only on slide shareYo yo Nody khan
This document summarizes key aspects of nematodes (roundworms):
- They are 1-60mm in size, pseudocoelomates without segmentation, and can be free-living or parasitic.
- Their cuticle is shed multiple times during development and they have longitudinal muscles arranged in four groups.
- Movement occurs via thrashing body waves and their hydrostatic skeleton maintains their round shape.
- Parasitic nematodes can have debilitating effects like blood-sucking, blocking intestines/ducts, and blocking blood/lymphatic systems in diseases like elephantiasis.
discussion about nematode,
their form, general characteristics, life cycle, discussion about their host.
diseases caused by nematodes
and discussion about different class of nematodes.
17. phylum platyhelminthes with full explanationYo yo Nody khan
This document provides information about the phylum Platyhelminthes, specifically focusing on the class Turbellaria. Some key points:
- The phylum Platyhelminthes contains over 20,000 flatworm species ranging in size from 1mm to 25m in length. They have an organ-system level organization.
- The class Turbellaria consists of mostly free-living flatworms. Turbellarians are found in freshwater and marine environments where they crawl on surfaces. They are predators or scavengers.
- Turbellarians have a simple digestive system with a pharynx and digestive cavity. Nutrients are absorbed intracellularly after food is broken down.
The document discusses innate immunity, which is the body's first line of defense against pathogens. It is nonspecific and not adaptive. Components of innate immunity include anatomical barriers like skin and mucus, biochemical barriers such as antimicrobial peptides, and cellular responses mediated by phagocytes and natural killer cells. The innate immune system provides immediate protection but no long-lasting immunity. It helps initiate the specific adaptive immune response.
Arthropods are metamerically-segmented
• The segments of arthropods are associated in groups, the anterior segments form the head, the middle ones -the thorax and the posterior ones- the abdomen
•The hard outer covering of arthropod is made of chitin, it forms the Exoskeleton which covers the external surface of the body
•A complete digestive system with a mouth and an anus.
Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that exhibit a diversity of shapes, structures and methods of nutrition, locomotion and reproduction. Some key points are:
- They are classified into different phyla based on cell structure and organelles. Major phyla include Euglenozoa, Chlorophyta, Choanoflagellata, and Alveolata.
- Nutrition varies between heterotrophy, autotrophy and mixotrophy. Locomotion occurs via flagella, cilia, pseudopodia or other structures.
- Reproduction can be asexual through binary fission or budding, or sexual through conjugation. This impacts genetic diversity and environmental adapt
Classification of medical parasitology Lec.2.pptxnedalalazzwy
Parasitology is the scientific discipline concerned with the study of the biology of parasites and parasitic diseases, including the distribution, biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of parasites, including the host response to these agents.
1. The document discusses the origins of eukaryotic diversity. It describes how early eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes through endosymbiotic relationships. Mitochondria evolved from aerobic bacteria living endosymbiotically within cells. Chloroplasts similarly evolved from photosynthetic cyanobacteria. This created a "chimera" of prokaryotic parts within eukaryotic cells. Secondary endosymbiosis further increased diversity as algae were engulfed by other protists. This serial endosymbiosis theory explains the diversity of plastids and membranes seen in modern algae.
This document provides information on snake bite management in pediatrics. It discusses the classification of poisonous snakes based on the type of poison secreted. It describes the common signs and symptoms of bites from cobras, kraits, vipers and sea snakes. It also summarizes the differences in local and systemic manifestations between bites. The management involves administration of anti-snake venom, supportive care, and monitoring for complications like coagulopathy, paralysis and respiratory failure.
Snakes have elongated bodies without limbs and covered in scales. There are over 2000 snake species worldwide, with venomous snakes causing 30,000-40,000 deaths annually. Snakes have eyes, nostrils but no ears, and a forked tongue used for sensing. Venomous snakes have grooved fangs connected to venom glands, while nonvenomous snakes have solid fangs. Venom contains toxins like neurotoxins, myotoxins, and coagulants that can cause paralysis, tissue necrosis, bleeding, and death. Signs of venomous bites include fang marks, swelling, bleeding; nonvenomous bites have U-shaped tooth marks. Treatment involves wound cleaning, immobilization, and
Parasitology is the study of parasites and parasitism. It explores aspects of parasite biochemistry, physiology, biology, and immunology. Key terms include: parasite, host, endoparasite, ectoparasite, reservoir host, vector, carrier, direct and indirect life cycles.
Helminthes are divided into three phyla: Nematodes (roundworms), Cestodes (tapeworms), and Trematodes (flukes). Important cestodes include Moniezia found in sheep and cattle. Key trematodes are Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) and Paramphistomum (rumen fluke). Important nematodes are Haemonchus
This document provides information about invertebrates, specifically protozoans. It discusses:
1) The definition and characteristics of protozoans, including that they are unicellular eukaryotes that can reproduce sexually or asexually.
2) The origins and evolution of protozoans, proposing that they evolved from ancient archaea and eubacteria around 1.5 billion years ago through endosymbiotic relationships.
3) The classification of protozoans into six supergroups based on morphological and genetic analyses.
The document discusses snake bites in India. It notes that an estimated 50,000 Indians die from snake bites each year, mostly males aged 20-50. Snake bites can cause significant local and systemic effects and lead to complications involving the heart, brain, kidneys and blood. Proper and timely treatment of snake bites with antivenom is important to reduce mortality and morbidity. The document outlines diagnostic features of snake envenomation and protocols for first aid, diagnosis and treatment of snake bites.
Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms including algae, protozoa, and slime and water molds. Some key protists discussed include Euglena, which is a phytoflagellated protozoan that contains chloroplasts and moves using a flagellum, Amoeba, which moves using pseudopodia and has two differentiated cytoplasmic regions, and Plasmodium, which is an apicomplexan parasite that causes malaria and has a complex lifecycle alternating between human and mosquito hosts.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Acanthocephala are a diverse group of endoparasitic worms that infect the intestines of fish and other aquatic animals. They have a complex life cycle requiring an arthropod intermediate host and a vertebrate definitive host. In the intermediate host, eggs hatch into acanthors which develop into cystacanths. When the intermediate host is eaten by the definitive host, usually a fish, the cystacanths mature into adult worms in the intestine. Adult worms attach to the intestine using a spined proboscis, which can cause damage and inflammation. Their life cycles enhance transmission between hosts. Acanthocephalans have morphological features adapted for their parasitic lifestyle and infection can cause clinical signs in hosts.
Myxozoans are the microscopic fish parasites having complex life cycle stages. Understanding the intrapiscine and intra oligochete developmental stages is necessary for knowing about this parasite and the disease caused by the myxozoan parasite in fish.
Nematodes are commonly called roundworms. They have a cylindrical structure covered by a protective cuticle. They are bilaterally symmetrical and the sexes are usually separate. Nematodes parasitize domestic animals and can be found throughout the body. They vary greatly in size. The cuticle provides structure and protection while allowing flexibility. It also plays roles in osmoregulation and eliciting immune responses. Internal structures include the digestive tract, reproductive tract, and musculature that allows sinusoidal movement.
Snake bites can be classified based on the type of venom secreted by the snake's poison glands. Elapidae snakes secrete neurotoxic venom. Viperidae snakes secrete vasculotoxic venom which affects blood vessels. Hydrophidae snakes secrete myotoxic venom which damages muscle tissue. Common signs and symptoms of snake bites include localized swelling, pain, and discoloration at the bite site. Systemic effects vary depending on the snake family but can include neurologic impairment, coagulopathies, renal failure, and respiratory failure in severe cases. Treatment involves wound care, immobilization, antivenom administration, and supportive care depending on the clinical effects of the envenomation.
This document provides an overview of microbiology and the classification of microorganisms. It discusses how Carolus Linnaeus established the scientific naming system using genus and species names. Microorganisms are classified into three domains - Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya - based on characteristics like cell structure and nucleic acid. Within these domains, microbes are further classified into six kingdoms and grouped according to their features. The document also describes key characteristics of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses, and multicellular parasites.
Here are the answers to the flatworm quiz:
1. Phylum Platyhelminthes
2. Platy means “flat” and helminth means “worm”
3. Nephridium
4. Ecto or endoparasitic and few are free-living (usually aquatic)
5. Bilateral symmetrical
6. Non-parasitic flatworm respire through their body surface while parasitic worms absorb the host’s digested food through body wall.
7. Sexually and asexually
8. Body cavity and acoelomate
PART 2
1. Class Turbellaria - includes non-parasitic and aquatic flatworm (marine flatworm
21. phylum nematoda full explanation only on slide shareYo yo Nody khan
This document summarizes key aspects of nematodes (roundworms):
- They are 1-60mm in size, pseudocoelomates without segmentation, and can be free-living or parasitic.
- Their cuticle is shed multiple times during development and they have longitudinal muscles arranged in four groups.
- Movement occurs via thrashing body waves and their hydrostatic skeleton maintains their round shape.
- Parasitic nematodes can have debilitating effects like blood-sucking, blocking intestines/ducts, and blocking blood/lymphatic systems in diseases like elephantiasis.
discussion about nematode,
their form, general characteristics, life cycle, discussion about their host.
diseases caused by nematodes
and discussion about different class of nematodes.
17. phylum platyhelminthes with full explanationYo yo Nody khan
This document provides information about the phylum Platyhelminthes, specifically focusing on the class Turbellaria. Some key points:
- The phylum Platyhelminthes contains over 20,000 flatworm species ranging in size from 1mm to 25m in length. They have an organ-system level organization.
- The class Turbellaria consists of mostly free-living flatworms. Turbellarians are found in freshwater and marine environments where they crawl on surfaces. They are predators or scavengers.
- Turbellarians have a simple digestive system with a pharynx and digestive cavity. Nutrients are absorbed intracellularly after food is broken down.
The document discusses innate immunity, which is the body's first line of defense against pathogens. It is nonspecific and not adaptive. Components of innate immunity include anatomical barriers like skin and mucus, biochemical barriers such as antimicrobial peptides, and cellular responses mediated by phagocytes and natural killer cells. The innate immune system provides immediate protection but no long-lasting immunity. It helps initiate the specific adaptive immune response.
Arthropods are metamerically-segmented
• The segments of arthropods are associated in groups, the anterior segments form the head, the middle ones -the thorax and the posterior ones- the abdomen
•The hard outer covering of arthropod is made of chitin, it forms the Exoskeleton which covers the external surface of the body
•A complete digestive system with a mouth and an anus.
Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that exhibit a diversity of shapes, structures and methods of nutrition, locomotion and reproduction. Some key points are:
- They are classified into different phyla based on cell structure and organelles. Major phyla include Euglenozoa, Chlorophyta, Choanoflagellata, and Alveolata.
- Nutrition varies between heterotrophy, autotrophy and mixotrophy. Locomotion occurs via flagella, cilia, pseudopodia or other structures.
- Reproduction can be asexual through binary fission or budding, or sexual through conjugation. This impacts genetic diversity and environmental adapt
Classification of medical parasitology Lec.2.pptxnedalalazzwy
Parasitology is the scientific discipline concerned with the study of the biology of parasites and parasitic diseases, including the distribution, biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology, ecology, evolution and clinical aspects of parasites, including the host response to these agents.
1. The document discusses the origins of eukaryotic diversity. It describes how early eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes through endosymbiotic relationships. Mitochondria evolved from aerobic bacteria living endosymbiotically within cells. Chloroplasts similarly evolved from photosynthetic cyanobacteria. This created a "chimera" of prokaryotic parts within eukaryotic cells. Secondary endosymbiosis further increased diversity as algae were engulfed by other protists. This serial endosymbiosis theory explains the diversity of plastids and membranes seen in modern algae.
This document provides information on snake bite management in pediatrics. It discusses the classification of poisonous snakes based on the type of poison secreted. It describes the common signs and symptoms of bites from cobras, kraits, vipers and sea snakes. It also summarizes the differences in local and systemic manifestations between bites. The management involves administration of anti-snake venom, supportive care, and monitoring for complications like coagulopathy, paralysis and respiratory failure.
Snakes have elongated bodies without limbs and covered in scales. There are over 2000 snake species worldwide, with venomous snakes causing 30,000-40,000 deaths annually. Snakes have eyes, nostrils but no ears, and a forked tongue used for sensing. Venomous snakes have grooved fangs connected to venom glands, while nonvenomous snakes have solid fangs. Venom contains toxins like neurotoxins, myotoxins, and coagulants that can cause paralysis, tissue necrosis, bleeding, and death. Signs of venomous bites include fang marks, swelling, bleeding; nonvenomous bites have U-shaped tooth marks. Treatment involves wound cleaning, immobilization, and
Parasitology is the study of parasites and parasitism. It explores aspects of parasite biochemistry, physiology, biology, and immunology. Key terms include: parasite, host, endoparasite, ectoparasite, reservoir host, vector, carrier, direct and indirect life cycles.
Helminthes are divided into three phyla: Nematodes (roundworms), Cestodes (tapeworms), and Trematodes (flukes). Important cestodes include Moniezia found in sheep and cattle. Key trematodes are Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) and Paramphistomum (rumen fluke). Important nematodes are Haemonchus
This document provides information about invertebrates, specifically protozoans. It discusses:
1) The definition and characteristics of protozoans, including that they are unicellular eukaryotes that can reproduce sexually or asexually.
2) The origins and evolution of protozoans, proposing that they evolved from ancient archaea and eubacteria around 1.5 billion years ago through endosymbiotic relationships.
3) The classification of protozoans into six supergroups based on morphological and genetic analyses.
The document discusses snake bites in India. It notes that an estimated 50,000 Indians die from snake bites each year, mostly males aged 20-50. Snake bites can cause significant local and systemic effects and lead to complications involving the heart, brain, kidneys and blood. Proper and timely treatment of snake bites with antivenom is important to reduce mortality and morbidity. The document outlines diagnostic features of snake envenomation and protocols for first aid, diagnosis and treatment of snake bites.
Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms including algae, protozoa, and slime and water molds. Some key protists discussed include Euglena, which is a phytoflagellated protozoan that contains chloroplasts and moves using a flagellum, Amoeba, which moves using pseudopodia and has two differentiated cytoplasmic regions, and Plasmodium, which is an apicomplexan parasite that causes malaria and has a complex lifecycle alternating between human and mosquito hosts.
Similaire à Insect Venom specifically of spiders and Scorpions (20)
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
2. Venom
• A poisonous substance secreted by animals such as snakes, spiders, and
scorpions and typically injected into prey or aggressors by biting or stinging.
• It is delivered in a bite, sting, or similar action through a specially
evolved venom apparatus, such as fangs or a stinger, in a process
called envenomation.
• Venom is often distinguished from poison, which is a toxin that is passively
delivered by being ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin
• Venomous animals cause tens of thousands of human deaths per year.
• Toxins from venom are used to treat a wide range of medical conditions
including thrombosis, arthritis, and some cancers.
3. • A branch of science, venomics, has been established to study the proteins
associated with venom and how individual components of venom can be used for
pharmaceutical means.
• These are chemicals of biological origin.
• Most venoms consist of a complex mixture of chemical substances, including
proteins, peptides, sugars and other substances that affect many systems of the
body.
• Common venom effects include paralysis, interference with blood clotting,
breakdown of muscle, pain, breakdown of tissues and effects on the
cardiorespiratory system.
4. Significance of venom
Use as a
bioweapon
To synthesize
insecticides
Its role in
medicine and
pharmaceuticals
To treat
envenomation
5. SpiderVenom
• The spiders are the largest group of
venomous animals, represented by more
than 38,000 species throughout the world.
Thirty spider species are known to be
harmful to humans.
• Human-spider encounters are frequent and
bites occasionally occur.
• A high number of biting events are observed
in human populations at high rates by
Phoneutria nigriventer because those spiders
infest clothing and shoes.
• Venom glands are present in most spiders,
but they are absent in the family Uloboridae
6. Venom glands of spiders
• The venom system of spiders is organized around the chelicerae, which
differ in organization according to the lineage:
• Mesothelae and Mygalomorphae possess chelicerae that are
orthognathous (chelae in parallel orientation)
• The araneomorphs evolved chelicerae that are labidognathous (chelicerae
are facing each other).
7. • In spiders, the chelicerae feature two functional units that move in a jack-
knife fashion.
• The first unit, a basal segment, is attached to the prosoma and forms a
mobile base for the second unit, a fang.
• Internally, the venom system of each chelicera consists of a venom gland
connected to a narrow opening at the fang tip via a thin venom duct
• Each venom gland is embedded in muscles and nerves, enabling fine control
of venom release
• Localization of venom glands differs between orthognathous and
labidognathous types. While the venom gland of the former is localized in
the basal segment of the chelicerae, it can extend into the prosoma in the
latter.
• Venom glands in spiders are further functionally compartmentalized and
their subsections produce and modify different venom components.
8.
9. Composition of spider venom
• Spiders produce their venom components in specialized secretory cells in
the venom gland. The venom gland is surrounded by muscular layers
controlling venom release by squeezing the venom gland.
• Depending on the spider species, venom is released into the glandular
lumen by:
1. Disintegration of entire cells (holocrine secretion) or
2. By pinch off of parts of cells to form extracellular membrane-bound
vesicles and release of venom components from these vesicles (apocrine
secretion)
10. • In general, the spider venom of a given species is a mixture of over hundred
components acting on different targets including various receptors, mostly
located in the muscular or nervous system, cell membranes, and
extracellular matrix.
• Although single components may be toxic, it is the synergistic action
between the components, which deploys the full toxicity of the venom.
• The peptide and protein concentration of spider venom is often relatively
high with reports reaching from 65 µg/µL to 150 µg/µL .
• It is evident, that production of a fluid with these amounts of
peptides/proteins comes at high energetic costs for the spider.
• Some spiders economically use their venom by adaptation of the injected
amounts depending on prey size and movement or endangerment by the
prey
11. Basic components of spider venom
Spider venom components are typically divided into four
groups.
• (1) Small molecular mass compounds (SMMSs),
• (2) antimicrobial peptides (only a few spider families),
• (3) peptide neurotoxins
• (4) proteins and enzymes
12. Small Molecular Mass Compounds
• Small molecular mass compounds (SMMCs) are thought to be present in most
spider venoms. They include ions, organic acids, nucleotides, nucleosides, amino
acids, amines, and polyamines.
• Venom is rich in potassium and poor in sodium. These cation concentrations are
opposite to the hemolymph concentrations.
• The high potassium content of venom is described to induce depolarization of
excitable cell membranes, leading to paralysis of the prey, and to synergistically
enhance the activity of venom peptides.
• Spider venom has an acidic pH with pH values reported between 5.3 and 6.1. Main
contributors to this acidic environment are organic acids, primarily citric acid,
which is by far the most described organic acid present in spider venom.
• Many SMMCs effect neuronal or neuromuscular signal transduction. Nucleosides
(some with sulfate-ester) are known from many spider venoms and have been
reported to block kininate receptors and L-type Ca2+ channels.
13. Antimicrobial Peptides
• Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are also termed cytolytic or cationic
peptides.
• AMPs often feature high positive net charges and a high number of
hydrophobic amino acids.
• They are widely distributed as major components of animal immune
systems and are also present in various arthropod venoms, such as ant,
scorpion, bee, and wasp venoms.
• AMPs disrupt the integrity of cellular membranes.
15. Cysteine-Rich Peptides
• Cysteine-rich peptides are the best investigated venom components and are
believed to exist in most spider venoms.
• Spider venoms typically contain dozens of different cysteine-rich peptides,
whereof most are thought to act on channels and receptors on membranes of
excitable cells.
• That is why they are often referred to as neurotoxic peptides or neurotoxin-like
peptides.
16. Structural Motifs
• The most prominent structural motif of spider venom cysteine-rich peptides
is the inhibitor cystine knot (ICK) motif.
• Inhibitory cystine knot (ICK) as part of the backbone of cysteine rich
peptides a motif that is formed by two disulfide bridges, and of the peptide
and a third disulfide bridge going through this loop.
• Moreover, these toxins can recognize an ion channel region far from the
pore, and they induce a shift of channel opening to more depolarized
potentials that alter the voltage dependent properties of K+, Na+ or
Ca++ currents.
• Thus, spider peptides are more gating modifiers than pore blockers
19. Use in pharmaceuticals
• The thought of spiders may make your skin crawl, but a new study suggests
that maybe we should put our hatred of the eight-legged beasts to one side
• Spider venom has for a long time received only small attention due to its
limited impact on human health. Research only gained in focus after
realizing the huge pharmaceutical potential of spider venom peptides.
• Peptites of spider venom are target specific and have physiological stability
20.
21. ScorpionVenom
• Scorpions are the most primitive arachnids that exist on the earth for 430
millions of years.
• They are the most venomous arthropods that belong to class Arachnida of
phylum Arthropoda.These animals are found in all continents except
Antarctica.
• Scorpions belonging to Buthidae family are more toxic and medically
important .They cause health problems in subtropical and tropical regions.
• Scorpion venom is the key to their success which ensures their survival by
defending themselves from preys, predators, and competitors
22. • Globally, there are 2231 various scorpion species, consist of 208 genera
representing in 20 families, from which 1500 scorpion species are venomous
and approximately 50 species are extremely harmful to humans.
• Scorpion envenomation is a significant problem for public health and causes
a wide range of clinical manifestations in sub-tropical and tropical
countries).
• Scorpion venom contains a wide variety of biomolecules which can disturb
physiological activity of the host on envenomation.
23. • Children and elderly patients have increased chance of complications due to
this problem.
• However, age, venom dosage, nutritional state, geographical area, and
season of the scorpion, as well as weight and age of the victim, individual
sensitivity, and site of sting are important parameters which affect the
severity of envenomation.
• Although, most scorpion stings cause death of humans if not treated
instantly.
• The treatment which is recommended for scorpion envenomation is therapy
with antivenom.
• Hyperimmune serum is obtained from animals such as horses, after
immunizations with the venom
24. Venom glands of scorpions
• The telson, situated at the end
of the metasoma, is a bulb-
shaped structure that contains
the venom glands and a sharp,
curved stinger to deliver
venom.
• The scorpion venom is used for
both prey capture and defense.
• It is a complex mixture of
neurotoxins and other
substances; each species has a
unique composition
25. Chemical composition of scorpion venom
• Scorpion venom contains a wide variety of compounds such as water,
mucosa, low molecular weight peptides, enzymes, free amino acids,
biogenic amines, nucleotides, mucopolysaccharides, mucoproteins,
histamine, serotonin, heterocyclic components, and several unidentified
substances.
• Scorpion venoms are highly complex mixtures of such molecules, and it is
estimated that 100,000 different components are present in the scorpion
venom around the world.
• Toxins are the thoroughly studied components of scorpion venom.This is
due to their pharmacological effect on ion channels and their clinical use as
neurotoxins
26.
27. • Both disulfide and non-disulfide bridged peptides (NDBP) are present in the
scorpion venoms whereas NDBP are major components of it.
• low molecular weight peptides depict more than a third of all the peptides
that are determined in the scorpion venom.
• Such toxins are best known for their deleterious effects on organisms, but
paradoxically, they display antimalarial, antimicrobial, anticancer, and
immunosuppressing activities that are important for the development of
drugs
30. Toxicity of scorpion venom
• Scorpion venom is highly toxic because it is composed of neurotoxin,
nephrotoxin, cardiotoxin, and hemolytic toxin which affect ion channels,
enzymes, and allergenic compounds.
• The toxicity of scorpion venom depends on their contents in neurotoxins.
• Low molecular weight peptides that interact with ion channels and causing
impairment of the proper functions of excitable cells in nerve and muscle
tissues which is usually responsible for the known symptoms of
envenoming.
31. • Scorpion toxins are classified into two main categories according to their
target site and size:
• short chain toxins which are composed of 30–40 amino acids and
constrained by 3 or 4 disulfide bridges that block the K+ channels
• long chain toxins which are composed of 60–75 amino acids and cross-linked
by 4 disulfide bridges that affect specifically Na+ channels.
• These toxins have been used as useful pharmacological probes to study the
ion channels because of their high affinity and specificity
32.
33. Physiological effects of scorpion venom
• Physiological effects of scorpion sting vary widely from inflammation or local pain
to severe complications such as pulmonary edema, nervous disorder, and
cardiogenic shock.
• Scorpion toxins cause massive release of neurotransmitter such as catecholamines
which generates a cascade of events that can progress to heart failure, pulmonary
edema, arterial hypotension or hypertension, arrhythmia, tachycardia or
bradycardia, unconsciousness, and death.
• The cytotoxin from H. lepturus causes psychological problems (Mental disorders,
Anxiety, Depression, Schizophrenia, etc.) necrotic ulcers, cutaneous necrosis,
hemoglubinuria, renal failure, ankylosis of the joints, fatal hemolysis, hematuria
and even death.
• Scorpion venom is linked to dysfunctions of the immune system by recruiting
inflammatory cells, leukocytes, platelet activating factor, adhesion molecules,
immunoglobulins, and cytokines
34.
35. Medical importance of scorpion venom
• Scorpion venom depict interesting compounds for the development of
novel drugs, for example, drugs for cancer, neurological disorders,
cardiovascular diseases, and analgesics.
• Scorpion venom has apoptogenic, cytotoxic, immunosuppressive, and
antiproliferative effects. Therefore, scorpion venom can be utilized against
various cancers like glioma, leukemia, human neuroblastoma, brain tumor,
melanoma, prostate cancer, and breast cancer.
36. Medical importance of spider venom
Scorpion toxins
for analgesic
Scorpion toxins
for epilepsy
Scorpion toxins
for malaria
Scorpion toxins
for cardiovascular
diseases
Scorpion toxins
for autoimmune
diseases
Scorpion venom
for treatment of
diabetes
Scorpion venom
and microbial
infections
Scorpion toxins
for cancer
38. References
• Sannaningaiah, D., Subbaiah, G. K., & Kempaiah, K. (2014). Pharmacology
of spider venom toxins. Toxin Reviews, 33(4), 206-220.
• Peigneur, S., & Tytgat, J. (2018). Toxins in drug discovery and
pharmacology. Toxins, 10(3), 126.
• Schmidtberg, H., von Reumont, B. M., Lemke, S., Vilcinskas, A., & Lüddecke,
T. (2021). Morphological analysis reveals a compartmentalized duct in the
venom apparatus of the wasp spider (Argiope bruennichi). Toxins, 13(4), 270.
• Langenegger, N., Nentwig, W., & Kuhn-Nentwig, L. (2019). Spider venom:
components, modes of action, and novel strategies in transcriptomic and
proteomic analyses. Toxins, 11(10), 611.
39. • Ortiz, E., Gurrola, G. B., Schwartz, E. F., & Possani, L. D. (2015). Scorpion
venom components as potential candidates for drug
development. Toxicon, 93, 125-135.
• Ghosh, A., Roy, R., Nandi, M., & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2019). Scorpion venom–
toxins that aid in drug development: a review. International journal of
peptide research and therapeutics, 25(1), 27-37.
• Tobassum, S., Tahir, H. M., Arshad, M., Zahid, M. T., Ali, S., & Ahsan, M. M.
(2020). Nature and applications of scorpion venom: an overview. Toxin
Reviews, 39(3), 214-225.