The document discusses the network layer of the OSI model and the Internet Protocol (IP). It focuses on IP version 4 (IPv4), including the IPv4 packet structure, addressing modes of IPv4, and address resolution protocols. The network layer is responsible for identification of hosts based on logical addresses and routing data between hosts over underlying networks. IPv4 currently dominates but is being replaced by IPv6 due to address exhaustion issues in IPv4.
The document discusses the need to redesign the routing and addressing architecture of the Internet as identified by the Internet Architecture Board due to concerns over the scalability of today's routing system and the impending exhaustion of IPv4 addresses. It focuses on proposals to resolve these issues that are based on a common philosophy of separating location and identity in addressing, called the 'Loc/ID split'. The article will focus on achieving consensus on an addressing method that incorporates location.
Why Ipv6 May Be Adopted Later Rather Than SoonerClaudia Brown
This document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6, comparing the key differences between the two protocols. IPv6 was developed to address limitations in IPv4, such as the limited number of available IPv4 addresses. Some of the improvements IPv6 offers over IPv4 include a larger address space, built-in security features, easier configuration, and support for new applications and technologies. While IPv6 is meant to eventually replace IPv4, a full transition will take time, and both protocols will coexist during the transition period.
New Network ProtocolRunning Head New Network Protocol Pap.docxcurwenmichaela
New Network Protocol
Running Head: New Network Protocol Paper
Data Communication and Networking
New Network Protocol Paper
Table Of Contents
Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 3
Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 3
History ................................................................................................................................. 4
Need for IPV6 and Disadvantages of IPv4 .......................................................................... 4
Advantages of IPV6 ............................................................................................................. 5
Statistics ................................................................................................................................ 6
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 6
References ............................................................................................................................. 8
Abstract
In today's world as technology is growing people are looking to adopt new technologies which offer them a feasible and easy access to the resources with a security that makes them away from common threats. This paper introduces the introduction to the internet protocols and concept of the IPV4 and IPV6, as well what are the disadvantages in the IPV4 and the advantages in IPV6. This paper describes the future concepts of the IPV6 and the future impact of the IPV6 on the network field by describing a brief history of the internet protocols and the statistical representation of the IPV6 users.
Introduction
Transport layer is the basic layer in the OSI and the TCP/IP model. The basic task of this layer is to send or receive the data or voice and video data grams or packets over the internet. IPV 4 is meant for Internet Protocol version 4. The network protocol that has been used in the Internet since its inception is IPv4 , which provides 2^32 distinct addresses. Its successor IPv6(Internet Protocol Version 6) provides 2^128 addresses, but IPv6 adoption has not proceeded as quickly as its designers expected (Erik Kline,2011). The main need for the migration to IPV6 from IPV4 is mainly for the ip addresses . IPv4 provides approximately 4.3 billion of ip addresses but there is a need for more ip addresses. For that reason they introduced IPV6.
History
The current trend of the Internet Protocol IPv4 was initially grown in the 1970s, and the primary convention standard RFC 791 that administers IPv4 usefulness was distributed in 1981. With the remarkable extension of Internet use - particularly by highly populated nations like India and China. The approaching deficiency of loca ...
ANALYSIS OF IPV6 TRANSITION TECHNOLOGIESIJCNCJournal
Currently IPv6 is extremely popular with companies, organizations and Internet service providers (ISP)
due to the limitations of IPv4. In order to prevent an abrupt change from IPv4 to IPv6, three mechanisms
will be used to provide a smooth transition from IPv4 to IPv6 with minimum effect on the network. These
mechanisms are Dual-Stack, Tunnel and Translation. This research will shed the light on IPv4 and IPv6
and assess the automatic and manual transition strategies of the IPv6 by comparing their performances in
order to show how the transition strategy affects network behaviour. The experiment will be executed using
OPNET Modeler that simulates a network containing a Wide Area Network (WAN) , a Local Area Network
(LAN), hosts and servers. The results will be presented in graphs and tables, with further explanation. The
experiment will use different measurements such as throughput, latency (delay), queuing delay, and TCP
delay.
This document compares the performance of IPv4, IPv6, and tunneling (6to4) networks using computer simulations in OPNET 17.5. The simulation analyzed delay, throughput, and packet loss over 1 hour. The results showed that IPv6 had higher delay than IPv4 due to its larger header, while tunneling had the highest delay. Throughput was highest for IPv6 and lowest for IPv4. Packet loss was lowest for IPv4 and highest for IPv6. In conclusion, the network performance varied between the different addressing schemes and tunneling technique.
Performance Evaluation of IPv4 Vs Ipv6 and Tunnelling Techniques Using Optimi...IOSR Journals
This document compares the performance of IPv4, IPv6, and tunneling (6to4) networks using computer simulations in OPNET 17.5. The simulation analyzed delay, throughput, and packet loss over 1 hour. The results showed that IPv6 had higher delay than IPv4 due to its larger header, while tunneling had the highest delay. Throughput was highest for IPv6 and lowest for IPv4. Packet loss was lowest for IPv4 and highest for IPv6. In conclusion, the network performance varied between the different addressing schemes and tunneling in terms of delay, throughput, and packet loss.
This document provides an overview of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6). It discusses some of the key features and advantages of IPv6, including its larger 128-bit address space that supports up to 3.4×1038 addresses compared to the 4.3 billion addresses supported by IPv4. The document also compares IPv6 to IPv4, noting they are not interoperable but that most transport and application protocols can operate over both with little change. Transition mechanisms have been developed to allow communication between IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
A Review Paper On IPv4 And IPv6 A Comprehensive SurveyHannah Baker
This document summarizes a review paper on IPv4 and IPv6. It discusses that IPv4 addresses are running out due to increased internet usage. IPv6 was created as a successor to IPv4 to address this issue by using a 128-bit address space providing vastly more addresses. However, transitioning the entire internet from IPv4 to IPv6 is challenging due to incompatibility between the protocols. The paper reviews literature on IPv4 and IPv6 addressing issues and proposed transition solutions.
The document discusses the need to redesign the routing and addressing architecture of the Internet as identified by the Internet Architecture Board due to concerns over the scalability of today's routing system and the impending exhaustion of IPv4 addresses. It focuses on proposals to resolve these issues that are based on a common philosophy of separating location and identity in addressing, called the 'Loc/ID split'. The article will focus on achieving consensus on an addressing method that incorporates location.
Why Ipv6 May Be Adopted Later Rather Than SoonerClaudia Brown
This document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6, comparing the key differences between the two protocols. IPv6 was developed to address limitations in IPv4, such as the limited number of available IPv4 addresses. Some of the improvements IPv6 offers over IPv4 include a larger address space, built-in security features, easier configuration, and support for new applications and technologies. While IPv6 is meant to eventually replace IPv4, a full transition will take time, and both protocols will coexist during the transition period.
New Network ProtocolRunning Head New Network Protocol Pap.docxcurwenmichaela
New Network Protocol
Running Head: New Network Protocol Paper
Data Communication and Networking
New Network Protocol Paper
Table Of Contents
Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 3
Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 3
History ................................................................................................................................. 4
Need for IPV6 and Disadvantages of IPv4 .......................................................................... 4
Advantages of IPV6 ............................................................................................................. 5
Statistics ................................................................................................................................ 6
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 6
References ............................................................................................................................. 8
Abstract
In today's world as technology is growing people are looking to adopt new technologies which offer them a feasible and easy access to the resources with a security that makes them away from common threats. This paper introduces the introduction to the internet protocols and concept of the IPV4 and IPV6, as well what are the disadvantages in the IPV4 and the advantages in IPV6. This paper describes the future concepts of the IPV6 and the future impact of the IPV6 on the network field by describing a brief history of the internet protocols and the statistical representation of the IPV6 users.
Introduction
Transport layer is the basic layer in the OSI and the TCP/IP model. The basic task of this layer is to send or receive the data or voice and video data grams or packets over the internet. IPV 4 is meant for Internet Protocol version 4. The network protocol that has been used in the Internet since its inception is IPv4 , which provides 2^32 distinct addresses. Its successor IPv6(Internet Protocol Version 6) provides 2^128 addresses, but IPv6 adoption has not proceeded as quickly as its designers expected (Erik Kline,2011). The main need for the migration to IPV6 from IPV4 is mainly for the ip addresses . IPv4 provides approximately 4.3 billion of ip addresses but there is a need for more ip addresses. For that reason they introduced IPV6.
History
The current trend of the Internet Protocol IPv4 was initially grown in the 1970s, and the primary convention standard RFC 791 that administers IPv4 usefulness was distributed in 1981. With the remarkable extension of Internet use - particularly by highly populated nations like India and China. The approaching deficiency of loca ...
ANALYSIS OF IPV6 TRANSITION TECHNOLOGIESIJCNCJournal
Currently IPv6 is extremely popular with companies, organizations and Internet service providers (ISP)
due to the limitations of IPv4. In order to prevent an abrupt change from IPv4 to IPv6, three mechanisms
will be used to provide a smooth transition from IPv4 to IPv6 with minimum effect on the network. These
mechanisms are Dual-Stack, Tunnel and Translation. This research will shed the light on IPv4 and IPv6
and assess the automatic and manual transition strategies of the IPv6 by comparing their performances in
order to show how the transition strategy affects network behaviour. The experiment will be executed using
OPNET Modeler that simulates a network containing a Wide Area Network (WAN) , a Local Area Network
(LAN), hosts and servers. The results will be presented in graphs and tables, with further explanation. The
experiment will use different measurements such as throughput, latency (delay), queuing delay, and TCP
delay.
This document compares the performance of IPv4, IPv6, and tunneling (6to4) networks using computer simulations in OPNET 17.5. The simulation analyzed delay, throughput, and packet loss over 1 hour. The results showed that IPv6 had higher delay than IPv4 due to its larger header, while tunneling had the highest delay. Throughput was highest for IPv6 and lowest for IPv4. Packet loss was lowest for IPv4 and highest for IPv6. In conclusion, the network performance varied between the different addressing schemes and tunneling technique.
Performance Evaluation of IPv4 Vs Ipv6 and Tunnelling Techniques Using Optimi...IOSR Journals
This document compares the performance of IPv4, IPv6, and tunneling (6to4) networks using computer simulations in OPNET 17.5. The simulation analyzed delay, throughput, and packet loss over 1 hour. The results showed that IPv6 had higher delay than IPv4 due to its larger header, while tunneling had the highest delay. Throughput was highest for IPv6 and lowest for IPv4. Packet loss was lowest for IPv4 and highest for IPv6. In conclusion, the network performance varied between the different addressing schemes and tunneling in terms of delay, throughput, and packet loss.
This document provides an overview of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6). It discusses some of the key features and advantages of IPv6, including its larger 128-bit address space that supports up to 3.4×1038 addresses compared to the 4.3 billion addresses supported by IPv4. The document also compares IPv6 to IPv4, noting they are not interoperable but that most transport and application protocols can operate over both with little change. Transition mechanisms have been developed to allow communication between IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
A Review Paper On IPv4 And IPv6 A Comprehensive SurveyHannah Baker
This document summarizes a review paper on IPv4 and IPv6. It discusses that IPv4 addresses are running out due to increased internet usage. IPv6 was created as a successor to IPv4 to address this issue by using a 128-bit address space providing vastly more addresses. However, transitioning the entire internet from IPv4 to IPv6 is challenging due to incompatibility between the protocols. The paper reviews literature on IPv4 and IPv6 addressing issues and proposed transition solutions.
A Survey On Next Generation Internet Protocol IPv6Carrie Romero
This document discusses IPv6 and the need to transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It provides an overview of IPv6, including that IPv6 was developed to address the limited address space of IPv4 and improve security. It also discusses some of the key challenges in transitioning to IPv6, such as the need for IPv6 and IPv4 to coexist during transition. The document summarizes various transition techniques between IPv6 and IPv4, including dual stack, tunneling, and translation methods.
Ieee Transition Of I Pv4 To I Pv6 Network Applicationsguest0215f3
This document discusses transitioning IPv4 network applications to IPv6. It begins with an introduction to the need for IPv6 due to IPv4 address depletion. It then discusses IPv6 architecture and some key benefits of IPv6 like increased address space and built-in security. The document outlines three primary considerations for transitioning applications: using IPv6 multicast instead of IPv4 broadcast, enabling multicast reception, and ensuring dual stack compatibility. It categorizes transition complexity and provides examples of changes needed, such as replacing IPv4 data structures and function calls with IPv6 equivalents. Related work on transitioning applications is also discussed.
This document provides a 3-paragraph summary of a 10-page project report on IPv6. The report was submitted by Udipto Ghosh to MIT Pune in partial fulfillment of a post-graduate diploma in management. The summary discusses that IPv6 is an evolutionary upgrade to IPv4 designed to allow continued growth of the internet. It also describes some key features of IPv6 like larger address space and auto-configuration. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is expected to occur gradually as IPv6 is deployed incrementally for early benefits while coexisting with IPv4 for a long time.
This document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It provides background on why IPv6 was developed, noting that IPv4 addresses were being depleted and IPv6 expands the address space from 32 to 128 bits. It summarizes three main transition strategies: dual stack, tunneling, and translation. The document warns that tunneling IPv6 packets inside IPv4 packets could allow hidden IPv6 traffic and security issues if deep packet inspection is not used. Overall it emphasizes that a gradual transition combining techniques will be needed to migrate from the current IPv4 internet to an IPv6 internet.
IPv4 addresses are running out, so IPv6 was created with a vastly larger 128-bit address space. During the transition, IPv4 and IPv6 will coexist via three main methods: dual-stack, tunneling, and translation. For internet service providers, dual-stack is the best approach as it allows gradual migration while both protocols are supported. The presentation provides details on IPv4 and IPv6 addressing schemes, transition mechanisms, and configuration examples for tunneling dual-stack implementations at an ISP.
Non symbolic base64 an effective representation of ipv6 addressIAEME Publication
The document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 due to the depletion of IPv4 addresses. It proposes a new scheme called Effective and flexible representation Of IPv6 with Base64 to represent IPv6 addresses in a more compact notation of 28 bytes instead of the standard 39 bytes. This is done using the period as a delimiter instead of the colon in IPv6 addresses and using Base64 in a non-symbolic way. The scheme aims to address issues with long IPv6 addresses like memory usage, bandwidth and latency. Cloud computing will benefit from the more compact and user-friendly representation of IPv6 addresses.
This document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It begins by providing an overview of IPv4 and its limitations, such as address exhaustion from limited 32-bit addressing. It then describes IPv6, which uses a 128-bit address scheme to provide vastly more addresses and enhancements over IPv4. The document focuses on explaining the need to transition to IPv6 due to IPv4's shortcomings. It notes several mechanisms for the transition, including dual stack, tunneling, and translation approaches. The goal is to present information on facilitating the change from IPv4 to the improved IPv6 protocol.
A secure tunnel technique using i pv6 transition over ipv4 channelMade Artha
This document discusses secure tunneling techniques for IPv6 transition over IPv4 networks. It first provides background on the development of IPv6 and need to replace IPv4 due to limited address space. It then discusses three common approaches for IPv4-IPv6 transition: dual stack, translation, and tunneling. The document focuses on issues with the tunneling approach, such as one network attacking another or spoofing attacks. It proposes a solution using a test bed with two IPv6 networks connected via an IPv4 network and 6to4 routers, with outbound filtering to address security issues.
IPv6 is the next generation internet protocol that replaces IPv4. It features a 128-bit address space compared to IPv4's 32-bit addresses, allowing for vastly more possible IP addresses. IPv6 was developed in the 1990s in anticipation of IPv4 running out of available addresses. It introduces features like built-in security, auto-configuration, and support for new technologies. IPv6 is now incorporated into modern internet-enabled applications and operating systems.
Comparative study of IPv4 and IPv6 on Windows and Linux. Shourya Puri
This document provides a comparative study of IPv4 and IPv6 performance on Windows and Linux operating systems. It introduces IPv4 and IPv6, compares their key differences, and experimentally measures performance metrics like throughput, delay, jitter and CPU usage for IPv4 and IPv6 on Windows and Linux. The results show that for Windows and Linux, IPv4 generally has higher throughput and lower CPU usage than IPv6. However, IPv6 has advantages like a larger address space and increased security. Linux typically shows the highest CPU usage and TCP throughput for IPv6. The document also reviews several related works comparing IPv4 and IPv6 performance on different operating systems.
1. The Internet Protocol (IP) is responsible for addressing hosts and routing packets across networks to allow communication between devices.
2. There are two main versions of IP - IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses and IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses to allow for more devices as the number connected to the internet grows exponentially.
3. TCP and UDP are protocols that operate at a higher layer than IP and provide different functions - TCP enables reliable transmission of data through sequencing and acknowledgment while UDP provides a basic transmission model without these features.
Implementation of “Traslator Strategy” For Migration of Ipv4 to Ipv6IJERA Editor
This paper is focused on the Translator strategy for migration of IPv4 to Ipv6 implemented in Cisco packet
tracer. It describes the design and configuration of network devices and packet transfer between devices of IPv4
and IPv6 networks using NAT-PT as transition mechanism. First major version of IP, IPv4 is the dominant
protocol of internet.IPv6 is developed to deal with long anticipated problem of IPv4 running out of addresses.
The migration from IPv4 to IPv6 must be implemented node by node by using auto-configuration procedures to
eliminate the need to configure IPv6 hosts manually.
IPv6 The Big Move Transition And Coexistentfrenildand
The document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It notes that IPv4 addresses are running out due to the rapid growth of the internet. IPv6 was developed as a replacement, using a 128-bit address space to provide vastly more addresses. The document outlines some key advantages of IPv6, such as larger addresses, simpler headers, better security and quality of service support. It also examines how IPv6 and IPv4 will coexist during a long transition period, using various transition technologies.
IRJET- Evaluating the Impact of IPv4 to IPv6 Tunneling with MPLS on VOIPIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that evaluates the impact of transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 using tunneling with MPLS on voice over IP (VOIP) performance. It first provides background on the need to transition from IPv4 to IPv6 due to limited IPv4 address space. It then discusses different transition mechanisms like tunneling and their benefits. The paper reviews previous studies that found 6-to-4 tunneling provides VOIP performance similar to IPv6. It also discusses how MPLS can ensure quality of service for real-time applications like VOIP. The goal of the research was to analyze how tunneling from IPv4 to IPv6 with MPLS impacts VOIP performance metrics.
This document provides a report on a vocational training in IPV6 that was completed by Rashmi Kumari. It includes an introduction to IPV6 that compares it to IPV4 and highlights its larger address space, built-in multicasting, and network layer security. It also details IPV6's simplified packet format and routing. The report then discusses addressing, OSPF, implementing OSPF for IPV6, and building a simulated network with dual stack transition in GNS3 to test IPV6 functionality.
Research the IPv4 ns the IPv6 protocols, then prepare a report that .pdfarcotstarsports
Research the IPv4 ns the IPv6 protocols, then prepare a report that explains the likes and
differences of the two protocols and include how and why the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is to
occur.
Project report body must have 5 pages or more, with Times New Roman12 pt. print double
spaced. Also include a Cover sheet and a Reference page.
Solution
Introductory lines:
The internet protocol or IP specifies and describes the technical details and formats of fragments
of data (Also known as packets.) along with addressing schemes (numerical; actually in binary
but can be interpreted as decimals or hexadecimals assigned to each of the devices connected
through the network) in order to uniquely identify them and create a platform for secure and
reliable communication.
Ipv4 over the years was proved and deployed for communications over the internet. However in
the current days it becomes obsolete and deficient in order to serve the huge and increasing
number of users or network devices.
To make this possible, the IPv6 comes into existence. The IPv6 provides many extra features and
claims to support and serve this increasing number of devices for upcoming coming centuries.
Let’s discuss about the similar and distinct features of both IPv4 and IPv6.
IPv4 in terms of IP addresses, Address allocation, masks and types:
IPv6 in terms of IP addresses, Address allocation, masks and types:
IPv4 in terms of IP header:
Headers in IPv4 are of variable length that varies from 20 to 60 bytes.
IPv4 does not identify packet flow for QOS handling.
It adds checksum filed for identification of transmission errors in the data.
IPv6 in terms of IP header:
Uses fixed length of 40 bytes of headers and there is no concept of option filed in header.
It supports packet flow for QOS by flow level filed.
IPv6 does not implements checksum for error handling.
IPv4 in terms of IP packets ports and security:
IPv4 supports the packet size of 576 bytes.
They also support packet filtering mechanisms through firewalls.
IPv4 supports for port spaces of the range 1 to 65535
IPsec in IPv4 is optional.
IPv6 in terms of IP packets ports and security:
IPv6 supports the packet size of 1280 bytes.
They does not supports packet filtering mechanisms.
The way the portts work both in IPv4 and IPv6 are the same.
IPv6 has inbuilt IPsec support.
IPv4 was successful;;y deployed in 1981 over internet whereas IPv6 was planned to be deployed
from 1999 but could partially deployed till the date.
Why transition from IPv4 to IPv6 must occur ?
The deficiency of IP address of IPv4 type is one of the most eye catching reasons for transition
towards IPv6. Each and every day the Internet is experiencing phenomenal increase of devices
which are being connected and using the internet.
In order to provide services to all the address space of IPv4 seems to be fewer. Hence
a transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is must needed to satisfy such demand of larger address space.
Except this, the other technical features like improve.
This paper targets at a comparative study on the through-puts in bits/ seconds, packet through-puts, delay in networks, response time in seconds of both IPv4 and IPv6. Hence, since the system proposes for co-existence of both IPv4 and IPv6, the solution projected in this paper is “DUAL STACK where you can and TUNNEL where you have to”.
This document presents a case study of transitioning the network of the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur campus from IPv4 to IPv6. It discusses setting up a test bench with Cisco routers and switches to establish communication between IPv4 and IPv6 networks using tunneling techniques. The objectives are to study current transition mechanisms, create a test network using the best techniques, and propose modifications to migrate the NIT Hamirpur network to IPv6. References include Indian government documents on IPv6 policy and deployment.
New IP is a protocol system being developed for Industrial Internet, Industry 4.0, Industrial IoT, etc. This paper clarifies issues raised by an ISOC paper and provides as much information as could be helpful to the community.
The document provides instructions for using the HelpWriting.net service to have papers written. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The service aims to provide original, high-quality content and offers refunds for plagiarized work.
Here is an analysis of the periodic motion of a sprinkler:
The sprinkler undergoes simple harmonic motion as it rotates back and forth. Its period, T, can be measured by timing how long it takes to complete one full cycle from one maximum displacement to the next in the opposite direction. Through observation and measurement, the period of the sprinkler was determined to be approximately 5 seconds.
This periodic motion can be modeled mathematically using a sine or cosine function with an angular frequency of 2π/T radians per second. The sprinkler's position as a function of time would be given by x(t) = Acos(2πt/T), where A is the maximum displacement.
While many real
A Survey On Next Generation Internet Protocol IPv6Carrie Romero
This document discusses IPv6 and the need to transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It provides an overview of IPv6, including that IPv6 was developed to address the limited address space of IPv4 and improve security. It also discusses some of the key challenges in transitioning to IPv6, such as the need for IPv6 and IPv4 to coexist during transition. The document summarizes various transition techniques between IPv6 and IPv4, including dual stack, tunneling, and translation methods.
Ieee Transition Of I Pv4 To I Pv6 Network Applicationsguest0215f3
This document discusses transitioning IPv4 network applications to IPv6. It begins with an introduction to the need for IPv6 due to IPv4 address depletion. It then discusses IPv6 architecture and some key benefits of IPv6 like increased address space and built-in security. The document outlines three primary considerations for transitioning applications: using IPv6 multicast instead of IPv4 broadcast, enabling multicast reception, and ensuring dual stack compatibility. It categorizes transition complexity and provides examples of changes needed, such as replacing IPv4 data structures and function calls with IPv6 equivalents. Related work on transitioning applications is also discussed.
This document provides a 3-paragraph summary of a 10-page project report on IPv6. The report was submitted by Udipto Ghosh to MIT Pune in partial fulfillment of a post-graduate diploma in management. The summary discusses that IPv6 is an evolutionary upgrade to IPv4 designed to allow continued growth of the internet. It also describes some key features of IPv6 like larger address space and auto-configuration. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is expected to occur gradually as IPv6 is deployed incrementally for early benefits while coexisting with IPv4 for a long time.
This document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It provides background on why IPv6 was developed, noting that IPv4 addresses were being depleted and IPv6 expands the address space from 32 to 128 bits. It summarizes three main transition strategies: dual stack, tunneling, and translation. The document warns that tunneling IPv6 packets inside IPv4 packets could allow hidden IPv6 traffic and security issues if deep packet inspection is not used. Overall it emphasizes that a gradual transition combining techniques will be needed to migrate from the current IPv4 internet to an IPv6 internet.
IPv4 addresses are running out, so IPv6 was created with a vastly larger 128-bit address space. During the transition, IPv4 and IPv6 will coexist via three main methods: dual-stack, tunneling, and translation. For internet service providers, dual-stack is the best approach as it allows gradual migration while both protocols are supported. The presentation provides details on IPv4 and IPv6 addressing schemes, transition mechanisms, and configuration examples for tunneling dual-stack implementations at an ISP.
Non symbolic base64 an effective representation of ipv6 addressIAEME Publication
The document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 due to the depletion of IPv4 addresses. It proposes a new scheme called Effective and flexible representation Of IPv6 with Base64 to represent IPv6 addresses in a more compact notation of 28 bytes instead of the standard 39 bytes. This is done using the period as a delimiter instead of the colon in IPv6 addresses and using Base64 in a non-symbolic way. The scheme aims to address issues with long IPv6 addresses like memory usage, bandwidth and latency. Cloud computing will benefit from the more compact and user-friendly representation of IPv6 addresses.
This document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It begins by providing an overview of IPv4 and its limitations, such as address exhaustion from limited 32-bit addressing. It then describes IPv6, which uses a 128-bit address scheme to provide vastly more addresses and enhancements over IPv4. The document focuses on explaining the need to transition to IPv6 due to IPv4's shortcomings. It notes several mechanisms for the transition, including dual stack, tunneling, and translation approaches. The goal is to present information on facilitating the change from IPv4 to the improved IPv6 protocol.
A secure tunnel technique using i pv6 transition over ipv4 channelMade Artha
This document discusses secure tunneling techniques for IPv6 transition over IPv4 networks. It first provides background on the development of IPv6 and need to replace IPv4 due to limited address space. It then discusses three common approaches for IPv4-IPv6 transition: dual stack, translation, and tunneling. The document focuses on issues with the tunneling approach, such as one network attacking another or spoofing attacks. It proposes a solution using a test bed with two IPv6 networks connected via an IPv4 network and 6to4 routers, with outbound filtering to address security issues.
IPv6 is the next generation internet protocol that replaces IPv4. It features a 128-bit address space compared to IPv4's 32-bit addresses, allowing for vastly more possible IP addresses. IPv6 was developed in the 1990s in anticipation of IPv4 running out of available addresses. It introduces features like built-in security, auto-configuration, and support for new technologies. IPv6 is now incorporated into modern internet-enabled applications and operating systems.
Comparative study of IPv4 and IPv6 on Windows and Linux. Shourya Puri
This document provides a comparative study of IPv4 and IPv6 performance on Windows and Linux operating systems. It introduces IPv4 and IPv6, compares their key differences, and experimentally measures performance metrics like throughput, delay, jitter and CPU usage for IPv4 and IPv6 on Windows and Linux. The results show that for Windows and Linux, IPv4 generally has higher throughput and lower CPU usage than IPv6. However, IPv6 has advantages like a larger address space and increased security. Linux typically shows the highest CPU usage and TCP throughput for IPv6. The document also reviews several related works comparing IPv4 and IPv6 performance on different operating systems.
1. The Internet Protocol (IP) is responsible for addressing hosts and routing packets across networks to allow communication between devices.
2. There are two main versions of IP - IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses and IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses to allow for more devices as the number connected to the internet grows exponentially.
3. TCP and UDP are protocols that operate at a higher layer than IP and provide different functions - TCP enables reliable transmission of data through sequencing and acknowledgment while UDP provides a basic transmission model without these features.
Implementation of “Traslator Strategy” For Migration of Ipv4 to Ipv6IJERA Editor
This paper is focused on the Translator strategy for migration of IPv4 to Ipv6 implemented in Cisco packet
tracer. It describes the design and configuration of network devices and packet transfer between devices of IPv4
and IPv6 networks using NAT-PT as transition mechanism. First major version of IP, IPv4 is the dominant
protocol of internet.IPv6 is developed to deal with long anticipated problem of IPv4 running out of addresses.
The migration from IPv4 to IPv6 must be implemented node by node by using auto-configuration procedures to
eliminate the need to configure IPv6 hosts manually.
IPv6 The Big Move Transition And Coexistentfrenildand
The document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. It notes that IPv4 addresses are running out due to the rapid growth of the internet. IPv6 was developed as a replacement, using a 128-bit address space to provide vastly more addresses. The document outlines some key advantages of IPv6, such as larger addresses, simpler headers, better security and quality of service support. It also examines how IPv6 and IPv4 will coexist during a long transition period, using various transition technologies.
IRJET- Evaluating the Impact of IPv4 to IPv6 Tunneling with MPLS on VOIPIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that evaluates the impact of transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 using tunneling with MPLS on voice over IP (VOIP) performance. It first provides background on the need to transition from IPv4 to IPv6 due to limited IPv4 address space. It then discusses different transition mechanisms like tunneling and their benefits. The paper reviews previous studies that found 6-to-4 tunneling provides VOIP performance similar to IPv6. It also discusses how MPLS can ensure quality of service for real-time applications like VOIP. The goal of the research was to analyze how tunneling from IPv4 to IPv6 with MPLS impacts VOIP performance metrics.
This document provides a report on a vocational training in IPV6 that was completed by Rashmi Kumari. It includes an introduction to IPV6 that compares it to IPV4 and highlights its larger address space, built-in multicasting, and network layer security. It also details IPV6's simplified packet format and routing. The report then discusses addressing, OSPF, implementing OSPF for IPV6, and building a simulated network with dual stack transition in GNS3 to test IPV6 functionality.
Research the IPv4 ns the IPv6 protocols, then prepare a report that .pdfarcotstarsports
Research the IPv4 ns the IPv6 protocols, then prepare a report that explains the likes and
differences of the two protocols and include how and why the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is to
occur.
Project report body must have 5 pages or more, with Times New Roman12 pt. print double
spaced. Also include a Cover sheet and a Reference page.
Solution
Introductory lines:
The internet protocol or IP specifies and describes the technical details and formats of fragments
of data (Also known as packets.) along with addressing schemes (numerical; actually in binary
but can be interpreted as decimals or hexadecimals assigned to each of the devices connected
through the network) in order to uniquely identify them and create a platform for secure and
reliable communication.
Ipv4 over the years was proved and deployed for communications over the internet. However in
the current days it becomes obsolete and deficient in order to serve the huge and increasing
number of users or network devices.
To make this possible, the IPv6 comes into existence. The IPv6 provides many extra features and
claims to support and serve this increasing number of devices for upcoming coming centuries.
Let’s discuss about the similar and distinct features of both IPv4 and IPv6.
IPv4 in terms of IP addresses, Address allocation, masks and types:
IPv6 in terms of IP addresses, Address allocation, masks and types:
IPv4 in terms of IP header:
Headers in IPv4 are of variable length that varies from 20 to 60 bytes.
IPv4 does not identify packet flow for QOS handling.
It adds checksum filed for identification of transmission errors in the data.
IPv6 in terms of IP header:
Uses fixed length of 40 bytes of headers and there is no concept of option filed in header.
It supports packet flow for QOS by flow level filed.
IPv6 does not implements checksum for error handling.
IPv4 in terms of IP packets ports and security:
IPv4 supports the packet size of 576 bytes.
They also support packet filtering mechanisms through firewalls.
IPv4 supports for port spaces of the range 1 to 65535
IPsec in IPv4 is optional.
IPv6 in terms of IP packets ports and security:
IPv6 supports the packet size of 1280 bytes.
They does not supports packet filtering mechanisms.
The way the portts work both in IPv4 and IPv6 are the same.
IPv6 has inbuilt IPsec support.
IPv4 was successful;;y deployed in 1981 over internet whereas IPv6 was planned to be deployed
from 1999 but could partially deployed till the date.
Why transition from IPv4 to IPv6 must occur ?
The deficiency of IP address of IPv4 type is one of the most eye catching reasons for transition
towards IPv6. Each and every day the Internet is experiencing phenomenal increase of devices
which are being connected and using the internet.
In order to provide services to all the address space of IPv4 seems to be fewer. Hence
a transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is must needed to satisfy such demand of larger address space.
Except this, the other technical features like improve.
This paper targets at a comparative study on the through-puts in bits/ seconds, packet through-puts, delay in networks, response time in seconds of both IPv4 and IPv6. Hence, since the system proposes for co-existence of both IPv4 and IPv6, the solution projected in this paper is “DUAL STACK where you can and TUNNEL where you have to”.
This document presents a case study of transitioning the network of the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur campus from IPv4 to IPv6. It discusses setting up a test bench with Cisco routers and switches to establish communication between IPv4 and IPv6 networks using tunneling techniques. The objectives are to study current transition mechanisms, create a test network using the best techniques, and propose modifications to migrate the NIT Hamirpur network to IPv6. References include Indian government documents on IPv6 policy and deployment.
New IP is a protocol system being developed for Industrial Internet, Industry 4.0, Industrial IoT, etc. This paper clarifies issues raised by an ISOC paper and provides as much information as could be helpful to the community.
Similaire à Ipv6 Advantages And Disadvantages (20)
The document provides instructions for using the HelpWriting.net service to have papers written. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The service aims to provide original, high-quality content and offers refunds for plagiarized work.
Here is an analysis of the periodic motion of a sprinkler:
The sprinkler undergoes simple harmonic motion as it rotates back and forth. Its period, T, can be measured by timing how long it takes to complete one full cycle from one maximum displacement to the next in the opposite direction. Through observation and measurement, the period of the sprinkler was determined to be approximately 5 seconds.
This periodic motion can be modeled mathematically using a sine or cosine function with an angular frequency of 2π/T radians per second. The sprinkler's position as a function of time would be given by x(t) = Acos(2πt/T), where A is the maximum displacement.
While many real
The document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a form with assignment details and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund option for plagiarized work.
May Alternative Fate Appetite Insurance Plaintiff Ielts WritiJacqueline Thomas
The document discusses racial tensions in Ferguson and the novel "Things Fall Apart" by Chinua Achebe. It argues that in both cases, racial tensions lead to unnecessary violence and death while causing public upheaval. Specifically, it notes that racial tensions dominate the issues in Ferguson and the culture portrayed in the novel, resulting in the destruction of the status quo and pointless violence in both situations.
The document describes a piece of corrugated tubing located between two blocks, G Block and H Block. The tubing was smeared with leaves and bark on the outside but dry earth and cold silver on the inside. The narrator and Del went inside the tubing, which the narrator thought resembled a poor man's version of playground equipment from across the river, specifically a human hamster wheel.
The document outlines the terms of a service agreement between Cherry Creek Concierge and Zocalo Community Development for concierge services at a building located in Denver, Colorado. It specifies the term of agreement as 12 months, with on-site services to begin at a date set by the client. The agreement details responsibilities of both parties, compensation, termination terms, and on-site coverage hours.
The document discusses the benefits of using alternative energy sources like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power instead of fossil fuels. It notes that alternative sources can provide cleaner energy and reduce environmental impacts. They can also benefit the economy and society. The document advocates learning how to utilize these alternative sources to help both people and the planet. It then gives a brief overview of solar energy, noting its abundance and role in sustaining life, as well as its potential to generate electricity.
1 Set Flower Floral Envelopes Letter Pad Set Chancery PapJacqueline Thomas
This essay discusses key aspects of copyright law, including that it protects original works of
authorship from copying without permission. Copyright does not protect ideas themselves, only the
expression of ideas. The essay outlines the main requirements for copyright protection - that works
must be original and fixed in a tangible medium. Examples of works that can be copyrighted are also
provided.
Regulating children's diets is important for their health and lifestyle. Unhealthy foods high in sugar and fat can lead to obesity, diabetes, and other serious health issues. Proper nutrition from an early age through regulated diets can establish healthy habits and prevent disease. While critics argue that restricting food choices infringes on a child's enjoyment, regulating diets does not need to remove all unhealthy foods but rather encourage balanced, nutritious options that still allow kids to have fun.
1. Love can be interpreted in many different ways depending on the person and how they feel about it.
2. Love has many different characteristics and seasons to it, and can be expressed in many different forms.
3. For every person, love can mean something different based on their experiences and relationships. Family love in particular is described as enduring no matter what happens.
This document summarizes David Foster Wallace's 2005 commencement speech at Kenyon College. It analyzes the rhetorical strategies Wallace uses, including pathos, ethos, and logos. Wallace aims to inform graduates about living consciously and empathetically rather than on "default." He illustrates this through casual metaphors about fish, Eskimos, and the illusion of self. The summary analyzes how Wallace establishes ethos by relating to the audience and discusses themes like daily routine and the power of living mindfully.
Under the employment at will doctrine, employers can terminate employees at any time for any reason. This leads to a lack of job security for employees. While employers have significant freedom to hire and fire, employees should still have some basic rights in the workplace such as freedom of speech, right to privacy, and protection from discrimination. When terminating an employee, employers must ensure they are not violating any anti-discrimination or other employment laws.
The document provides details about the Tuskegee Airmen movie and the hardships faced by the first African American fighter pilots in the U.S. Army Air Corps during World War II. It discusses how Hannibal Lee meets two other cadets on a train to Tuskegee Air Base and faces segregation by being forced to give up his seat. It also describes the training process and dangers faced by the pilots, as well as Eleanor Roosevelt's visit to help support the airmen and prove how far they had come.
Shiv Commercial Enterprises was one of the largest business conglomerates in India with over 20 companies and a turnover of US$1 billion, operating in various industries including oil trading, tea, electronics, finance, pharmaceuticals, and rubber and automotive parts. As one of the early business leaders in India, Shiv Commercial Enterprises employed around 37,000 workers and exported its products to major trading countries such as the United States, United Kingdom and Germany. However, with growth and expansion into multiple industries, the company faced challenges in effectively coordinating and managing inventory across its diverse operations.
Here are a few key points regarding hate speech and hate groups:
- Hate speech that incites imminent violence is not protected by the First Amendment. However, the Supreme Court has ruled that hate groups themselves are protected under free speech.
- Some argue hate groups should not have free speech protections if their speech targets and threatens groups. However, the Court has found it difficult to clearly define hate speech without infringing on free expression.
- Throughout history, hate groups have emerged to target various groups, often through intimidation and violence. The oldest is the Ku Klux Klan formed after the Civil War to target blacks and their allies.
- Today, hundreds of hate groups remain active in the U.S.,
Apple is an American technology company that designs, manufactures, and markets mobile devices, personal computers, and music players. Their core products are the iPhone, iPad, Mac, iPod, Apple TV, and they also sell related software, services, and accessories. Apple describes itself as focusing on mobile communication and media devices, personal computers, portable music players, and related software and services.
Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) CEO Natarajan Chandrasekaran focuses on core values like integrity, customer commitment, and ownership mindset to drive the company's growth. Under his leadership, TCS has expanded to over 400,000 employees globally and achieved over $20 billion in revenue by embracing new technologies and an entrepreneurial spirit. Mr. Chandrasekaran emphasizes treating customers, employees, and shareholders with equal importance to ensure the long-term success and positive impact of TCS.
The document discusses Kurt Lewin's group dynamics theory and change model. It defines group dynamics as the interacting forces within a small group and Lewin's development of the phrase in the 1940s. Lewin studied how individuals take on distinctive characteristics and behaviors in groups. His three-stage change model of unfreezing, changing, and refreezing is discussed as applied to implementing changes like electronic medical records in organizations. Effective communication is important throughout the change process.
Uranium-235 is a fissile isotope of uranium that can undergo nuclear fission when struck by a neutron. When a U-235 atom absorbs a neutron, it becomes Uranium-236 which is unstable and spontaneously splits into two smaller atoms, releasing additional neutrons and a large amount of energy. This fission reaction forms the basis of nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
1. Ipv6 Advantages And Disadvantages
Abstract– The transition between the IPv4 Internet today and the IPv6 Internet will be a long
process during both protocols coexists and also it is unreasonable to expect that many millions of
IPv4 nodes will be converted overnight. Mobility is becoming ubiquitous nowadays. This paper is
described about a background study of IPv4 and IPv6, the needs of IPv6, transition mechanisms in
the various architectures, the advantages of IPv6 and limitations and comparison of the IPv4 and
IPv6 in five major areas; addressing and routing and network address translation. A study in this
paper explores that most research efforts were focused the transition strategies and mechanism to
mixed two different promising IP network environments.
Index Terms–Architecture, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The internet has been utilized not just in academic research but also widely used in daily life. In
nowadays, practically everyone seems to have access, through their PCs, laptop, television, phones,
or even the refrigerator. The growth of the Internet has created various impacts to end users. The
devices, which are connected to our network, caused new problems. One of the problems is the
shortage of Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. When a device needs to communicate over the Internet
with each other, it needs a unique IP address. Due to the issue of IP shortage, a new generation IP
has been introduced. The IPv6 is the solution.
IPv6 stands for Internet Protocol version 6. This protocol has been designed to replace the existing
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). (01033069). For more than twenty years, IPv4 has been widely
used in Internet activities around the world. The main reason for the deployment of a new version IP
is to increase the address space. IPv6 was designed to take an evolutionary step from IPv4.
According to experts in the field of computer network, over the next five to ten years, IPv6 will
gradually integrate into the existing IPv4
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
2.
3. Protocols For The Communication Protocol
IPV 6
ABSTRACT:
We have many protocols for the communication. Among them if we take communication protocol
which is related to internet, the popular and which is using today is IPV 4. In this paper we are going
to discuss about the later version IPV6.
INTRODUCTION:
Internet protocol is a communication protocol which provides location and identification of
computers on networks and routes traffic across the internet. IPV6 is the latest version of internet
protocol. It was developed by internet engineering task force, when they are dealing with the IPV4
exhaustion problem. Every device in this world which is connected to the internet is assigned IP
address for identification and its location. With rapid growth of technology, it became evident that
we need more addresses for connecting various new devices in the future. In 1990s, Internet
engineering task force has introduced IPV 6 to accommodate more addresses. IPV 4 uses only 32 bit
addresses but IPV 6 addresses uses 128 bit addresses.
Internet protocol version 4 is the first publicly used protocol. It was developed by the defense
advanced research projects agency. It is a United States defense department agency, after that they
have shifted towards internet and is developing many technologies. Address exhaustion is not an
initial problem concern because it is a testing of DARPA's networking concepts. Amid the first
decade of operation of the Internet, by the late 1980s, it got to be evident that systems must be
produced
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
4.
5. Tcp / Ip Protocols Are The Heart And Soul Of The Internet
The TCP/IP protocols are the heart and soul of the Internet, and they describe the fundamental rules
that govern all communications in the network. The original address system of the Internet is
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) developed IPv6 to
deal with the long–anticipated problem of IPv4 address exhaustion. However, IPv6 is not foreseen
to supplant IPv4 instantaneously.
Write a report (1000 words) describing:
The basic characteristics and layered protocol stack design of the TCP/IP protocols.
The application layer: this layer allows different applications to communicate with each other's. In
order to exchange different data over the network connection, the protocols included in this layer set
up the standards such as DNS, HTTP, FTP. The data coded in this layer will be encapsulated to
transport layer for further packing.
The transport layer: This layer determines how the packets are transported such as the order and
what to do if there are errors. The purpose of this layer is to make sure the data be transported
correctly. Besides, due to the limitation of physic (maximum IP packet size is 65535bits), the speed
of transportation is limited. As a result, this layer needs break big data in to small packets. This can
also collect small data into a big packet to reduce unnecessary transmission, which can improve the
transmitting speed. Example protocols are TCP, UDP, SCTP.
The internet layer: The purpose of this layer is to
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
6.
7. Investigation Of Using Dual Stack And Tunneling Mechanisms
Investigations of using Dual Stack and Tunneling Mechanisms in migration from IPV4 to IPV6:
Abstract
Introduction
Internet protocol written as IP in the short form is the method by which one computer communicates
by sending data to another computer over the Internet. Normally, each computer has a unique form
of IP address that identifies itself on the internet. Internet protocol has two versions: Internet
protocol version 4 and Internet protocol version 6 that is the most current version of IPV6 is an
upgrade of IPV4 (Gavrilova 2006). IPV6 has added advantages and therefore necessitates every
organization to migrate from IPV4 to IPV6.
Background of the study
The internet protocol version 4 abbreviated as IPV4 is a connectionless protocol ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
IPV6 is not a rigid IP as it allows for the growth of the internet concerning the number of
interconnected computers or hosts and the volume of data transmitted (Kott, Wang, & Erbacher
2014). The primary advantage of the IPV6 over IPV4 is the increase in IP addresses. However, there
are other advantages of IPV6 which include: automatic configuration, simplified and more efficient
routing, Simpler header format, flow labeling, easier administration, Flexible options and
extensions, privacy support and inbuilt authentication and an end to network address translation
(Adibi, Mobasher, & Tofigh 2010).
Objective/Aim of the Study
As Zurawski (2005) explains, an organization 's network status and the speed at which they need the
IPV4 transition to IPV6 greatly determine the selection of the transition method, the dual–stack
method, tunneling method or any available option.
This paper seeks to explore how the transition methods; the dual–stack method and tunneling
method works. Businesses with small network devices and bleeding edge technology can
promulgate to IPV6 faster compared to businesses with large network devices. Large companies
usually have many and large network devices, leading to slow Ipv4 to IPV6 transition process
(Jonas, Rai, & Tchuente 2013). Following the multiple benefits resulting from IPV6, it is therefore,
important that network practitioners should seek expertise in IPV6 quickly in order to meet
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
8.
9. Network Address Translation
Network Address Translation
Design and Implementation
Abstract–This is the final report for a research project covering network address translation (NAT).
Research topics include: the history and necessity for NAT, overall design, implementation, the
different types, and examples of its use.
Keywords–NAT; networking; project; research
Necessity
IP addresses were originally designed to be globally unique. In an IP network, each computer is
allocated a unique IP address. In the current version of IP protocol (IPv4) an IP address is 4 bytes,
and because an address is 4 bytes, the total number of available addresses is 2 to the power of 32,
which is 4,294,967,296. This represents the total theoretical number of computers that ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
RFC 1287 also discussed possible ways to extend IP address space. The first suggested a direction
similar to current NATs:
Replace the 32–bit field with a field of the same size but with a different meaning. Instead of being
globally unique, it would be unique only within some smaller region. Gateways on the boundary
would rewrite the address as the packet crossed the boundary.
Shortly after RFC 1287 was published, RFC 1335 introduced a clearer description of the use of
internal IP addresses as a solution to IP address exhaustion. The NAT idea was first described in the
article "Extending the IP Internet through Address Reuse" which appeared in the January 1993 issue
of ACM Computer Communication Review and was later published as RFC 1631. The invention of
the Web in the early 1990s underlined the urgency to take action toward solving both the routing
scalability and the address shortage problems. Long–term solutions require a long lead time to
develop; therefore efforts began to develop both a short–term and a long–term solution to those
problems.
As a short term solution, Classless Inter–domain Routing (CIDR) was proposed, which removes the
class boundaries embedded in the IP address structure. This enables more efficient address
allocation, helping to extend the lifetime of IP address space. Address space was poorly utilized with
the "Classful" addressing approach, CIDR helped in extending the lifetime of
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
10.
11. Ipv6 And Ipv6 Address Resolution Protocol
Since there are so many IP addresses that need to be handled on the Internet, IPv4 and IPv6 need a
way to keep track and configure them. This is normally referred to as address resolution. This
includes translating network layer addresses into link layer addresses, having automatic assignments
of addresses, and routing data to the correct location on a specific network. IPv4 uses a protocol
called Address Resolution Protocol, or ARP, in order to translate IP addresses into MAC addresses.
A MAC address is the unique number given to the network interface card in each computing device.
The reason this needs to be done is because on many intranet networks, the internal communication
and delivery of data is based off of the MAC address rather than the IP address. The Dynamic Host
Control Protocol, or DHCP, handles the automatic configuration and assignment of IP addresses in
IPv4. DHCP is an internal protocol that takes the MAC addresses of the NICs on a network, and
automatically assigns IP addresses. It also keeps track of them so that two NICs don't acquire the
same IP address. Without DHCP every IP address would have to be entered manually by the system
administrator, which would be incredibly difficult considering how many devices can potentially
access a network. IPv6 uses similar methods to perform both of those functions, but there are still
important differences that exist to improve the way that IPv6 performs. Instead of ARP, IPv6 uses
the Neighbor Discovery Protocol
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...
12.
13. Mobile Edge Computing : Analysis And Vision Of Mobile Edge...
Abstract: – The vision of 5G Mobile networks lies in the provisioning of high throughput (over
10GB/s data rate), low latency (less than 1m for radio link latency) and connecting more devices
(over 1M terminal per square kilometer). This is driven by the need for the Internet of Things (IoT)
applications (e.g. smart cites smart homes), rich immersive multimedia applications (e.g. live video
streaming) and the tactile Internet. To achieve 5G targets, Mobile edge computing (MEC) is
regarded as a vital solution to provide satisfactory Quality of Experience (QoE) for multimedia
services. Although video streaming applications are seeking more bandwidth and exorbitant video
quality. Particularly for virtual reality applications or video on ... Show more content on
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And the second edge is that when a wireless user equipment (EU) streams videos, there will be 2
network segments on the end–to–end path that will have different characteristics, 1) radio access
network (RAN) which is wireless. 2) Mobile core network and the internet that in most cases are
wired, the wired segments have higher bandwidth–delay–product (BDP) due to the high–capacity
over–provisioned backbone link and long latency due to long distance that the data transport
between the global Internet.
One of the major networking problems is the insufficiency of structured resource management
schemes to provide Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) support for real–time
applications, primarily in networks that can be affected by delay or packet loss. E.g. the video or
VOIP services are not tolerant to packet loss that should not more than 1%, especially if the system
is using compressed codecs e.g. G.722, and the latency is also playing a major impact on the
services which should be less than 150ms between two end–points [3].
The delivery of mobile content, especially in high definition (HD) videos with high resolution, has
become one of the main topics to add to the context of 5G network development in the future It
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14.
15. Virtual Private System : It Uses Public Network Essay
VPN
VPN are extremely regular utilized technique nowadays as a part of companies where they need to
keep communicate with their unreachable branches at some point in other piece of globe. It permits
authorization to get to companies Intranet in a protected and effective way. Virtual private system: it
uses public network to localise remote user or sites together. It uses internet to connect two networks
with each other. The VPN uses "virtual" connections routed via the Internet from the business 's
private network to the remote site or employee. By utilizing a VPN,company ensures security –
anybody capturing the encoded information can 't read it.
Why VPN's are essential?
VPNs give an essential support of organizations, governments, military associations, and even
people. VPNs give secure access to your local area network. Without VPNs, getting to delicate data
remotely would not be conceivable. VPNs permit two or more systems to communicate with each
other. For instance, a branch office of a bank situated in Papatoetoe and its home office situated in
Auckland associate with each other through the Web safely to share their assets, (for example, bank
statements, bank explanations, contract records, and so on.) together. With a VPN, both areas can
communicate together as one utilising the web safely.
Classification of VPN:–
VPN are classified into two types:–
site–to–Site VPN
Remote access VPN
Site–to–site VPN
A site–to–site VPN permits two or more systems to be
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16.
17. Ospf vs Eigrp
Comparison of Routing Protocols OSPFv3 and IS–IS for IPv6 Environment
By
Nilesh Doiphode
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................3
LIST OF FIGURES..........................................................................................4
CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW.................................................................................5
1.1 Introduction................................................................................................5
1.2 Discussion, Problem Statement and Analysis.......................................................12
1.3 Need for this Project....................................................................................15
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................16
CHAPTER 3: SIMULATION AND FRAMEWORK.................................................22
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE..............................................31
4.1 Conclusion................................................................................................31
4.1 Future Scope.............................................................................................31 ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
General Mechanism: i) Hello Packets: Used in order to establish relationships with the neighboring
routers in a topology. On multi–access segments ad point–to–point segments, the default time to
send hello packets is every 10 seconds and for non–broadcast multi–access (NMBA) segments like
frame relay, the default time is every 30 seconds. ii) Dead Intervals: Wait period for an OSPF router
before termination the relationship with its neighbor is called as Dead interval and is 4 times the
hello interval. iii) Router Id: Identification of each OSPF router in an OSPF routing domain is
exclusively by the router id. OSPF router can chose highest IP address of its loopback interface
incase router id is not configured. IP address will be chosen by the OSPF router of any of its
physical interfaces in absence of loopback interfaces. iv) Area Id: In OSPF routing domain the areas
are defined as backbone routers also known as area 0, area border routers (ABR), which connect the
backbone routers to any other areas in the OSPF routing domain and autonomous system border
routers (ABSR), which are located between OSPF autonomous system and non–OSPF autonomous
system.
All OSPF routers in the same routing domain must receive and maintain the same link–state
information. OSPF routing domain must be designed with a backbone area and all the other areas
should be
20. Network Layer Of Osi Model
Abstract
Internet Protocol is one of the protocol in TCP/IP protocols suite. This protocol works at Network
layer of OSI model and at Internet layer of TCP/IP model. This protocol has the responsibility of
identification of hosts based upon their logical addresses and to route data between/among them
over the underlying network. Internet Protocol is a set of technical rules that defines how computers
communicate over a network. There are currently two versions: IP version 4 (IPv4) and IP version 6
(IPv6). This paper focuses on the IPv4 packet structure, Addressing modes of IPv4, Address classes
of IPv4.
Introduction
IP provides a mechanism to uniquely identify host by IP addressing scheme. IP uses best effort
delivery, i.e. it does not guarantee that packets would be delivered to destined host but it will do its
best to reach the destination. Internet Protocol version 4 uses 32–bit logical address.
Internet Protocol is the layer–3 protocol which takes the data Segments from the transport layer that
is layer–4 and divides that data into the packets. The IP packet encapsulates data unit received from
above layer and concatenates its header information. The encapsulated data is referred to as IP
Payload. The IP header contains all the necessary information required to deliver the packet at the
destination. The IP header format is shown in figure (a)
IP header includes information like Version Number which defines the version of the IP protocol,
Header Length etc. Other
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21.
22. The Privacy Of The Information
With the evolution of Internet, new technologies are appearing and new ways of doing business are
slowly changing the world. One of those new business process are online stores. This technology
allows user to sell or buy their products or services online. These data exchanged during those
operations are extremely very critical and no error with the manipulation of these important
information can be allowed. For the protection of those personal and financial information, security
plays a big role in this industry. There are main elements in the transaction security are: – The
confidentiality of the information – The integrity of the information – The authentication of the
information – The non–repudiation of the information – And the authorization. The confidentiality
of the information is one of the most important element in the transaction security. It can be defined
as the protection of a user's information, personal and financial, from other parties than the recipient.
Some errors can be committed when manipulating delicate data. Integrity enables the recipient to
ensure that the information he received by a sender is accurate. The authentication of the
information is provided by the user; it is a confirmation, by the user, ensuring that the data is
authentic. The non–repudiation validates that both the user/sender and the recipient/receiver have
received and sent data to each other. This is to make sure that neither of the two parties can denies
the transaction between
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23.
24. Ipv4 Ipv6 : The Key Motive For The Development Of Ipv6
Abstract: The main motive for the development of IPv6 is to add the advanced and better features
for the IPv4.Compared to IPv4 there are many better areas in IPv6 such as addressing, Routing ,
efficiency ,Quality of service, security and mobility. From past three years we have noticed that the
IPv4 address exhaustion took place which lead to the development of the next generation internet
protocol IPv6.The main aim of this paper is to discuss the transition changes of IPv4–IPv6 .
INTRODUCTION:
Internet was been invented in united states in the year 1970 and the development started rapidly till
the year 1980's. In the year 1990 there was a new network node introduction which helped in the
business presence. Assigning a unique numbers for the device for identification of the location
turned a great success in 1994 that is through the IPv4.Invention of the IPv6 took place in the 1990
itself by the internet engineering task force,due to the IPv4 exhaustion in came into the exsistence
from july 1999.(IPv6 A passport for future internet 2011). we need to have a IP address for the
purpose of connectivity and that IP address should be unique to due increase in the usage the
exhaustion of IP address in IPv4 has occurred. IPv4 can be utilized for the interface of many
advanced gadgets on the internet it can be utilized to unite the combine the computer based gagjets
with the system.In the year February 2011 each organization is responsible for assigning their own
IP addreses and
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25.
26. Net Sec Essay
1. Name at least five applications and tools pre–loaded on the TargetWindows01 server desktop, and
identify whether that application starts as a service on the system or must be run manually.
WINDOWS APPLICATION LOADEDSTARTS AS SERVICE Y/N 1. tftpd32 Starts as a service 2.
FileZilla Server Interface– The interface does not start as a service and must be ran manually 3.
Wireshark – Does not start as a service and must be ran manually 4. Nessus Server Manager – Does
not start as a service and must be ran manually 5. NetWitness Investigator – Does not start as a
service and must be ran manually 2. What was the allocated source IP host address for the
TargetWindows01 server, TargetUbuntu01 server, and the IP default gateway router? ... Show more
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ajp–headers Performs a HEAD or GET request against either the root directory or any optional
directory of an Apache JServ Protocol server and returns the server response headers. ajp–methods
Discovers which options are supported by the AJP (Apache JServ Protocol) server by sending an
OPTIONS request and lists potentially risky methods. ajp–request Requests a URI over the Apache
JServ Protocol and displays the result (or stores it in a file). Different AJP methods such as; GET,
HEAD, TRACE, PUT or DELETE may be used. amqp–info Gathers information (a list of all server
properties) from an AMQP (advanced message queuing protocol) server. asn–query Maps IP
addresses to autonomous system (AS) numbers. auth–owners Attempts to find the owner of an open
TCP port by querying an auth daemon which must also be open on the target system. The auth
service, also known as identd, normally runs on port 113. auth–spoof Checks for an identd (auth)
server which is spoofing its replies. backorifice–brute Performs brute force password auditing
against the BackOrifice service. The backorifice–brute.ports script argument is mandatory (it
specifies ports to run the script against). backorifice–info Connects to a BackOrifice service and
gathers information about the host and the BackOrifice service itself. banner A simple banner
grabber which connects to an open TCP port and prints out anything sent by the listening service
within five seconds.
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27.
28. Ipv4 to Ipv6 Transition
I P v 4 TO IP v 6 TRANSITION
– UPDATE 2011
An overview of the new Internet a ddressing protocol, its implications for b usiness and government,
and Telstra's a pproach to the transition.
WHITE PAPER
September 2011
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
PAGE 3
WHAT IS IPv6?
PAGE 4
IPv4 ADDRESS RUN OUT
PAGE 5
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN IPv4 ADDRESSES RUN OUT?
PAGE 6
GOVERNMENT MANDATES
PAGE 8
INDUSTRY READINESS FOR IPv6
PAGE 10
WHAT DOES THE TRANSITION MEAN FOR BUSINESS?
29. PAGE 13
WHAT IS TELSTRA'S APPROACH TO THE TRANSITION?
PAGE 14
WHAT SHOULD BUSINESSES DO NOW?
PAGE 16
CONCLUSION
PAGE 18
APPENDIX – IP ADDRESSING
PAGE 19
REFERENCES
PAGE 21
WHY TELSTRA?
PAGE 22 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Telstra will provide timely information and updates on our own program of work to assist
customers, suppliers and others in the industry to manage their transition.
3
WHAT IS IP v 6?
IPv6 was designed during the mid–1990s, when the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF) realised that IPv4 address size constraints would soon be a major impediment to the
continued growth of the Internet. IPv6 was first known as the Next Generation
Internet Protocol (IPng) during development within the IETF. Since 1998, it has officially been
known as IPv6. In the transition to IPv6, both IPv6 and IPv4 will co–exist until IPv6 eventually
replaces IPv4.
The most obvious difference between IPv6 and IPv4 is the vastly expanded IP address space
available
The most obvious difference between IPv6 and IPv4 is the address size. IPv6 addresses comprise
128 bits, whereas IPv4 addresses comprise 32 bits. This difference results in a huge expansion in
available IP address space:
◊ I Pv4: 2 32 a ddresses equals 4.3 billion addresses (less than the global human p opulation of 4.7
30. billion)
◊ I Pv6: 2 128 a ddresses. Because the last 64 bits are used to allocate a ddresses within a subnet,
that leaves 2 64, which equals 18 billion billion s ubnet addresses.
IPv6 is not backwardly compatible with IPv4
Whilst IPv6 performs the same address function as IPv4, IPv6 is
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31.
32. NT1210 Final Exam Review Essay
Final Exam Review
Using Table 10–1, review default port numbers used commonly with TCP and UDP purposes
HTTP TCP Port 80 – used by web browsers and web servers
Telnet TCP Port 23 – used for terminal emulation
SSH TCP Port 22 – used for secure terminal emulation
FTP TCP Port 20, 21 – used for file transfer
DNS UDP Port 53 – used for name resolution
SMTP TCP Port 25 – used to send and receive email
POP3 TCP Port 110 – another email protocol
IMAP TCP Port 143 – another email protocol
SSL TCP Port 443 – used to encrypt data for secure transactions
SNMP UDP Port 161, 162 – used to manage TCP/IP networks
TCP – Transmission Control Protocol
UDP – User Datagram Protocol
IPv4 32 bits, IPv6 128 bits
Bring sub–netting sheet for use ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Radio signals do not attenuate (False)
Broadcast areas should not overlap in a WAN (true)
Antennas use same amount of power (False)
Omnidirectional in all directions (True)
Leased Line available 24–7 365, also known as dedicated line
Router belong in Layer 3 of TCP/IP
Demark is point at which ISP comes into building and customer takes over
SONET – Look up definition
Primary function of IP protocol = identify individual hosts and groups of hosts using the address
Dynamic Routing protocols – learn and manage the most efficient ways of routing packets
Ranges of Addresses – Class A, Class B and Class C and the private ranges
IP Protocol designed to dynamically assign IP addresses on a LAN – DHCP
Subnet a company network, 3 bits borrowed to effectively subnet it for them
PC1 sending packet, first thing needing to be done is compare the destination IP address with its
own, deciding whether or not it is in the same network
IP addresses divided into 2 parts, network portion and host portion
Term for part of internet between ISP and ISP's customer = network edge
Device found near the edge and offers security services = Firewall
Page 445 – Concept where all ISP router is connected to all other ISP router is called the Internet
33. Core
What technique used to by cable provider to enable data and voice on the same cable using different
frequencies for video and data
Difference between
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34.
35. Unit 9 Assg 1
1. IP hosts in two different company TCP/IP networks send IP packets to each other through the
Internet. Which of the following is true about the Internet connections that must exist so that the
packets can flow between the two companies? a. The two companies must connect directly to each
other. b. The two companies must each have at least one Internet access link. c. The two companies
must connect to the same ISP. d. The two companies must each connect to a Tier 1 ISP. 2. Which of
the following standalone devices can be found near the Internet edge, with a primary purpose of
providing some type of network security between an enterprise or SOHO TCP/IP network and the
Internet? (Choose two answers.) a. LAN access point ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
b. The technician needs to connect the CO end of the local loop to a CMTS. c. The technician needs
to install HFC cabling. d. None of the answers is correct. 9. A user asks the cable company to install
cable Internet service. The deal includes having a technician come and install all the equipment in
the home. The equipment includes a consumer– grade router that performs several functions and an
external cable modem. The cable company has equipment in its local head end offices as well.
Which of the following devices, or functions inside the integrated router, plays a role in separating
the data signals on the HFC cabling from the video signals? a. The router's firewall function b. The
router's NAT function c. A cable modem d. The DSLAM at the head end 10. Which of the following
Internet access technologies create an always–on Internet service, allow voice calls on the local
telco's local loop while the Internet service still works, and use asymmet– ric speeds? (Choose two
answers.) a. Cable Internet b. ADSL c. Analog modems d. T1 11. Imagine the early days of the
Internet, before CIDR. A company wants to connect to the Internet, so it asks IANA or an associated
RIR to assign the company some public IP addresses. Which of the following lists an approximate
number of IP addresses that IANA or the RIR could possibly assign? (You can ignore rounding
issues and
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36.
37. IPAddressing : IP Operates On The Network Layer Of The...
IP Addressing
IP operates on the Network Layer of the reference model. IP addressing is important because IP
helps in routing packets, just us the Post Office needs an address on a packet or letter for correct
delivery.
IPV4 is made up of 32–bit addresses, as opposed IPV6 which has 128–bits, and this obviously larger
address space has become necessary because the world is running short of IPV4 addresses. Most of
the internet now uses IPV4, so this discussion will mostly concentrate on IPV4. A lot of the ideas
discussed here have been gleaned from a web site of a company called TutorialsPoint, and also
credit is due to Tanenbaum and Whetherall (2011).
First, the format or the composition of the IP Address is made up 32 bits grouped into ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
A class A network may be written in the format like 10.0.0.0/8, to signify the 8 bits of the network
part. There is also the distinction between Public and Private addresses, where public addresses are
recognized world–wide, as they are allocated by designated organizations, and that is how they are
running out; almost all valid addresses have been allocated. On the other hand, private addresses are
used within an organization or a home, however, they require the help of a publicly recognized
address to communicate globally, and this is through a process called Network Address Translation
(NAT). The allocation of Public IP addresses falls under the authority of IANA (Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority), a global body that oversees regional organizations, and these organizations are
more directly involved in IP Address allocation.
Subnet Masking
The meaning of Subnet can be derived from its name, by taking the beginning of the name ("Sub"),
which means underneath or a part of, in this context of a network. The idea is to sub–divide a
network into smaller parts for manageability by routers. There is also the converse, Aggregation,
which is scaling the network to accommodate more hosts in one network. In this discussion, I will
only dwell on Subnets, but before further discussion let me bring up the concept of Masking. The
mask is also a 32–bit
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38.
39. Business Data Communication and Networks test bank Essays
Which of the following is a data link layer function?
A) packetizing B) error and flow control
C) medium access control
The data link layer is responsible for _______ delivery.
C) hop–to–hop The data packet at the data link layer is usually called a _______.
A) frame The protocol for obtaining the physical address of a node when the IP address is known is
called _______.
C)
ARP
A signal can lose energy due to the resistance of the medium. This is called _______.
D) attenuation _______ can cause errors during data transmission.
A)
White noise
B)
Impulse noise
C)
Echo
Which of the following best describes a single–bit error?
B)
A single bit is inverted per data unit.
If the ASCII character G is sent and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
C)
Timing
40. Data flow between two devices can occur in a _______ way.
A) simplex B) half–duplex C) full–duplex In a ______ connection, two and only two devices are
connected by a dedicated link.
B) point–to–point In a ________ connection, three or more devices share a link.
A) multipoint ______ refers to the physical or logical arrangement of a network.
C)
Topology
Devices may be arranged in a _____ topology.
A) mesh B) ring C) bus A _______ is a data communication system within a building, plant, or
campus, or between nearby buildings.
B)
LAN
A ______ is a data communication system spanning states, countries, or the whole world.
C)
WAN
________ is a collection of many separate networks.
B)
An internet
There are ______________ Internet service providers.
A) local B) regional C) national and international
A ________ is a set of rules that governs data communication.
B) protocol ________ is an idea or concept that is a precursor to an Internet standard.
B)
RFC
The Internet model consists of _______ layers.
B)
Five
The process–to–process delivery of the entire message is the responsibility of the _______ layer.
B)
Transport
The _______ layer is the layer closest to the transmission medium.
A) Physical
Mail services are available to network users through the _______ layer.
41. D)
Application
As the data packet moves from the upper to the lower layers, headers are _______.
A)
Added
The _______ layer lies between the network
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42.
43. The Internet Protocol
The internet was invented around the early 1960s with the research of Packet switching. What they
called ARPANET led to the development of the internetworking, where multiple networks could be
joined together over to create a network of networks. IP defined by RFC791 was the first widely
used versions of the internet protocol. This was known as version four, this would make you think
that there were three other versions of IP before this version however, there really was not. IPv4 was
originally designed for an internetwork, a fraction of what the size of the internet is today. IPv4 has
served its purpose very well, however with the growth of the internet it was just a matter of time
before they would need to create a new version of IP. The development of a new version IP would
began in the mid–1990s. The new version of IP is known as Internet Protocol version Six (IPv6) or
sometimes called IP next generation or IPng. One of the biggest questions that came about when the
announcement of IPv6 was what Happened to IPv5. "The answer is: it doesn 't exist. While this may
seem confusing, version 5 was in fact intentionally skipped to avoid confusion, or at least to rectify
it." (Tcpipguide.com, 2014) If you consider just how much the internet has grown over the years you
will notice that IPv4 has done its job very well, however as discussed it has been apparent for many
years now that the limitation of IPv4 would be reached. This is where IPv6 comes into play. IP play
such a
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44.
45. Unit 9 Assignment 1 Essay
Baldeo Persaud
NT1210
Unit 9 Assignment 1
Key Terms:
The Internet– The global network formed by interconnecting most of the networks on the planet,
with each home and company network connecting to an Internet service provider (ISP), which in
turn connects to other ISPs.
Internet edge– The part of the Internet between an ISP and the ISP customer, whether the customer
is a company or organization with a large private TCP/IP network, or whether the customer is a
single individual. point of presence– A term used by service providers, particularly for WAN or
Internet service providers instead of traditional telcos, that refers to the building where the provider
keeps its equipment. Access links that connect the customer device to the WAN ... Show more
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host name– A name made up of alphabetic, numeric, and some special characters, used to identify a
specific IP host. Host names that follow the convention for domain names in the DNS system use a
hierarchical design, with periods separating parts of the name.
Domain Name System– The name of both a protocol and the system of actual DNS servers that exist
in the world. In practice, DNS provides a way for the world to distribute the list of matching host
name/IP address pair information, letting each company maintain its own naming information, but
allowing the entire world to discover the IP address used by a particular host name, dynamically,
using DNS protocols, so that any client can refer to a destination by name and send IP packets to
that host.
Subdomain– With DNS naming terminology, this term refers to a part of a host name (or domain
name). That smaller part can be the part that a company registers through IANA or some authorized
agency to identify all hosts inside that company.
IPv4 address exhaustion– A term referring to the very real problem in the worldwide Internet, which
first presented itself in the late 1980s, in which the world appeared to be running out of the available
IPv4 address space. classless interdomain routing (CIDR)– One of the short–term solutions to the
IPv4 address exhaustion problem that actually helped solve the problem for a much longer time
frame. CIDR allows more flexibility in how many addresses IANA assigns to a
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46.
47. 4g Technology
Contents 1. Overview 2. Predecessors of 4G 3.1 LTE 3.2 WiMAX 3.3 UMB (formerly EV–DO Rev.
C) 3.4 Flash–OFDM 3. Objective and approach 4.5 Objectives 4.6 Approaches 4.7.1 Consideration
points 4.7.2 Principal technologies 4. 4G features 5. Components 6.7 Access schemes 6.8 IPv6
support 6.9 Advanced Antenna Systems 6.10 Software–Defined Radio (SDR) 6. History of 4G and
pre–4G technologies 7.11 Deployment plans 7. Beyond 4G research 8. 4G wireless standards |
Introduction : 4G refers to the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a ... Show more
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The world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service was opened by KT in Seoul, South Korea on
30 June 2006.
Sprint Nexte has announced that it will be using WiMAX, branded as a "4G" network.
UMB (formerly EV–DO Rev. C)
UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) was the brand name for a discontinued 4G project within the
3GPP2 standardization group to improve the CDMA2000 mobile phone standard for next generation
applications and requirements. In November 2008, Qualcomm, UMB's lead sponsor, announced it
was ending development of the technology, favouring LTE instead. The objective was to achieve
data speeds over 275 Mbit/s downstream and over 75 Mbit/s upstream.
Flash–OFDM
At an early stage the Flash–OFDM system was expected to be further developed into a 4G standard.
Objective and approach
Objectives
4G is being developed to accommodate the quality of service (QoS) and rate requirements set by
further development of existing 3G applications like mobile broadband access, Multimedia
Messaging Service (MMS), video chat, mobile TV, but also new services like HDTV. 4G may allow
roaming with wireless local area networks, and may interact with digital video broadcasting
systems.
The 4G working group has defined the following as objectives of the 4G wireless communication
standard: * Flexible channel bandwidth, between 5 and 20
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48.
49. Architecture of Internet Routing and Addressing
Weinan's Part:
1. Basic concept
Internet Architecture Board (IAB) at the 2006 Symposium October interested to re– design a
scalable routing and addressing architecture routing and addressing for the Internet. Many concerns
were raised in the discussion, including today's routing system scalability and impending IPv4
address exhaustion problem. Since the IAB that seminars, a number of proposals to try to resolve
these issues in workshops and other forums. [4]All these proposals are based on a common
philosophy: separation equipment positioning and identity while addressing as the Internet, it is
usually called "Loc / ID split".
This article will focus on achieving an agreement that addressing method: positioning and identity
separate protocol (LISP). Location identity separation (Loc / ID split) is now the basic idea behind
the architecture of Internet routing and addressing mixed into two functions: addressing a single IP
address space, the route positioning (RLOCs) describes a device is how dependent on the network,
the end of the identification (EIDs) defines the device is "Who." Loc / ID Separation supporters
justify that if there is no mandatory restrictions on the use of terminal system addresses, this
"overload" addressing method in practice is impossible to establish an efficient routing system. Use
a different address spaces to separate these two functions (EIDs and RLOCs) to generate a lot of
advantages, including greater RLOCs by aggregating improved routing
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50.
51. IPAddress Essay
As stated by the website howstuffworks.com (What is an IP address?), 'An IP address is assigned to
every device connected to the Internet. This is a 32 bit protocol, as it consists of 4 binary octets'.
However they are usually written in decimal form for ease of use. The maximum decimal number
allowed by one octet is 255 (or 11111111 in binary). The total number of unique possibilities of 4
octets would therefore be 256^4, roughly 4.3 billion addresses.
Demand for IP addresses is increasing due to reasons such as low cost computers, advancement in
technology, and improvements in accessibility. Personal computers have been subject to a dramatic
decrease in price over the last 10 years, allowing them to be bought by more households – 70% ...
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The 'dot com bubble' also saw a rapid uproar in the number of web based companies, such as
Amazon and eBay. Much smaller businesses have also adapted to the Internet and are making use of
its low cost. Also, due to the low cost and minimal knowledge require to run and maintain a website,
thanks to Content Management Systems and website creation software, many personal websites, to
do with hobbies, interests and experiences are also present on the Internet.
Due to all these factors, the number of devices connected to the Internet has increased, therefore the
number of available IP addresses has decreased, leading to the situation that IP addresses will run
out by 2011.
A possible solution to this problem would be for devices to share IP addresses. This can be done by
using NAT (Network Address Translation). NAT sends and receives data back and forth between the
computer and the Internet. Multiple computers can use the same NAT, and to the Internet, it will
seem as though the data is all coming from one computer, rather than several computers. A
particular use of NAT is in routers and modems for home networks. These allow many computers to
connect to a LAN (Local Area Network) with their own private IP addresses, but they are all
connected to the Internet with a single IP address.
The following diagram shows this implementation of NAT.
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52.
53. NT1210 Final Exam Review Essay
NT1210 Quiz 1
1. How many bits are in a byte?
A. 8
B. 4
C. 2
D. 1
2. Electronic devices today use what numbering system?
A. Decimal
B. Octal
C. Binary
D. Electronic
3. Convert this decimal number to binary: 97
A. 01100001
B. 01100000
C. 10000001
D. 10010001
4. Convert this binary number to decimal: 00010000
A. 32
B. 24
C. 12
D. 16
5. Unlike earlier telecom networks, most modern networks are _____ end–to–end.
A. cellular
B. analog
C. data
D. digital
6. What is the typical network setup used to access a Web page?
A. Client–browser
B. Server–browser
C. Client–server
D. Browser–protocol
7. What is the piece of hardware that allows a device to physically access a network?
A. A client program
B. A server ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
54. D. Routers are Layer 2 devices, so they can connect to LANs but not WANs.
10. What is CSMA/CA used for on wireless LANs?
A. Avoidance of signal attenuation
B. Avoidance of RFI interference
C. Avoidance of data frame collisions
D. Avoidance of signal cancellation
11. If you wanted to find out if you could reach a printer on the network, which command would
you use?
A. arp
B. ping
C. icmp
D. netstat
12. Which of the following devices is typically found near the Internet edge and offers security
services for the network?
A. Access point
B. CSU/DSU
C. Analog modem
D. Firewall
13. Which of the following is a private IP network?
A. 1.0.0.0
B. 192.168.68.0
C. 172.1.0.0
D. 200.1.1.0
14. Which of the following is a reason why CIDR and NAT were developed?
A. IPv4 to IPv6 translation
B. IPv4 address exhaustion
C. Name–to–IP translation
D. Routing congestion
15. What networking concept does the graphic illustrate?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Internet edge
Internet core
Internet dependencies
Internet mesh
NT1210 Midterm
1. The first communication network developed was the ______ network.
A. data
B. telecommunication
C. email
55. D. Internet
2. Enterprise networks typically use LAN _____ at each site to connect devices using some type of
media.
A. switches
B. routers
C. servers
D. clients
3. What is the IEEE group of standards that define wireless LANs?
A. 802.3
B. 802.11
C. 802.15
D. 802.16
4. To
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56.
57. Ipv4 Ipv6 : Ipv6 For The Reason Of Ipv4 Address Exhaustion
IPv6 is developed to replace IPv4 for the reason of IPv4 address exhaustion. Since there is a total of
32 bits in an IPv4 address, it only allows 4 billion unique addresses. On the other hand, the world
population has already reached 7 billion in 2011. Ipv4 address space is not enough for everyone in
the world to have one unique IP address, let alone each person has more than one devices currently,
such as mobile phones, computers, tablets, GPS, and etc. In Ipv6, the address space has been
expanded to 128 bits, allowing 340 trillion trillion trillion unique addresses, which solves the limited
address space problem. The reason that the new generation of Internet protocol is named as Ipv6
instead of Ipv5 is that Ipv5 has already been defined ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, upgrading Ipv4 devices to Ipv6 devices is costly. Without the general customer demand of
Ipv6, the Internet service providers will not invest money in Ipv6 development and implementation.
The reminder of the paper is organized as follows. In section Ⅱ, the format of Ipv6 address and its
packet header are introduced. In section Ⅲ, a comparison between Ipv6 and Ipv4 is conducted from
multiple aspects. In section Ⅳ, the challenge of current Ipv6 development and installing is
described.
II. BACKGROUND
A. IPv6 address structure
IPv6 address space is composed of 128 bits IP addresses. A typical IPv6 address can be broken
down into 8 groups of 16 bits each, separated by colons, written in hex decimal numbers. Figure 1
shows an example of a Ipv6 address. For simplicity, two continuous colons can be used to replace
the zero block in between, which can only be adopted once in one Ipv6 address. Also, the leading
zeros can be omitted without introducing any confusion.
B. IPv6 address scope
According to the scope of addresses, Ipv6 addresses are classified into two types, global IPv6
addresses and link local addresses. The global address is unique and reachable all over the Internet,
similar to the public address in Ipv4. The link local address is not routable and only used in the local
network, set by default when Ipv6 function is enabled, similar to the MAC address in Ipv4. It always
starts with FF80, followed by 48–bit
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58.
59. Nt1310 Unit 5 Research Paper
The following are the top 10 types of packets: IPv4: Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) IPv4 is a
connectionless protocol for use on packet–switched networks. It is the fourth version of the Internet
Protocol (IP), that is one of the core protocols of standards–based internetworking methods in the
Internet. It was the first version deployed for production in the ARPANET in 1983. It still used to
routing most Internet traffic today, eventhough we have the next version of it,IPv6. It is operating on
best effort delivery model, i.e. it does not guarantee delivery, nor does it assure proper sequencing or
avoidance of duplicate delivery. These aspects, including data integrity, are addressed by an upper
layer transport protocol, such as the Transmission ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
UDP: The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is defined for use with IP network layer protocol in the
transport layer protocol. It provides a best–effort datagram service to an End System (IP host). It
uses a simple connectionless transmission model with a minimum of protocol mechanism. It uses no
handshaking dialogues, and thus the user's program is exposed to any unreliability of the underlying
network protocol. There is no guarantee of delivery, ordering, or duplicate protection. UDP provides
checksums for data integrity, and port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and
destination of the datagram. HTTP The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application
protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems.[1] HTTP is the foundation
of data communication for the World Wide Web. Hypertext is structured text that uses logical links
(hyperlinks) between nodes containing text. HTTP is the protocol to exchange or transfer
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60.
61. Compages And Disadvantages Of Internet Protocol Version 4...
Nowadays Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPV6) over Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPV4) tunnels are
widely used to form the global Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPV6) Internet. Internet Protocol (IP) is
the common language of the Internet. Every device connected to the Internet must support the IP.
The current version of Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) has several limitations that present a
barrier to the further development of the Internet. Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPV6) is the new
generation IP of the Internet. It is now gaining momentum as an improved network layer protocol.
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPV6) revolution should remove the barriers and provide a better
feature for the future of global networking. This study conducts a study on Internet Protocol Version
4 (IPV4) and Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPV6) . This paper demonstrates the two tunnels and show
when to immigrate from Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPV4) to Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPV6).
Then the risks of immigration are discussed. Internet Protocol (IP) is the common language of the
Internet.
KEY WORDS: Internet, Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPV4), Internet Protocol
Version 6 (IPV6)
1. INTRODUCTION
TCP/IP protocol route messages based on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most problem is limited of address space because of IPv4 based on a 32–bit Internet address (J.
Govil, 2007). The solution is for IPv6 to accommodate this increased demand by providing a much
larger address space, along with better traffic routing and improved security. IPv6 is advancement
from IPv4. It was designed to build on the current features of IPv4 with an addition of enhanced
capabilities. IPv6 takes the best of what made IPv4 successful and gets rid of minor imperfections
and unused features. IPv6 has 128–bit address space or 4 times more address bits compared to IPv4.
So, there are more than enough IPv6 addresses to keep the Internet operational for a
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