Hoymiles is a leading brand of PV inverters founded in 2013. They have over 2000 employees across 10 subsidiaries. Their microinverters hold the number 1 weighted efficiency rating by the CEC. Hoymiles offers microinverters that can connect 1, 2, or 4 solar panels and provide modular level MPPT for increased energy yield compared to string inverters. Their microinverters are IP67 rated and have a standard 12 year warranty.
The presentation discusses the design of inverters used in solar systems. It describes three types of solar inverters: stand-alone inverters that power isolated systems from batteries charged by solar panels; grid-tie inverters that convert DC power from solar panels into AC to feed into the electrical grid; and battery backup inverters that can power loads during grid outages from batteries charged by excess solar energy. The presentation outlines the hardware components of inverters, including MOSFETs, transformers, voltage regulators, and PWM inverter ICs. It explains how solar panels generate DC power from sunlight and how inverters convert this to the AC power used in homes and businesses.
The document analyzes the feasibility and cost-benefit of installing a roof-mounted solar photovoltaic array at a home in Seattle, WA. The home receives good solar exposure and existing energy use is around 4,845 kWh per year. An 8 kW solar system is proposed, which would cost $16,280 upfront but qualify for incentives and tax credits. Over time the system would save money compared to purchasing electricity from the grid as energy costs rise.
This document provides an overview of the ETAP 16.0 demo software. It describes the modeling, program features, one-line diagrams, 3D database, presentations, configurations, revision data, wizards, editors, libraries, connectivity options, printing/plotting, error viewing, logging, reporting, and help features available in the demo. The document also outlines the demo setup, structure, interface maps, and includes a tutorial section describing how to use the software for various analyses like load flow, short-circuit, motor acceleration, reliability, and more.
This document discusses different types of solar energy systems that use photovoltaic panels and inverters to convert solar energy into electrical energy. It describes stand-alone systems that are independent of the electric grid and grid-tie systems that are connected to the utility network. The key components of these systems include solar panels, batteries, transformers, inverters, and microcontrollers. It also explains the functions of inverters, pulse width modulation technology, and maximum power point tracking for optimizing solar energy harvesting.
Solar PV System
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun that is converted into electricity through photovoltaic panels. Photovoltaic panels use silicon to directly convert sunlight into electricity. A solar PV system may be connected to the electric grid to sell excess power back to the utility company, as measured by a net meter. Hybrid solar systems can also power a home independently of the grid by storing solar energy in batteries.
Report On diode clamp three level inverterVinay Singh
three level diode clamp inverter. that converts any type of DC ( rectified, PV cell, battery etc.) to AC supply. we made by mosfet and ardiuno . in this ppt we present the Simulink model of a three-level inverter and the hardware reort of the inverter.
also discuss about other level inverter and there THD analysis, simulink model and detail. compression between another inverter.
On Grid Solar System to Create your own Electricityrenewgreensolar
Like Off grid solar system, On Grid Solar System do not stores generated electricity in batteries. Instead of storing electricity its is directly used to powering the lights, appliances and electronic devices in your home. know more about On Grid Solar System @ http://www.renewgreen.in/business-solution-power-system-on-grid.php
Design of a Single Phase Isolated Bidirectional AC to DC Converter for Batter...Tom Gibson
This document summarizes the design of a 3 kW bidirectional AC-DC converter for a battery energy storage system. It analyzes a dual active bridge topology with a 100 kHz transformer to interface a 300 V battery bank to a 110 V, 60 Hz grid. The dual active bridge design is presented, showing how the phase shift between bridges can control both the power flow direction and magnitude. Simulation results validate the design and control approach. The grid interface stage is also briefly discussed.
The presentation discusses the design of inverters used in solar systems. It describes three types of solar inverters: stand-alone inverters that power isolated systems from batteries charged by solar panels; grid-tie inverters that convert DC power from solar panels into AC to feed into the electrical grid; and battery backup inverters that can power loads during grid outages from batteries charged by excess solar energy. The presentation outlines the hardware components of inverters, including MOSFETs, transformers, voltage regulators, and PWM inverter ICs. It explains how solar panels generate DC power from sunlight and how inverters convert this to the AC power used in homes and businesses.
The document analyzes the feasibility and cost-benefit of installing a roof-mounted solar photovoltaic array at a home in Seattle, WA. The home receives good solar exposure and existing energy use is around 4,845 kWh per year. An 8 kW solar system is proposed, which would cost $16,280 upfront but qualify for incentives and tax credits. Over time the system would save money compared to purchasing electricity from the grid as energy costs rise.
This document provides an overview of the ETAP 16.0 demo software. It describes the modeling, program features, one-line diagrams, 3D database, presentations, configurations, revision data, wizards, editors, libraries, connectivity options, printing/plotting, error viewing, logging, reporting, and help features available in the demo. The document also outlines the demo setup, structure, interface maps, and includes a tutorial section describing how to use the software for various analyses like load flow, short-circuit, motor acceleration, reliability, and more.
This document discusses different types of solar energy systems that use photovoltaic panels and inverters to convert solar energy into electrical energy. It describes stand-alone systems that are independent of the electric grid and grid-tie systems that are connected to the utility network. The key components of these systems include solar panels, batteries, transformers, inverters, and microcontrollers. It also explains the functions of inverters, pulse width modulation technology, and maximum power point tracking for optimizing solar energy harvesting.
Solar PV System
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun that is converted into electricity through photovoltaic panels. Photovoltaic panels use silicon to directly convert sunlight into electricity. A solar PV system may be connected to the electric grid to sell excess power back to the utility company, as measured by a net meter. Hybrid solar systems can also power a home independently of the grid by storing solar energy in batteries.
Report On diode clamp three level inverterVinay Singh
three level diode clamp inverter. that converts any type of DC ( rectified, PV cell, battery etc.) to AC supply. we made by mosfet and ardiuno . in this ppt we present the Simulink model of a three-level inverter and the hardware reort of the inverter.
also discuss about other level inverter and there THD analysis, simulink model and detail. compression between another inverter.
On Grid Solar System to Create your own Electricityrenewgreensolar
Like Off grid solar system, On Grid Solar System do not stores generated electricity in batteries. Instead of storing electricity its is directly used to powering the lights, appliances and electronic devices in your home. know more about On Grid Solar System @ http://www.renewgreen.in/business-solution-power-system-on-grid.php
Design of a Single Phase Isolated Bidirectional AC to DC Converter for Batter...Tom Gibson
This document summarizes the design of a 3 kW bidirectional AC-DC converter for a battery energy storage system. It analyzes a dual active bridge topology with a 100 kHz transformer to interface a 300 V battery bank to a 110 V, 60 Hz grid. The dual active bridge design is presented, showing how the phase shift between bridges can control both the power flow direction and magnitude. Simulation results validate the design and control approach. The grid interface stage is also briefly discussed.
This document is a study report on reactive power compensation using STATCOM. It includes an introduction to reactive power and compensation techniques like shunt and series compensation. It discusses FACTS devices used for compensation with a focus on STATCOM. The report studies load flow analysis, phase angle control of STATCOM, and includes acknowledgments and an abstract analyzing the effects of implementing STATCOM on a six bus system.
PV System Basics
Introduction to relevant Codes and Standards
Permit and Field Inspector Guidelines for PV Systems
Summary of Changes in 2005/2008 National Electrical Code
Cell Balancing techniques in EV’s 2.pptxvinayakBhoir5
This document discusses cell balancing techniques for electric vehicle batteries. It begins with an abstract stating that battery life can be improved by equalizing the energy levels of individual cells through either passive or active cell balancing. The introduction explains that manufacturing inconsistencies can cause cell voltage and state of charge imbalances over time, degrading the battery life and creating safety issues. Active cell balancing is discussed as transferring energy from higher voltage cells to lower voltage cells. The conclusion states that the presented system is able to actively balance 16 battery cells by monitoring voltages and transferring energy between cells using a microcontroller and relays.
That part of power system which distributes electric power for local use is known as DISTRIBUTION.
Electric power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electricity. Electricity is carried from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging between 2 kV and 33 kV with the use of transformers. Primary distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to distribution transformers located near the customer's premises. Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to the utilization voltage used by lighting, industrial equipment and household appliances. Often several customers are supplied from one transformer through secondary distribution lines. Commercial and residential customers are connected to the secondary distribution lines through service drops.
This document presents the modeling equations for induction machines. It introduces three reference frames for modeling: arbitrary, stationary, and synchronously rotating. It then derives the voltage, flux linkage, and torque equations in the d-q rotating reference frame. The voltage equations transform stator voltages to the d-q frame. Flux linkage equations relate the stator and rotor fluxes. Torque equations express torque as a function of flux linkage and current. In conclusion, the arbitrary reference frame allows the easiest mathematical modeling of induction machines while permitting saturation effects to be simulated.
High efficiency push pull converter for photovoltaic applicationsEklavya Sharma
The object of this project is to design a high efficient DC-DC converter using Push-Pull topology.
A compact Dc-Dc converter with grid connection possibility and less switching losses.
This document provides an overview of transformers, including their structure, working principle, construction, losses, and applications. Transformers are devices that change AC electric power at one voltage level to another through magnetic coupling of two coils. They allow interchange of electric energy between circuits without a direct connection. The transformer consists of a primary coil, secondary coil, and magnetic core. When an alternating current flows through the primary, it induces a changing magnetic flux that is transferred to the secondary coil to induce voltage. Transformers experience losses from copper, hysteresis, and eddy currents. They are used widely in power transmission and applications like televisions and cameras.
Solar panels convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. This solar-generated DC electricity is sent to an inverter which converts it to AC electricity that can be used in homes or fed into the electric grid. Inverters are useful for powering areas without grid access or as backup power sources, and they are being designed to be more affordable, efficient, and able to charge batteries for nighttime use. The example discusses how calculators and other small devices use solar cells to generate power without batteries.
This document describes a simulation project of a space vector PWM inverter. It provides details of the system configuration including IGBT switches, DC link voltage, frequencies, and load components. It then provides an in-depth explanation of space vector PWM technique, including the principle of PWM, representation of voltage vectors in the dq reference frame, and algorithm for determining switching times. State-space equations for the L-C output filter are also derived. The overall purpose is to simulate and analyze a three-phase PWM inverter using space vector modulation in MATLAB/Simulink.
Kapasitor bank digunakan untuk meningkatkan tegangan dan faktor daya pada sistem distribusi listrik. Kapasitor menghasilkan daya reaktif negatif untuk mengimbangi daya reaktif positif dari beban, sehingga mengurangi kerugian daya dan meningkatkan kapasitas jaringan. Meningkatkan faktor daya dapat menghemat biaya operasi pabrik dengan memanfaatkan sumber daya yang ada.
Kelas x smk teknik_pembangkit_tenaga_listrik_h.supari_muslimHari Budiarto
Buku ini membahas tentang teknik pembangkitan tenaga listrik untuk SMK. Buku ini terdiri atas 13 bab yang mencakup materi tentang jenis-jenis pusat pembangkit listrik, instalasi listrik pada pusat pembangkit, masalah operasi pada pusat-pusat listrik, sistem interkoneksi, manajemen pembangkitan, gangguan dan pemeliharaan mesin-mesin listrik. Buku ini diharapkan dapat membantu siswa SMK dalam
This document discusses reactive power compensation in power systems. It defines reactive power as power that is temporarily stored and returned to the source due to inductive loads. Reactive power compensation is needed to improve power factor, reduce losses, improve voltage regulation and stability. The main compensation techniques discussed are synchronous condensers, shunt compensation using capacitors connected in parallel, and series compensation using capacitors connected in series to reduce line inductive reactance. The document provides examples of transmission lines with shunt and series compensation and concludes that reactive power compensation is important for improving AC system performance.
A brief and basic presentation of interconnections of pwer system,it covers all the basic aspects of power system interconnection that how systems can be built with interconnections
This document discusses the functions and components of excitation systems for synchronous generators. It provides definitions and examples of different types of excitation systems including DC, AC, static, and brushless systems. DC excitation systems used early DC generators as a power source but were large in size. AC excitation systems use alternators as the power source and rectifiers to convert AC to DC for the field windings. Static and brushless systems provide excitation through feedback without external DC sources. The document also includes diagrams of components like alternators, rectifiers, and regulators in excitation systems and mathematical models of the exciter field. It concludes that seminars on these topics help provide practical knowledge to understand generator operation.
This document summarizes a presentation on modeling a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive for an electric vehicle powertrain. It describes the powertrain components including a PMSM motor, lithium-ion battery, inverter, and gear ratio. It then discusses different levels of abstraction for modeling the system and components, including behavioral, average, and detailed switching models. It also covers modeling techniques like field oriented control, flux weakening control, and accounting for losses.
This document discusses switched mode power supplies (SMPS). It defines an SMPS as an electrical power supply that incorporates a switching regulator to efficiently convert power from a source to a load. The document outlines the key advantages of SMPS over linear power supplies such as lower weight, smaller size, and higher efficiency. It provides a block diagram of the main components of an SMPS and describes their functions. Examples of common SMPS topologies and their applications in devices like computers, phones, and industrial equipment are also discussed.
The document summarizes a webinar on energy storage systems (ESS). It discusses key topics from the webinar, including standards to support ESS development, ensuring safety of ESS, and the webinar time programme. Standards addressed ESS functions, testing, monitoring, and technical/regulatory challenges. Safety considerations included guidelines for ESS installation locations, protections from fire/physical hazards, equipment for emergency shutdown. Speakers from the Energy Market Authority, GenPlus, Singapore Civil Defence Force, and Sunseap discussed TR 77:2020 technical reference, benefits to industry, key fire safety issues, and Singapore's first utility-scale ESS test-bed respectively.
This chapter examines the economic impact of transmission networks on their users. It discusses how transmission networks can affect system operation costs through losses and constraints. Losses occur as some power is lost as heat during transmission, requiring more generation. Constraints may require more costly generation if cheaper options violate transmission limits. The chapter also notes the importance of location - both in determining the impact of individual users on losses and constraints, and in allocating network costs to users based on their contributing locations.
GE LV5 1500V 태양광 인버터(LV5 1500V Solar Inverter)GE코리아
The document describes GE's LV5 1500V solar inverter. Key points include:
- The LV5 inverter addresses challenges of productivity, grid stability, and cost for solar installations. It provides flexibility, modularity, and supports 1.5kV and 1kV DC systems.
- The inverter builds on over 20 years of GE renewable expertise and can maximize equipment uptime and meet stringent grid codes.
- It offers solutions for productivity, grid stability, cost-effective systems, bankability, and lifetime support. The 1.5kV system can provide up to 3% lower costs and 30% lower maintenance costs than 1kV alternatives.
Crown micro corporate profile energy & solar products ( l ) Syed Khursheed Abbas
1. Crown Micro is an energy solutions provider established in 2001 with over 850 employees worldwide and 47 staff in Pakistan.
2. It provides solar panels, inverters, batteries, and other energy storage and backup products, with an estimated 18% market share in Pakistan.
3. The company aims to expand into security, surveillance, and digital display solutions while continuing to grow its energy business across new geographies.
This document is a study report on reactive power compensation using STATCOM. It includes an introduction to reactive power and compensation techniques like shunt and series compensation. It discusses FACTS devices used for compensation with a focus on STATCOM. The report studies load flow analysis, phase angle control of STATCOM, and includes acknowledgments and an abstract analyzing the effects of implementing STATCOM on a six bus system.
PV System Basics
Introduction to relevant Codes and Standards
Permit and Field Inspector Guidelines for PV Systems
Summary of Changes in 2005/2008 National Electrical Code
Cell Balancing techniques in EV’s 2.pptxvinayakBhoir5
This document discusses cell balancing techniques for electric vehicle batteries. It begins with an abstract stating that battery life can be improved by equalizing the energy levels of individual cells through either passive or active cell balancing. The introduction explains that manufacturing inconsistencies can cause cell voltage and state of charge imbalances over time, degrading the battery life and creating safety issues. Active cell balancing is discussed as transferring energy from higher voltage cells to lower voltage cells. The conclusion states that the presented system is able to actively balance 16 battery cells by monitoring voltages and transferring energy between cells using a microcontroller and relays.
That part of power system which distributes electric power for local use is known as DISTRIBUTION.
Electric power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electricity. Electricity is carried from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging between 2 kV and 33 kV with the use of transformers. Primary distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to distribution transformers located near the customer's premises. Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to the utilization voltage used by lighting, industrial equipment and household appliances. Often several customers are supplied from one transformer through secondary distribution lines. Commercial and residential customers are connected to the secondary distribution lines through service drops.
This document presents the modeling equations for induction machines. It introduces three reference frames for modeling: arbitrary, stationary, and synchronously rotating. It then derives the voltage, flux linkage, and torque equations in the d-q rotating reference frame. The voltage equations transform stator voltages to the d-q frame. Flux linkage equations relate the stator and rotor fluxes. Torque equations express torque as a function of flux linkage and current. In conclusion, the arbitrary reference frame allows the easiest mathematical modeling of induction machines while permitting saturation effects to be simulated.
High efficiency push pull converter for photovoltaic applicationsEklavya Sharma
The object of this project is to design a high efficient DC-DC converter using Push-Pull topology.
A compact Dc-Dc converter with grid connection possibility and less switching losses.
This document provides an overview of transformers, including their structure, working principle, construction, losses, and applications. Transformers are devices that change AC electric power at one voltage level to another through magnetic coupling of two coils. They allow interchange of electric energy between circuits without a direct connection. The transformer consists of a primary coil, secondary coil, and magnetic core. When an alternating current flows through the primary, it induces a changing magnetic flux that is transferred to the secondary coil to induce voltage. Transformers experience losses from copper, hysteresis, and eddy currents. They are used widely in power transmission and applications like televisions and cameras.
Solar panels convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. This solar-generated DC electricity is sent to an inverter which converts it to AC electricity that can be used in homes or fed into the electric grid. Inverters are useful for powering areas without grid access or as backup power sources, and they are being designed to be more affordable, efficient, and able to charge batteries for nighttime use. The example discusses how calculators and other small devices use solar cells to generate power without batteries.
This document describes a simulation project of a space vector PWM inverter. It provides details of the system configuration including IGBT switches, DC link voltage, frequencies, and load components. It then provides an in-depth explanation of space vector PWM technique, including the principle of PWM, representation of voltage vectors in the dq reference frame, and algorithm for determining switching times. State-space equations for the L-C output filter are also derived. The overall purpose is to simulate and analyze a three-phase PWM inverter using space vector modulation in MATLAB/Simulink.
Kapasitor bank digunakan untuk meningkatkan tegangan dan faktor daya pada sistem distribusi listrik. Kapasitor menghasilkan daya reaktif negatif untuk mengimbangi daya reaktif positif dari beban, sehingga mengurangi kerugian daya dan meningkatkan kapasitas jaringan. Meningkatkan faktor daya dapat menghemat biaya operasi pabrik dengan memanfaatkan sumber daya yang ada.
Kelas x smk teknik_pembangkit_tenaga_listrik_h.supari_muslimHari Budiarto
Buku ini membahas tentang teknik pembangkitan tenaga listrik untuk SMK. Buku ini terdiri atas 13 bab yang mencakup materi tentang jenis-jenis pusat pembangkit listrik, instalasi listrik pada pusat pembangkit, masalah operasi pada pusat-pusat listrik, sistem interkoneksi, manajemen pembangkitan, gangguan dan pemeliharaan mesin-mesin listrik. Buku ini diharapkan dapat membantu siswa SMK dalam
This document discusses reactive power compensation in power systems. It defines reactive power as power that is temporarily stored and returned to the source due to inductive loads. Reactive power compensation is needed to improve power factor, reduce losses, improve voltage regulation and stability. The main compensation techniques discussed are synchronous condensers, shunt compensation using capacitors connected in parallel, and series compensation using capacitors connected in series to reduce line inductive reactance. The document provides examples of transmission lines with shunt and series compensation and concludes that reactive power compensation is important for improving AC system performance.
A brief and basic presentation of interconnections of pwer system,it covers all the basic aspects of power system interconnection that how systems can be built with interconnections
This document discusses the functions and components of excitation systems for synchronous generators. It provides definitions and examples of different types of excitation systems including DC, AC, static, and brushless systems. DC excitation systems used early DC generators as a power source but were large in size. AC excitation systems use alternators as the power source and rectifiers to convert AC to DC for the field windings. Static and brushless systems provide excitation through feedback without external DC sources. The document also includes diagrams of components like alternators, rectifiers, and regulators in excitation systems and mathematical models of the exciter field. It concludes that seminars on these topics help provide practical knowledge to understand generator operation.
This document summarizes a presentation on modeling a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive for an electric vehicle powertrain. It describes the powertrain components including a PMSM motor, lithium-ion battery, inverter, and gear ratio. It then discusses different levels of abstraction for modeling the system and components, including behavioral, average, and detailed switching models. It also covers modeling techniques like field oriented control, flux weakening control, and accounting for losses.
This document discusses switched mode power supplies (SMPS). It defines an SMPS as an electrical power supply that incorporates a switching regulator to efficiently convert power from a source to a load. The document outlines the key advantages of SMPS over linear power supplies such as lower weight, smaller size, and higher efficiency. It provides a block diagram of the main components of an SMPS and describes their functions. Examples of common SMPS topologies and their applications in devices like computers, phones, and industrial equipment are also discussed.
The document summarizes a webinar on energy storage systems (ESS). It discusses key topics from the webinar, including standards to support ESS development, ensuring safety of ESS, and the webinar time programme. Standards addressed ESS functions, testing, monitoring, and technical/regulatory challenges. Safety considerations included guidelines for ESS installation locations, protections from fire/physical hazards, equipment for emergency shutdown. Speakers from the Energy Market Authority, GenPlus, Singapore Civil Defence Force, and Sunseap discussed TR 77:2020 technical reference, benefits to industry, key fire safety issues, and Singapore's first utility-scale ESS test-bed respectively.
This chapter examines the economic impact of transmission networks on their users. It discusses how transmission networks can affect system operation costs through losses and constraints. Losses occur as some power is lost as heat during transmission, requiring more generation. Constraints may require more costly generation if cheaper options violate transmission limits. The chapter also notes the importance of location - both in determining the impact of individual users on losses and constraints, and in allocating network costs to users based on their contributing locations.
GE LV5 1500V 태양광 인버터(LV5 1500V Solar Inverter)GE코리아
The document describes GE's LV5 1500V solar inverter. Key points include:
- The LV5 inverter addresses challenges of productivity, grid stability, and cost for solar installations. It provides flexibility, modularity, and supports 1.5kV and 1kV DC systems.
- The inverter builds on over 20 years of GE renewable expertise and can maximize equipment uptime and meet stringent grid codes.
- It offers solutions for productivity, grid stability, cost-effective systems, bankability, and lifetime support. The 1.5kV system can provide up to 3% lower costs and 30% lower maintenance costs than 1kV alternatives.
Crown micro corporate profile energy & solar products ( l ) Syed Khursheed Abbas
1. Crown Micro is an energy solutions provider established in 2001 with over 850 employees worldwide and 47 staff in Pakistan.
2. It provides solar panels, inverters, batteries, and other energy storage and backup products, with an estimated 18% market share in Pakistan.
3. The company aims to expand into security, surveillance, and digital display solutions while continuing to grow its energy business across new geographies.
Universal-Power is a world leader in manufacturing solar inverters ranging from 260W to 20KW. They offer a full line of on-grid and off-grid inverters for residential and commercial applications. Their inverters feature high efficiencies, safety certifications, monitoring systems, and customer support. Universal-Power has a large R&D team with over 30 engineers and owns 13 patents related to photovoltaic inverters. Their goal is to provide innovative, efficient, and cost-effective green energy solutions worldwide.
A 25 KW solar power plant was installed at Biet College in 2016. It consists of 25 solar structures each producing 1 KWp for a total of 25 KWp. 100 solar panels were installed on the roof of the E-block building. Electricity generated is fed into the low voltage distribution grid for the college. The system includes solar panels, DC wiring, two inverters of 5KW and 20KW capacity, and AC distribution. Installation of the structures, wiring, and commissioning of the project provided the presenter with valuable practical experience in solar power projects.
This document provides an overview of APsystems, a leading microinverters supplier. It discusses the company's history of innovations in solar microinverter technology protected by 44 patents. APsystems has over 20,000 installations monitored worldwide reaching over 250 MWp in 2015. The company is ISO 9001 certified and offers up to 20 year warranties on its microinverters and monitoring systems.
Buy Off Grid Solar Inverter & MPPT Solar Inverter in India.pptxEnertech UPS
Discover the finest Off-grid solar inverters without battery and MPPT solar inverters equipped with power backup solutions at unbeatable prices in India. Embrace the solar revolution today with Enertech UPS, where cutting-edge technology meets affordability. Harness the power of the sun to fuel your energy needs efficiently and sustainably. Visit our website to explore our range of products and take a step towards a greener, more eco-friendly future.
URL: [https://enertechups.com/product/solar-off-grid-inverter]
Power-One Renewable Energy Solutions is a global leader in renewable energy and power conversion. It is the #2 supplier of PV inverters globally, with 1900 employees in renewable energy and 3300 total. In 2012, it shipped 3.67GW of product for $1.023B in revenue. It has manufacturing, sales, service, and design capabilities in Europe, North America, and Asia. Power-One has a broad portfolio of regional PV inverter solutions and provides higher yields through innovative products. It is well positioned for growth due to its technology leadership, operational infrastructure, and strong financial position.
This document provides information on the Canadian Solar CSI-60KTL-GI-H three phase string inverter. It has a maximum output power of 60 kW, maximum efficiency of 99%, and supports up to 12 DC string inputs across 4 MPPTs. It is an outdoor rated, transformerless inverter designed for commercial rooftop and small ground mount solar applications.
The document summarizes a solar system project including:
1) An introduction of solar system components and advantages such as generating electricity from sunlight with high efficiency.
2) Design principles for the solar array, battery, controller and supporting structure to provide power for 10 sites.
3) Details on installation and commissioning of the solar systems globally, providing case studies of projects in Afghanistan and Ethiopia.
The document summarizes Mitsubishi Electric's UPS systems, focusing on their technology and advantages over competitors. Key points include:
- Mitsubishi manufactures all major UPS components, including IGBT transistors, and has locations in the US.
- Their UPS systems have benefits like lower harmonics, optimized generator sizing, and maximized battery life without needing additional filters.
- Their 9900A series offers high efficiency, a small footprint, lightweight design, and reliability features like modular expandability and reactorless parallel operation.
1) RELINK was founded in 2013 in Malta to develop micro inverter and energy storage systems in partnership with technology leaders.
2) RELINK microinverters optimize energy output by converting DC power from each PV module to AC power independently, avoiding losses from shading or module mismatches seen in string inverter systems.
3) RELINK microinverters offer longer lifetimes of 25+ years, higher reliability, improved safety from low DC voltages, increased energy production especially with shading, and lower lifetime costs compared to traditional string inverter systems.
Suzhou Universal-Power (UnivPo) is a leading manufacturer of solar energy technologies since 2003. They produce a wide range of solar inverters including off-grid, grid-tie, and micro inverters. Their products are used in over 100 countries and are known for their advanced quality, production effectiveness, and cost-effective solutions. They focus on continued innovation in technology and customer satisfaction.
The document provides information about Solar Leading, a solar solutions provider. It discusses Solar Leading's history and production capacity. It also provides details about the components and services provided for residential and commercial solar installation projects, including modules, inverters, mounting systems, monitoring equipment, and installation services.
Solar Energy Generation Potential on National HighwaysIRJET Journal
The document discusses installing solar photovoltaic panels on highway road dividers in India to generate electricity. It estimates that within a 2.9 km stretch of highway, 1.2 MW of solar capacity could be installed to generate 1,824 MWh annually. Extending this concept across India's national highway network could generate terawatt hours of electricity each year in an efficient use of available land. The document provides design details of a proposed 1.2 MW solar installation, including panel configuration and integration with the electrical grid.
This document summarizes the specifications of Optimum polycrystalline solar modules produced by Energy America. The key points are:
1. The Optimum modules use the latest technology to increase power output and reliability, with module efficiencies up to 17.23%.
2. The modules have a linear power output warranty and withstand heavy snow, wind, and weather.
3. Specifications include electrical performance data, mechanical dimensions, temperature coefficients, certifications, and application information.
This document summarizes different types of inverters used in solar PV rooftop systems. It discusses standalone inverters, grid-connected inverters, and the classifications of grid-connected inverters including isolated vs non-isolated, micro inverters, string inverters, and central inverters. It also covers inverter efficiency, factors that affect efficiency, specifications for selecting a grid-connected inverter, and power quality standards set by regulatory authorities.
TBEA Xian is a China's Leading Inverter manufacturer ,Who have done 2.5GW of Installation all over in china and globally, And having a good reference in India of 15MW of capacity with sonthaliya Group, and rays power ,Etc.,Which is running in India for more than two years.
We TBEA will not compromise in quality and International standards so we always strictly using only German products for our equipment's.where we having a maufacturing capacity of Inverters 500MW.
So that's How we are able to provide quality product in a reasonable price in India's Competitive market
TBEA SOLAR is a part of the TBEA Group, an 88 year old 6.1 billion USD company with proven expertise and technical know-how in the field of Power transformer & transmission, advanced material and Solar Energy. The company manufactures whole pack of equipment related to Solar Energy and offers EPC service to solar projects under one umbrella, TBEA SOLAR is China’s largest systems integrator and PV equipment manufacturers. Up to now, system integration accumulated 850 MW, inverter application more than 1000 MW.
This document provides specifications for JA Solar's JAM60S01 300-320/PR series mono-PERC solar modules. The modules produce 300-320 watts of power and come with a 12-year product warranty and 25-year linear power output warranty. They utilize high-efficiency PERC cells in a 5-busbar design and have excellent low-light performance and a lower temperature coefficient.
This document provides specifications for JA Solar's JAM60S01 300-320/PR series mono-PERC solar modules. The modules produce 300-320 watts of power and come with a 12-year product warranty and 25-year linear power output warranty. They utilize high-efficiency PERC cells in a 5-busbar design and have excellent low-light performance and a lower temperature coefficient.
1. www.hoymiles.com
Mark Huang
Sales Specialist - EMEA & APAC
E-mail: mark.huang@hoymiles.com
Tel/Wechat/whatsapp: +86-15613197621
Introduction
of Hoymiles
World leading brand of PV inverter
4. About Hangkai group
• Established since the year of 1958
• Factory area over 200,000 square meter
• Over 2,000 employees & 10 subsidiaries
• Hatched three listed companies in total
Parent company ---- Hangkai Group
5. R&D team of Hoymiles
Zhejiang University Hangkai Group Hoymiles R&D team
+ =
Top 3 in China
Top 60 in world
3 post doctors
10 doctors
25 masters
6. Milestones of Hoymiles
2014
Future
Entered the market of USA, Europe
and Australia with 250W and 500W
micro-inverters. Over 10,000 projects
all around world on rooftop installed
with Hoymiles micro-inverters
2015
Hoymiles ranked the NO.1 in
micro-inverter installation in
China and became the CSA
authorized testing laboratory
2017
Participant to draw up the compulsory
standard of photovoltaic industry for
the on-grid inverter in region of China2013
Has obtained the
certification of
CSA, BV, SAA and
CQC for smart
micro-inverter
2016
Won the second prize
of National Natural
Science. Established
three filial companies
2018
The new 4 in 1 micro-inverter
MI-1200 has achieved the
No.1 CEC weighted efficiency
7. Facts in data
The biggest supplier of micro-
inverter in the market of China
The Biggest2
1
NO.1 weighted efficiency of
CEC for 4 in 1 inverter 96.5%
The Top one
3
The best density of power ever
among all other micro-inverters
The Best one
10+ SCI/EI Papers
80+ SCI/EI Papers
2000+Group staff
100+
R&D Engineers
14. Advantages of micro-inverter
NO.1 CEC weighted efficiency (96.5%) in the
world, modular MPPT ensure 10~30% more
yield of PV energy comparing string inverters
High efficiency
Well chosen components ensure its high quality:
MTBF (mean time between failure) > 550 years;
yearly failure rate < 0.18%; warranty of 12 years
High reliability
Real-time monitoring world widely to control
status of power generation for each module.
Online trouble shooting, quicker and precise
High accuracy
Only 40V at DC side in system of micro-inverter
would totally solve the PID effect, which will
highly improve energy yield and maintenance
Solution of PID
Up to 40V at DC side in system of micro-
inverter would avoid any possible risk of
conflagrations caused by strong drawing arc
and electric shock
High security
Available for various installations of PV system
for modules in different orientation, shadings,
also power extension or reformation of system
High flexibility
15. High security
Micro-inverter
DC voltage < 40V DC voltage > 600V
String inverter
In PV system consisted of micro-inverters, the voltage at DC side is less than 40V, will not cause any
risk of conflagrations, while in conventional system of string inverter, the voltage at DC side are always
between 600~1500V, which will highly lead to fire risk due to strong drawing arc and electric shocks
16. No risk of fire
Under 40V DC Under 600V DC
Slight drawing arc, no electric shock Strong drawing arc and electric shock
Conflagrations of PV systems due to heavy drawing arcs caused by high DC voltage
17. Higher generation
Micro-inverter String inverter
100% 100% 100%50% 50% 50% 50%50%
In PV system consisted of micro-inverters, highest power output from each panel can be achieved by modular
lever MPPT from each micro-inverter, while in conventional system of string inverter, due to the cast effect, its
yield of energy is always limited by the panel which gives the weakest performance under various conditions
18. Higher efficiency
Brand Country Model Efficiency
Hoymiles China MI-250 96.5%
Enphase USA M250 96.5%
ABB Sweden MICRO-0.3I 96.0%
Enecsys UK 280-60-XX 96.0%
SMA Germany SB 240-US-10 96.0%
APS China YC500A(240V) 95.0%
Involar China MAC500-XX 94.5%
i-Energy China GT260 92%
The official list of CEC efficiency tested by the 3rd partyCEC Weighted Efficiency for 4-in-1 (MI-1200)---96.5%
NO.1 CEC efficiency for micro-inverter in the world since 2015
19. High reliability
1,500 thousand tests on DC switching
1 million tests about electrical shocks
Surge and lighting strike test at 6000V
Totally water-proof with grade of IP67
Water-proof and dust-proof design at IP67 grade,
can be normally operated after disposal under
depth of water of 1 meter after one entire week,
thus it can resist all kinds of harsh environments
20. Reliable components
All key components of Hoymiles micro-inverters are totally supplied by top-class brands around the
world, which makes our quality much superior than us, thus we can offer standard warranty for at least
12 years, much longer than the standard warranty from conventional string inverters, for only 5 years
High reliability comes from well-chosen components
22. Model of 4-in-1
Homiles 4-in-1 series inverter is the first micro-inverter of single phase designed for four solar panels with dual MPPT,
also with the best power density ever in photovoltaic industry, thus its weight is extremely light, only 3.75Kg,
including integrated DC and AC cables. The 3 phase wiring makes it easy to be configured in PV system with MW size
Maximum output up to 1200/1500W
The efficiency of CEC weighted 96.50%
Dynamic MPPT efficiency about 99.76%
IP67 enclosure; protection of 6000V surge
24. Parameter of 4-in-1
MI-1200/1500 (for 4* 60 or 4*72 cells)
Power range of module [W] Up to 380/470 (single panel)
Range of MPPT voltage [V] 32~48/36~48
Range of operating voltage [V] 16~60
Start/Maximum input voltage [V] 22/60
Maximum input current [A] 10.5/11.5
Output data (AC) @208V AC @240V AC @220V AC @230V AC
Rated output power [W] 1000/1200/1500 1200/1500 1200/1500 1200/1500
Rated output current [A] 5.77/7.21 5/6.25 5.45/6.81 5.21/6.52
Nominal output voltage/range [V] 208(180~275) 240(180~275) 220(180~275) 230(180~275)
Nominal frequency/range[Hz] 60(58~62) 50(45~55) or 60(55~65)
Power factor >0.99
Total harmonic distortion <3% / <5% <3% / <5% <3% / <5% <3% / <5%
Maximum units per string 3/3 4/3 4/3 4/3
Efficiency 96.6% (CEC peak) / 96.5% (CEC weighted)
Enclosure rating IP67 (Outdoor ~ NEMA6)
Operating temperature [oC] -40 to +65
Dimensions and weight 280*176*33mm / 3.75Kg (including 1.9m AC cable)
Standard warranty [Years] 12 (Extendable to 15, 20, 25 years)
25. Model of 2-in-1
Maximum output up to 500/600/700W
The peak efficiency reaches at 96.70%
Static MPPT efficiency is about 99.80%
IP67 enclosure; protection of 6000V surge
Homiles 2-in-1 series inverter is the first micro-inverter of Daisy-chain designed for two solar panels with dual MPPT,
also with the highest efficiency of CEC weighted 96.5% (NO.1 among all 2-in-1 models in the world since 2015), which
is an ideal solution for applications such as large-scale commercial projects. It is also one of the best-selling product
27. Parameter of 2-in-1
MI-500/600/700 (for 2* 60 or 2*72 cells)
Power range of module [W] Up to 310/380/470 (single panel)
Range of MPPT voltage [V] 27~48/29~48/33~48
Range of operating voltage [V] 16~60
Start/Maximum input voltage [V] 22/60
Maximum input current [A] 10.5/11.5/11.5
Output data (AC) @208V AC @240V AC @220V AC @230V AC
Rated output power [W] 500/600/700 500/600/700 500/600/700 500/600/700
Rated output current [A] 2.40/2.88/3.36 2.08/2.50/2.91 2.27/2.72/3.28 2.17/2.60/3.04
Nominal output voltage/range [V] 208(180~275) 240(180~275) 220(180~275) 230(180~275)
Nominal frequency/range[Hz] 60(58~62) 50(45~55) or 60(55~65)
Power factor >0.99
Total harmonic distortion <3% <3% <3% <3%
Maximum units per string 9/7/6 10/8/7 10/8/7 10/8/7
Efficiency 96.7% (CEC peak) / 96.5% (CEC weighted)
Enclosure rating IP67 (Outdoor ~ NEMA6)
Operating temperature [oC] -40 to +65
Dimensions and weight 250*170*28mm / 3.00Kg (including 1.9m AC cable)
Standard warranty [Years] 12 (Extendable to 15, 20, 25 years)
28. Model of 1-in-1
Maximum output up to 250/300/350W
The efficiency of CEC weighted 96.50%
Dynamic MPPT efficiency about 99.76%
IP67 enclosure; protection of 6000V surge
Homiles single unit series inverter is the designed with Daisy-chain connection, with quite wide range of DC input
operating voltage(16~60V), and low start-up voltage(22V), can be perfectly applied in PV system of either single or
three phases, and also ideally applied with uneven numbers of solar panels or under complex conditions in installations
29. 1Φ connecting scheme
Panel of AC
distribution
W
End cap
per string
Ground
Neutral
AC string cable
Meter
Circuit
breaker
Single
phase
30. Parameter of 1-in-1
MI-250/300/350 (for 1* 60 or 1*72 cells)
Power range of module [W] Up to 310/380/440 (single panel)
Range of MPPT voltage [V] 27~48/29~48/33~48
Range of operating voltage [V] 16~60
Start/Maximum input voltage [V] 22/60
Maximum input current [A] 10.5/11.5/11.5
Output data (AC) @208V AC @240V AC @230V AC
Rated output power [W] 250/300/350 250/300/350 250/300/350
Rated output current [A] 1.20/1.44/1.68 1.04/1.25/1.45 1.08/1.30/1.52
Nominal output voltage/range [V] 208(180~275) 240(180~275) 230(180~275)
Nominal frequency/range[Hz] 60(58~62) 60(58~62) 50(45~55) or 60(58~62)
Power factor >0.99
Total harmonic distortion <3% <3% <3%
Maximum units per string 18/15/13 21/17/15 20/16/14
Efficiency 96.7% (CEC peak) / 96.5% (CEC weighted)
Enclosure rating IP67 (Outdoor ~ NEMA6)
Operating temperature [oC] -40 to +65
Dimensions and weight 178*153*28mm / 1.98Kg (including 1m AC cable)
Standard warranty [Years] 12 (Extendable to 15, 20, 25 years)
31. Monitoring system
Key features of Hoymiles smart monitoring system
Modular level
Operational status from each panel unit can be
monitored to find out fault of system precisely
Hoymiles DTU can store data locally for 168 hours
during malfunctions of router, and reload data later
Data conservation
Firmware of Hoymiles can be rebooted, shutdown,
or updated remotely to make maintenance easier
Remote control
32. Setup of monitoring
How to set up a monitoring system of Hoymiles?
The monitoring application can be easily downloaded and accessed by end users with their smartphone
or pad; each monitoring platform to PV system of Hoymiles can be configured in only three easy steps
3. Design for layout
2. Input basic information
1. Create new station by click the List
36. Parameter of DTU
DTU-G100/-W100 DTU-MI-GRPS DTU-433 Repeater
Communications at side of micro-inverter
Signal of communication 2.4G RF 2.4G RF - 2.4G RF
Time rate per sampling 5 minutes 5 minutes 5~15 minutes 5 seconds
Maximum distance (open space) 200m 200m - 200m
Maximum PV panels connected 99 99 490 99
Power supply
Method of power supply USB adapter External adapter External adapter -
Input voltage and frequency [V/Hz] 100~240/50~60 100~240/50~60 100~240/50~60 100~240/50~60
Output voltage and current 5V/2A 5V/0.8A 5V/0.8A -
Power consumption [W] 1(standard)~5(Max.) 2.5~5(Max.) 2.5~5(Max.) 0.5~1(Max.)
General parameters
Operating temperature [oC] -20 ~ +55 -20 ~ +55 -20 ~ +65 -40 ~ +65
Dimensions [W*H*D mm] 143*33*12.5 149*90*31 149*90*31 145*125*60
Weight [Kg] 0.1 0.22 0.22 0.35
Display and mounting LED / plug-in LCD / on wall LCD / on wall -
Other aspects
Communications in clouds GSM/ Wifi RJ45 / GPRS RJ45 Ethernet 470M-LORA
Standard warranty [Years] 1 1 1 1
37. Accessories
Name Description of function Name Description of function
1. DC extension cable Inverter to PV, MC4 male and female connectors 6. AC male end cap To cover AC male connector of micro-inverter, IP67
2. AC extension cable Between inverters, MC4 male and female connectors 7. AC female end cable To connect the last inverter with AC distributor
3. AC female end cap To cover AC female connector of micro-inverter, IP67 8. Screws To fix each micro-inverters with two M8*25 screws
4. AC unlock tool To unplug the AC connector 9. DC unlock tool To unplug the DC connector
5. AC male connector Connect inverter to AC end cap or extensional cable 10. AC female connector Connect inverter to AC end cap or extensional cable
10
1 2 3 4 5
9876
38. HYBRID INVERTER
S O L A R S O L U T I O N S
Introduction of
Hybrid inverter
Part 3
39. Hybrid system
Structural diagram of hybrid system for residential
TransformerTransformer
400V 10KV 400V
Grid Grid
AC
Loads
Monitoring
Charging pile
AC
Battery pack
DC
DC
PV array Smart meter
Communication
AC
Hybrid inverter
hoymiles
AC
Key loads
40. Homiles hybrid inverter
Homiles hybrid inverter
Homiles HY serires is hybrid inverter of single-
phase, which is compatible with both storage
solutions consisting of both lithium-ion cells as
well as lead-carbon batteries. All PV and storage
activities are monitored by remote cloud platform
Increase self-consumption to 80%+
Protection against power outage
Controls of feed-in and charging
Online monitoring for all system
41. Scenarios of application
Single phase hybrid inverter
PV modules
1Φ inverter
Energy management
Battery system
Three phases hybrid inverter
Energy management
Battery system
3Φ inverter
PV modules
42. 1Φ hybrid inverter
HY1-3000HV HY1-3700HV HY1-4600HV HY1-5000HV
Max input DC power [W] 4000 5000 6000 6000
Nominal/Max DC voltage [V] 360/600 360/600 360/600 360/600
Max input/short circuit current [A] 10/14 10/14 10/14 10/14
MPPT voltage range [V] 125~550 125~550 125~550 125~550
MPPT number/string per tracker 2/1 2/1 2/1 2/1
Nominal/Max output AC power [W] 3000 3680 4600 5000
Rated grid voltage/range [V] 230(180~270) 230(180~270) 230(180~270) 230(180~270)
Rated frequency of grid[Hz] 50/60 50/60 50/60 50/60
Nominal/Max AC current [A] 13/14.4 16/16 20/21 21.7/21.7
Battery voltage/range [V] 300/85~400 300/85~400 300/85~400 300/85~400
Max charging/discharging data 6000W, 20A
EPS rated/peak power [VA/W] 4000/8000 4000/8000 5000/8000 5000/8000
EPS rated current and voltage 17.4A/230V 17.4A/230V 21.7A/230V 21.7A/230V
Efficiency of charge and discharge 96.5% (PV-Battery)/ 97%(Battery-AC)
Protection class and cooling IP65/ Natural convection
Operating temperature [oC] -20 to +60 (Derating at +45)
Dimensions and weight 482*464*182mm / 26.9Kg
Standard warranty [Years] 5 (Extendable to 10, 15, 20, 25)
43. 3Φ hybrid inverter
HY3-5000HV HY3-6000HV HY3-8000HV HY3-10000HV
Max input DC power [W] 6000 8000 10000 13000
Nominal/Max DC voltage [V] 720/1000 720/1000 720/1000 720/1000
Max input/short circuit current [A] 11/14 11/14 11/14 20/23
MPPT voltage range [V] 230~800 280~800 370~800 330~800
MPPT number/string per tracker 2/1 2/1 2/1 2/1
Nominal/Max output AC power [W] 5000 6000 8000 10000
Rated grid voltage/range [V] 400(360~440) 400(360~440) 400(360~440) 400(360~440)
Rated frequency of grid[Hz] 50/60 50/60 50/60 50/60
Nominal/Max AC current [A] 7.6/8.5 9/10 12.2/13.5 15/16
Battery voltage/range [V] 200/170~500 240/170~500 320/170~500 400/170~500
Max charging/discharging data 6000W, 25A 8000W, 25A 10000W, 25A 10000W, 25A
EPS rated/peak power [VA/W] 5000/7500 6000/9000 8000/12000 10000/14000
EPS rated current and voltage 7.2A/400V 8.7A/400V 11.6A/400V 14.5A/400V
Efficiency of charge and discharge 97.8% (PV-Battery)/ 96%(Battery-AC)
Protection class and cooling IP65/ Natural convection
Operating temperature [oC] -20 to +60 (Derating at +45)
Dimensions and weight 456*655*228mm / Kg
Standard warranty [Years] 5 (Extendable to 10, 15, 20, 25)
44. Why storage for PV?
The major reason of storage for PV is because the PV generation usually does not meet requirement from actual
consumption at certain period during a day. Moreover storage can help to solve uncertainty of PV generation
KW
0 12 24
PV generation
PV consumption
Storage consumption
45. Peak shaving & valley filling
PV generation firstly supplies power to loads, then to battery
if PV power is less than load, battery will discharge for load
hoymiles
Inverter Meter GridBattery
Loads
A
C
D
C
DC
Morning
hoymiles
Inverter Meter GridBattery
Loads
ACAC
A
C
D
C
DC
Afternoon
When PV generation is getting strong, the loads and battery
are fully supplied, then residual power will be fed into grid
46. Peak shaving & valley filling
PV generation stops power supply to loads, then the battery
will discharge its power to loads in order to save electric bill
hoymiles
Inverter Meter GridBattery
Loads
A
C
DC
Evening
When energy in battery restored in the daytime is totally
consumed, the grid will charge and supply power to load
hoymiles
Inverter Meter GridBattery
Loads
ACAC
A
C
DC
Midnight
Priority of power supply: PV>grid>battery Priority of power consumption: load>battery>grid
47. Priority of power supply: PV>battery>grid
Illumination decreases
Loads
Battery
Grid
Self-consumption
48. Illumination decreases
Priority of power supply: PV>battery>grid
Prior consumption is from grid if it is stable,
otherwise the priority will be from battery
Loads
Battery
Grid
Unstable grid
51. Services for clients
We provide customized services to all clients in
terms of system design of PV power station,
implementation, optimization, selection of
products, consultation and necessary supports
System design
Follow-up visits are arranged by our after sales
team per annum within period of warranty in
order to check any possible failures in facilities
and to make sure proper function in installation
Regular visits
All clients can reach us by our 24/7 hotline in
case of any failure of products, afterwards our
technicians will contact with them to analyze
problems, and guide them in trouble shooting
Hotline service
According to various requirements from clients
we shall offer them on-site trainings to share
the specialized knowledge with them, including
device diagnosis, debugging and maintenance
Client training
If the problems could not be solved via hotline,
then our engineers will be sent to sites in a
timely manner to clear all faults, in order to
ensure the proper functioning of our devices
On-site service
Customized services and their corresponding
agreements are available to meet the specific
needs from all clients, including: secondary
development, special test, warranty extension…
Customized service