The skin is the largest organ of the human body and serves as a protective barrier between the internal organs and the external environment. It is a complex and dynamic organ with various functions, including protection, sensation, regulation of temperature, and synthesis of vitamin D. Maintaining skin health is essential for overall well-being, and proper skincare practices, protection from UV radiation, and early detection of skin conditions contribute to skin health.
Chap 3 - Integumentary System radio imaging technologyFurqanAli768765
The integumentary system consists of the skin and its accessory structures. The skin is composed of three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis provides a protective barrier against pathogens. The dermis contains hair follicles, sweat and oil glands, nerves, and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made of adipose and connective tissue. Accessory structures include hair, nails, sweat and oil glands. The skin protects the body, regulates temperature, and synthesizes vitamin D. Diseases can affect the skin like burns, skin cancer, psoriasis, and vitiligo.
The anatomy of the skin consists of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous fat. The epidermis contains five layers and produces keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells and Langerhans cells. The dermis lies underneath and contains collagen, elastin and ground substance. It is divided into the papillary and reticular layers. Skin appendages include hair follicles, sebaceous and eccrine glands. The skin has blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and muscles like the arrector pili. Skin thickness and structure varies in different areas and changes with ageing.
13 Surgical Infections of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues.pptxMarven Bretherton
The document provides information on surgical infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. It begins with an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the skin, including its three layers - epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. It then discusses inflammation, its signs and natural history. Several specific surgical skin infections are covered, including abscesses, furuncles, carbuncles, cellulitis, erysipelas, pyomyositis, gas gangrene, necrotizing fasciitis and sepsis.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It has three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. The dermis lies underneath and is made of connective tissue. It contains two layers, papillary and reticular. The deepest layer, the subcutaneous tissue, attaches the skin to underlying structures. The skin contains glands like sweat and sebaceous glands. Hair, nails, and wound healing were also discussed. Aging causes the skin to wrinkle,
The document provides an overview of the integumentary system, including its structure, functions, and clinical applications. It describes the layers of the skin, hair and nails, and discusses pigmentation. Conditions like infections, tumors, injuries, and disorders are explained. Careers like dermatology are also mentioned. Medical procedures for the skin like grafts, artificial skin, and transdermal medications are highlighted.
The document discusses the integumentary system, specifically focusing on the skin and its structures and functions. It describes the skin as comprising two main layers - the outer epidermis and inner dermis. The epidermis contains keratin and has no direct blood supply, while the dermis contains blood vessels, fibers, and nerve endings. The document also discusses sweat glands that release sweat to regulate temperature, sebaceous glands that produce sebum, hair follicles, melanocytes that produce pigment, and keratinocytes that form the outer protective layer and produce keratin. Vitamin D is also synthesized in the skin when exposed to sunlight.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the integumentary system. It discusses the three layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue - and describes their composition and functions. Key points covered include the structure and cellular makeup of the epidermis, roles of melanocytes and keratinocytes, structure of hair follicles and nails, and glands of the skin. The functions of the skin in protection, sensation, fluid balance, and temperature regulation are also summarized.
Chap 3 - Integumentary System radio imaging technologyFurqanAli768765
The integumentary system consists of the skin and its accessory structures. The skin is composed of three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis provides a protective barrier against pathogens. The dermis contains hair follicles, sweat and oil glands, nerves, and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made of adipose and connective tissue. Accessory structures include hair, nails, sweat and oil glands. The skin protects the body, regulates temperature, and synthesizes vitamin D. Diseases can affect the skin like burns, skin cancer, psoriasis, and vitiligo.
The anatomy of the skin consists of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous fat. The epidermis contains five layers and produces keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells and Langerhans cells. The dermis lies underneath and contains collagen, elastin and ground substance. It is divided into the papillary and reticular layers. Skin appendages include hair follicles, sebaceous and eccrine glands. The skin has blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and muscles like the arrector pili. Skin thickness and structure varies in different areas and changes with ageing.
13 Surgical Infections of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissues.pptxMarven Bretherton
The document provides information on surgical infections of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. It begins with an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the skin, including its three layers - epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. It then discusses inflammation, its signs and natural history. Several specific surgical skin infections are covered, including abscesses, furuncles, carbuncles, cellulitis, erysipelas, pyomyositis, gas gangrene, necrotizing fasciitis and sepsis.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It has three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. The dermis lies underneath and is made of connective tissue. It contains two layers, papillary and reticular. The deepest layer, the subcutaneous tissue, attaches the skin to underlying structures. The skin contains glands like sweat and sebaceous glands. Hair, nails, and wound healing were also discussed. Aging causes the skin to wrinkle,
The document provides an overview of the integumentary system, including its structure, functions, and clinical applications. It describes the layers of the skin, hair and nails, and discusses pigmentation. Conditions like infections, tumors, injuries, and disorders are explained. Careers like dermatology are also mentioned. Medical procedures for the skin like grafts, artificial skin, and transdermal medications are highlighted.
The document discusses the integumentary system, specifically focusing on the skin and its structures and functions. It describes the skin as comprising two main layers - the outer epidermis and inner dermis. The epidermis contains keratin and has no direct blood supply, while the dermis contains blood vessels, fibers, and nerve endings. The document also discusses sweat glands that release sweat to regulate temperature, sebaceous glands that produce sebum, hair follicles, melanocytes that produce pigment, and keratinocytes that form the outer protective layer and produce keratin. Vitamin D is also synthesized in the skin when exposed to sunlight.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the integumentary system. It discusses the three layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue - and describes their composition and functions. Key points covered include the structure and cellular makeup of the epidermis, roles of melanocytes and keratinocytes, structure of hair follicles and nails, and glands of the skin. The functions of the skin in protection, sensation, fluid balance, and temperature regulation are also summarized.
The document provides information on the integumentary system, skeletal system, and joints. It includes sections on the structure and functions of skin, as well as the structure of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, and types of bones. Key points covered are the layers of the skin (epidermis and dermis), structures in the skin (sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands), functions of skin (protection, temperature regulation, sensation), and divisions of the skeletal system into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
This document discusses the layers of skin, its functions, and appendages. It defines fascia as the deep connective tissue layer beneath the skin, and differentiates between superficial and deep fascia. Superficial fascia is a loose layer of adipose and connective tissue that connects the skin to underlying structures. Deep fascia is a dense layer of collagen that forms membranes and sheaths around muscles.
This document provides an overview of integumentary (skin) disorders. It begins with an introduction to the skin's anatomy and functions. The three layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue - are then described in detail. The document discusses the skin's role in protection, sensation, and fluid balance regulation. Specific cell types, glands, hair, and nails are also examined. A variety of bacterial, viral, and inflammatory skin conditions are listed for further discussion.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the integumentary system. It describes the three layers of the skin - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. The epidermis is made up of keratinocytes and melanocytes. The dermis contains collagen, fibroblasts and appendages. Skin appendages include hair, nails and glands. Physical examination of the skin involves inspection, palpation and examination of primary and secondary lesions.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. The skin is the largest organ of the body and has several key functions, including protection, temperature regulation, sensation, and excretion. It is composed of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Langerhans cells. Sweat and sebaceous glands are located within the dermis and produce sweat or sebum. Hair follicles also reside in the dermis and each hair is made of a shaft, root, and bulb. Nails cover the tips of fingers and toes and
This document summarizes the anatomy and functions of human skin. It discusses the three layers of skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes and Langerhans cells. The dermis contains hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands. Skin has several important functions like protection, sensation, fluid balance and heat regulation. Assessment of skin conditions involves taking a health history and physically examining the skin.
The skin : هذا العرض يتحدث عن الجلد الذي يعتبر اكبر عضو بالجسم وشرح الطبقاة المكونة للجلد :
------------------------------------------
https://t.me/GoldenAlzaidy
------------------------------------------------------
youtube::: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Orumw-PyNjw
Skin has two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and prevents water loss. Its layers include the stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum basale. The dermis contains collagen, elastic and reticular fibers that give skin strength and elasticity. It has two layers - papillary and reticular. Sweat glands and hair follicles are found in the dermis. Sweating is important for thermoregulation as sweat evaporates and cools the body. Eccrine sweat glands cover most of the body while apocrine glands are in armpits and genital regions.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, protecting underlying tissues and regulating temperature. It consists of three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. The dermis contains hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, nerves, and blood vessels. The skin protects the body, regulates temperature, and produces vitamin D. Skin disorders include acne, psoriasis, skin cancer, and infections.
1. Introduction to dermatology Year 5.2023.pptxDakaneMaalim
This document provides an introduction to dermatology, covering the structure and functions of the skin, its derivatives like hair and nails, and common terminology used to describe skin lesions. The skin consists of three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. It has structures like hair follicles, sebaceous glands, eccrine and apocrine sweat glands. The skin acts as a barrier, regulates temperature, has sensory functions, and plays a role in vitamin D production and immunity. Common skin conditions are described.
The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin composed of keratinocytes and other cell types. It forms a protective barrier against pathogens and regulates water loss. The epidermis consists of several layers - the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum. The dermis lies beneath the epidermis and contains structures like hair follicles, sweat and oil glands, blood vessels, nerves. The hypodermis is the lowest layer and stores fat. Together these layers comprise the integumentary system which acts as a protective barrier for the body.
The integumentary system consists of the skin and its accessory structures. The skin is made up of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer and provides protection from pathogens and environmental damage. Below the epidermis is the dermis, which contains blood vessels, hair follicles and glands. The deepest layer is the hypodermis, comprising connective tissue and fat. In addition to protection, the skin regulates temperature and synthesizes vitamin D. Accessory structures include hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands. Skin disorders include wounds, burns and skin cancers like basal cell carcinoma and melanoma.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, sweat glands and oil glands. The skin has two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and provides protective, regulatory and sensory functions. It consists of several layers of keratinocytes. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains connective tissue, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands. Skin appendages like hair, nails, sweat and oil glands develop from the epidermis. The skin regulates body temperature, protects from damage and pathogens, and detects sensations like touch and pressure.
Dermatology, Lecture Notes on some Common & Serious Skin & Venereal Diseases.pdfMohammad455814
This document provides an overview of dermatology and common skin diseases. It begins with an introduction to dermatology and the anatomy and physiology of the skin. It then discusses common dermatological lesions and classifications of skin diseases. Specific conditions covered include ichthyosis, naevi, bacterial infections, viral infections, fungal infections, scabies, tuberculosis of the skin, leprosy, seborrheic dermatitis, acne, urticaria, eczema, psoriasis, and various forms of cancerous and precancerous skin lesions. Treatment approaches are also summarized.
The skin is the largest organ of the body that protects us from damage and regulates body temperature. It is made up of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer and contains keratinocytes that produce keratin, while the dermis lies underneath and contains structures like hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
The document provides an overview of the integumentary system, including the structure and function of the skin and its accessory structures. It describes the three main layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer - and their cellular composition. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells. The dermis lies underneath and contains collagen, elastic fibers and structures like hair follicles and sweat glands. The subcutaneous layer attaches the skin to underlying tissues. Accessory structures include hair, nails and various glands. The document also discusses skin color, wound healing, development and aging of the integumentary system.
The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands. The skin is the largest organ of the body and has two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. It has multiple layers that produce keratin to protect the body. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains collagen, elastic fibers, and structures like hair follicles and sweat and oil glands. The skin regulates body temperature, protects the body, and has sensory functions.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the integumentary system. It describes the three main layers of the skin - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis/subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made of four layers and contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells. The dermis lies underneath and contains connective tissue, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands. The hypodermis connects the skin to underlying muscles and tissue. Accessory structures include hair and nails. The skin functions to regulate temperature, protect the body, and sense touch. It interacts with many other body systems.
Skin is the largest organ of the body, covering a surface area of about 1.5-2m2. It has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is avascular and provides a protective barrier, while the dermis contains blood vessels, hair follicles, and glands. The hypodermis connects the skin to underlying muscles and stores fat. Skin regulates temperature, protects the body, and enables sensation. Common skin diseases include acne, athlete's foot, dermatitis, psoriasis, and various forms of skin cancer caused by sun exposure.
RESEARCH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 01 Modified cuckoo search algorithm in micro...AHMED ASHOUR
Microscopic image analysis is one of the challenging tasks due to the presence of weak correlation and different segments of interest that may lead to ambiguity. It is also valuable in foremost mead- ows of technology and medicine. Identification and counting of cells play a vital role in features extraction to diagnose particular diseases precisely. Different segments should be identified accu- rately in order to identify and to count cells in a microscope image. Consequently, in the current work, a novel method for cell segmentation and identification has been proposed that incorpo- rated marking cells. Thus, a novel method based on cuckoo search after pre-processing step is employed. The method is developed and evaluated on light microscope images of rats’ hippocam- pus which used as a sample for the brain cells. The proposed method can be applied on the color images directly. The proposed approach incorporates the McCulloch’s method for levy flight pro- duction in cuckoo search (CS) algorithm. Several objective functions, namely Otsu’s method, Kapur entropy and Tsallis entropy are used for segmentation. In the cuckoo search process, the Otsu’s between class variance, Kapur’s entropy and Tsallis entropy are employed as the objective func- tions to be optimized. Experimental results are validated by different metrics, namely the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), mean square error, feature similarity index and CPU running time for all the test cases. The experimental results established that the Kapur’s entropy segmentation method based on the modified CS required the least computational time compared to Otsu’s between-class variance segmentation method and the Tsallis entropy segmentation method. Nevertheless, Tsallis entropy method with optimized multi-threshold levels achieved superior per- formance compared to the other two segmentation methods in terms of the PSNR.
RESEARCH HEART 03 Cardiac and Hepatic miRNAs Altered Expression in Rat Embryo...AHMED ASHOUR
Introduction: Plastic compound are widely used in modern life. Bisphenol-A is an essential component in high quality plastic containers such as bottles and food boxes. Beside its hormonal agonist and antagonist effects, Food and drug administration (FDA) had reported it is transmitted from mother to fetus through placental circulation causing mi-RNAs mutation. mi-RNAs regulate cellular morphology and functions through its essential role in genetic expression. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of exposure of BPA on maternal [placenta, body weight & blood pressure] and fetal [liver, heart & miRNAs expression] and the impact of miRNAs expression disorders on multiorgan development, namely cardiac and hepatic development.
Materials and Methods: 60 healthy pregnant females’ rats were picked up since day one of gestation and divided into three groups (n=20). (c) control group gained access to drinking water containing only the vehicle (tween-80) 0.1/ml for three weeks.(10-BPA) group, gained access to drinking water containing 10 mg/L of BPA for three weeks.(20-BPA) group, gained access to drinking water containing 20 mg/L of BPA for three weeks. Placenta, liver and heart samples were collected and histopathological changes were recorded and mi-RNAs expression was investigated. Results: Histopathological changes were noticed in BPA related groups if compared to control group. mi-RNAs expression was found in same groups with variable extent. A significant increase was noticed in body weight and blood pressure of pregnant rats.
Contenu connexe
Similaire à USMLE MSK L021 Skin anatomy and histology medical.pdf
The document provides information on the integumentary system, skeletal system, and joints. It includes sections on the structure and functions of skin, as well as the structure of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, and types of bones. Key points covered are the layers of the skin (epidermis and dermis), structures in the skin (sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands), functions of skin (protection, temperature regulation, sensation), and divisions of the skeletal system into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
This document discusses the layers of skin, its functions, and appendages. It defines fascia as the deep connective tissue layer beneath the skin, and differentiates between superficial and deep fascia. Superficial fascia is a loose layer of adipose and connective tissue that connects the skin to underlying structures. Deep fascia is a dense layer of collagen that forms membranes and sheaths around muscles.
This document provides an overview of integumentary (skin) disorders. It begins with an introduction to the skin's anatomy and functions. The three layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue - are then described in detail. The document discusses the skin's role in protection, sensation, and fluid balance regulation. Specific cell types, glands, hair, and nails are also examined. A variety of bacterial, viral, and inflammatory skin conditions are listed for further discussion.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the integumentary system. It describes the three layers of the skin - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. The epidermis is made up of keratinocytes and melanocytes. The dermis contains collagen, fibroblasts and appendages. Skin appendages include hair, nails and glands. Physical examination of the skin involves inspection, palpation and examination of primary and secondary lesions.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. The skin is the largest organ of the body and has several key functions, including protection, temperature regulation, sensation, and excretion. It is composed of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Langerhans cells. Sweat and sebaceous glands are located within the dermis and produce sweat or sebum. Hair follicles also reside in the dermis and each hair is made of a shaft, root, and bulb. Nails cover the tips of fingers and toes and
This document summarizes the anatomy and functions of human skin. It discusses the three layers of skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes and Langerhans cells. The dermis contains hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands. Skin has several important functions like protection, sensation, fluid balance and heat regulation. Assessment of skin conditions involves taking a health history and physically examining the skin.
The skin : هذا العرض يتحدث عن الجلد الذي يعتبر اكبر عضو بالجسم وشرح الطبقاة المكونة للجلد :
------------------------------------------
https://t.me/GoldenAlzaidy
------------------------------------------------------
youtube::: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Orumw-PyNjw
Skin has two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and prevents water loss. Its layers include the stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum basale. The dermis contains collagen, elastic and reticular fibers that give skin strength and elasticity. It has two layers - papillary and reticular. Sweat glands and hair follicles are found in the dermis. Sweating is important for thermoregulation as sweat evaporates and cools the body. Eccrine sweat glands cover most of the body while apocrine glands are in armpits and genital regions.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, protecting underlying tissues and regulating temperature. It consists of three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. The dermis contains hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, nerves, and blood vessels. The skin protects the body, regulates temperature, and produces vitamin D. Skin disorders include acne, psoriasis, skin cancer, and infections.
1. Introduction to dermatology Year 5.2023.pptxDakaneMaalim
This document provides an introduction to dermatology, covering the structure and functions of the skin, its derivatives like hair and nails, and common terminology used to describe skin lesions. The skin consists of three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. It has structures like hair follicles, sebaceous glands, eccrine and apocrine sweat glands. The skin acts as a barrier, regulates temperature, has sensory functions, and plays a role in vitamin D production and immunity. Common skin conditions are described.
The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin composed of keratinocytes and other cell types. It forms a protective barrier against pathogens and regulates water loss. The epidermis consists of several layers - the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum. The dermis lies beneath the epidermis and contains structures like hair follicles, sweat and oil glands, blood vessels, nerves. The hypodermis is the lowest layer and stores fat. Together these layers comprise the integumentary system which acts as a protective barrier for the body.
The integumentary system consists of the skin and its accessory structures. The skin is made up of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer and provides protection from pathogens and environmental damage. Below the epidermis is the dermis, which contains blood vessels, hair follicles and glands. The deepest layer is the hypodermis, comprising connective tissue and fat. In addition to protection, the skin regulates temperature and synthesizes vitamin D. Accessory structures include hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands. Skin disorders include wounds, burns and skin cancers like basal cell carcinoma and melanoma.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, sweat glands and oil glands. The skin has two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and provides protective, regulatory and sensory functions. It consists of several layers of keratinocytes. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains connective tissue, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands. Skin appendages like hair, nails, sweat and oil glands develop from the epidermis. The skin regulates body temperature, protects from damage and pathogens, and detects sensations like touch and pressure.
Dermatology, Lecture Notes on some Common & Serious Skin & Venereal Diseases.pdfMohammad455814
This document provides an overview of dermatology and common skin diseases. It begins with an introduction to dermatology and the anatomy and physiology of the skin. It then discusses common dermatological lesions and classifications of skin diseases. Specific conditions covered include ichthyosis, naevi, bacterial infections, viral infections, fungal infections, scabies, tuberculosis of the skin, leprosy, seborrheic dermatitis, acne, urticaria, eczema, psoriasis, and various forms of cancerous and precancerous skin lesions. Treatment approaches are also summarized.
The skin is the largest organ of the body that protects us from damage and regulates body temperature. It is made up of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer and contains keratinocytes that produce keratin, while the dermis lies underneath and contains structures like hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
The document provides an overview of the integumentary system, including the structure and function of the skin and its accessory structures. It describes the three main layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer - and their cellular composition. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells. The dermis lies underneath and contains collagen, elastic fibers and structures like hair follicles and sweat glands. The subcutaneous layer attaches the skin to underlying tissues. Accessory structures include hair, nails and various glands. The document also discusses skin color, wound healing, development and aging of the integumentary system.
The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands. The skin is the largest organ of the body and has two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. It has multiple layers that produce keratin to protect the body. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains collagen, elastic fibers, and structures like hair follicles and sweat and oil glands. The skin regulates body temperature, protects the body, and has sensory functions.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the integumentary system. It describes the three main layers of the skin - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis/subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made of four layers and contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells. The dermis lies underneath and contains connective tissue, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands. The hypodermis connects the skin to underlying muscles and tissue. Accessory structures include hair and nails. The skin functions to regulate temperature, protect the body, and sense touch. It interacts with many other body systems.
Skin is the largest organ of the body, covering a surface area of about 1.5-2m2. It has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is avascular and provides a protective barrier, while the dermis contains blood vessels, hair follicles, and glands. The hypodermis connects the skin to underlying muscles and stores fat. Skin regulates temperature, protects the body, and enables sensation. Common skin diseases include acne, athlete's foot, dermatitis, psoriasis, and various forms of skin cancer caused by sun exposure.
Similaire à USMLE MSK L021 Skin anatomy and histology medical.pdf (20)
RESEARCH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 01 Modified cuckoo search algorithm in micro...AHMED ASHOUR
Microscopic image analysis is one of the challenging tasks due to the presence of weak correlation and different segments of interest that may lead to ambiguity. It is also valuable in foremost mead- ows of technology and medicine. Identification and counting of cells play a vital role in features extraction to diagnose particular diseases precisely. Different segments should be identified accu- rately in order to identify and to count cells in a microscope image. Consequently, in the current work, a novel method for cell segmentation and identification has been proposed that incorpo- rated marking cells. Thus, a novel method based on cuckoo search after pre-processing step is employed. The method is developed and evaluated on light microscope images of rats’ hippocam- pus which used as a sample for the brain cells. The proposed method can be applied on the color images directly. The proposed approach incorporates the McCulloch’s method for levy flight pro- duction in cuckoo search (CS) algorithm. Several objective functions, namely Otsu’s method, Kapur entropy and Tsallis entropy are used for segmentation. In the cuckoo search process, the Otsu’s between class variance, Kapur’s entropy and Tsallis entropy are employed as the objective func- tions to be optimized. Experimental results are validated by different metrics, namely the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), mean square error, feature similarity index and CPU running time for all the test cases. The experimental results established that the Kapur’s entropy segmentation method based on the modified CS required the least computational time compared to Otsu’s between-class variance segmentation method and the Tsallis entropy segmentation method. Nevertheless, Tsallis entropy method with optimized multi-threshold levels achieved superior per- formance compared to the other two segmentation methods in terms of the PSNR.
RESEARCH HEART 03 Cardiac and Hepatic miRNAs Altered Expression in Rat Embryo...AHMED ASHOUR
Introduction: Plastic compound are widely used in modern life. Bisphenol-A is an essential component in high quality plastic containers such as bottles and food boxes. Beside its hormonal agonist and antagonist effects, Food and drug administration (FDA) had reported it is transmitted from mother to fetus through placental circulation causing mi-RNAs mutation. mi-RNAs regulate cellular morphology and functions through its essential role in genetic expression. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of exposure of BPA on maternal [placenta, body weight & blood pressure] and fetal [liver, heart & miRNAs expression] and the impact of miRNAs expression disorders on multiorgan development, namely cardiac and hepatic development.
Materials and Methods: 60 healthy pregnant females’ rats were picked up since day one of gestation and divided into three groups (n=20). (c) control group gained access to drinking water containing only the vehicle (tween-80) 0.1/ml for three weeks.(10-BPA) group, gained access to drinking water containing 10 mg/L of BPA for three weeks.(20-BPA) group, gained access to drinking water containing 20 mg/L of BPA for three weeks. Placenta, liver and heart samples were collected and histopathological changes were recorded and mi-RNAs expression was investigated. Results: Histopathological changes were noticed in BPA related groups if compared to control group. mi-RNAs expression was found in same groups with variable extent. A significant increase was noticed in body weight and blood pressure of pregnant rats.
RESEARCH TRACE ELEMENTS Morphological and molecular effects of trace metals o...AHMED ASHOUR
Trace metals are naturally materials found in water, earth crust and rocks, making the exposure rate to these metals is high affecting vital organs of the body. Diabetes is an endocrinal disease that can also affect many body organs by its oxidative stress like action. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of various trace metals on some parenchymatous organs in a diabetic and non-diabetic rat model. 120 Albino Wistar rats were used, and diabetes was induced in 60 rats. All rats were divided into twelve groups. All of them received trace metals for 4 weeks, except the control groups. At the end of the study, samples from blood (for biochemical analysis), heart, pancreas, liver, kidney and spleen (for histopathological and gene expression analysis) were collected.
RESEARCH MEDICAL EDU 03 A proposed curriculum of Professionalism and ethics f...AHMED ASHOUR
Abstract
Professionalism is a belief system about perfection in health care delivery while ethics is the study of moral decisions and
behaviours. In hidden curriculum, students learn by watching their instructors, but it leaves a lot to chance to grasp essence of
professionalism and ethics. This curriculum is introduced to empower hidden curriculum and to develop a professionally sound
graduate. The curriculum is divided into preclinical phase and clinical phase. Interactive lectures, case-based learning, self-
directed learning and video cases/clips are going to be used in curriculum delivery. Various assessment methods will be used,
either formative/internal assessment or summative assessment. With the course content, objectives, competencies, teaching
learning tools and assessment tools having been outlined in this document, it is presumed that medical colleges in Egypt under the
guidance of the regulatory body will find it much easier to introduce and implement professionalism and ethics module in
declared curriculum, and we will encounter more professional physicians who are ethically strong.
RESEARCH GENITAL 04 EFFECT OF CAMELLIA SINENSIS EXTRACT ON SPERMATIC VITALITY...AHMED ASHOUR
There are conflicting data regarding influence of Camellia sinensis, plant used in a
tea production, on male reproductive system. To address this issue, we investigated the
effect of green and white tea consumption on testicular tissue and parenchymal organs in
rats during 60 days. We report no negative effects of tea intake on liver and kidney.
Groups consuming tea showed a significant increase of sperm concentration and % of
sperm vitality. Total static sperms as compared to a control group was decreased.
Changes in other sperm vitality and motility parameters were non-significant. On the
histological level rats consuming green and white tea showed decrease of both
seminiferous tubules’ diameter and lining epithelial cells’ heights and an increase of
lining epithelial cells’ heights as compared to the control group. Current study results are
in accordance with the most recent studies and confirm that white and green tea
consumption ad libitum is safe and can have a beneficial effect on sperm parameters. The
molecular mechanisms of tea extract on semen and its potential therapeutic effect in
treatment of human infertility requires further investigation.
RESEARCH GIT 02 Impact of Aging and Dietary Habits on Pancreatic Islets of La...AHMED ASHOUR
Background: Ageing refers to a multidimensional process of physical, psychological, and social change. Fructose is widely used in foods and beverages because of its high relative sweetness. Soybean oil is one of the most widely consumed cooking oils; also, coconut is a part of the daily diets of many people.
Aim of Study: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the histological and immunohistochemical changes that may be induced by aging, high-fructose dietsand high-fat dietsin pancreatic Islets of Langerhans in albino rats.
Material and Methods: This study was conducted on 40 albino rats, divided into 4 groups. Group I or Control grou- preceived normal diet and were sacrificed by age of 2 months. Group II (aging group) that received a normal diet. Group III: That received normal diet in addition to fructose for one month. Group IV: That received normal diet in addition tococonut and soya bean oil dailyfor 1 month. Animals in group II, III and IV were sacrificed at the age of 12 months. After being sacrificed, their pancreases were extracted and prepared for light microscopic, electron microscopic and immunohistochemical studies.
Results: It was found that aging was associated with degenerative changes in the Islet cells of Langerhans of the pancreas in albino rats and these changes were aggravated by concomitant consumption of high fructose or high fat diets.
Conclusion: Diets rich in fructose and/or fats may exac- erbate aging-induced degenerative changes in the pancreatic Islet of Langerhans. Accordingly, it is recommended to keep consumption of fructose and fats at a reasonable level.
RESEARCH GIT 01 Potential effect of fish oil to preserve expression of cell c...AHMED ASHOUR
Di-isononyl phthalate (DIP) is considered a high molecular weight subtype of phthalates that are commonly used (to make plastics more durable) and could easily affect the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are the main active components of fish oil (FO), and their anti- inflammatory potential was previously documented. The current study was designed to investigate the protec- tive potential of fish oil against the impact of DIP exposure on the colon of albino Wistar rats. Sixty albino Wistar rats were divided into control group received corn oil for ten days. DIP treated group received DIP. Diisononyl phthalate + fish oil treated group received both DIP and FO three groups: the control group received corn oil for ten days, the DIP treated group received DIP, and the DIP + FO treated group received both DIP and FO.. FO was found to preserve the histological architecture, tight junction, and cell cycle of the colon. In conclusion, the current study provided an evidence that FO has a protective potential against DIP, and further examination are suggested to fully understand the molecular basis of this potential as a step for further clinical applications.
Key words: Di-isononyl phthalate; gastrointestinal tract; fish oil; tight junction; apoptosis.
RESEARCH LUNG 02 Incidence of Pulmonary Carcinogenic Changes After One Hundre...AHMED ASHOUR
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Quartz is one of the most well-known compounds in earth crust which could be inhaled causing silicosis which
is an occupational lung disease marked by pulmonary inflammation and scarring mainly in the upper lobes of the lungs.
Many researchers linked between chronic repetitive quartz exposure and pulmonary histopathological changes in the form of
hyperplasia and neoplastic lesions, but in our present study we aim to examine the carcinogenic effect of single exposure of
quartz in two years period.
Material and Methods: 80 Albino Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Q-60 and Q-100 groups received single dose
of quartz (5 mg) by intratracheal injection and sacrificed after 60 and 100 weeks of exposure respectively. S-60 and S-100
groups received intratracheal 0.2 ml saline injection and sacrificed after 60 and 100 weeks of exposure respectively. Lungs
were collected for histopathological and immunohistochemical studies.
Results: Lung tissue of Q60 and Q100 showed inflammatory cells infiltrations, pulmonary edema and pulmonary fibrosis.
Pulmonary edema and fibrosis are significantly apparent in Q60 than in Q 100. Q60 and S60 groups showed inflammatory
cells infiltration but neither hyperplastic nor neoplastic changes were detected. Q100 and S100 groups showed inflammatory
cells infiltration together with hyperplastic changes, adenoma, adenocarcinoma and papillomatous formation. Q100 group
showed higher incidence of adenoma and adenocarcinoma if compared to S100, inflammatory cells infiltration was positively
correlated with formation of hyperplastic and neoplastic changes. Examination of anti Napsin A and anti-CD-86 stained
sections showed negative reaction in S60 and S100 groups while reaction in Q60 and Q100 groups was significantly strong
positive.
Conclusion: Our study revealed that quartz can be detected in lung tissue after two years of this solitary exposure inducing
hyperplastic and precancerous lesions which could be reflected on quartz workers health.
RESEARCH LUNG 01 Potential of rosmarinic acid to ameliorate toxic effects of ...AHMED ASHOUR
Abstract
Malathion (MA) is a widely used pesticide in agriculture. It can cause toxicity in dif- ferent organs of the body. Rosmarinic acid (RO) is found in rosemary extract that can be absorbed through gastrointestinal tract mucosa with potent antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potential. The current study is designed to investigate the poten- tial of RO to protect the lung after MA administration. Forty albino rats were allo- cated equally to four groups. C-group received corn oil. RO-group received RO orally. MA-group received MA. MA-RO-group received RO in addition to MA. After three weeks the lungs were dissected for histopathological and biochemical investigations. MA-group showed manifestations of severe inflammation with inflammatory cells in- filtration in the lung. MA-RO-group showed limited inflammatory cell infiltration. C- group and RO-group appeared with weak anti-survivin immunoreactivity. MA-group showed strong positive immunoreactivity. The reactivity was weakly positive in MA- RO-group. MA-group showed a significant decrease in SP-D gene expression in com- parison to the C-group, in addition, MA-RO-group showed a significant increase in SP-D expression. In conclusion, the current study approves that oral administration of MA causes lung injury as it has inflammatory effects, caused by oxidative stress and reports the potential of RO to protect lung tissue against toxic effects of MA through its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic potential.
RESEARCH URINARY 02 Effect of Obesity on Albino Rat Kidney.pdfAHMED ASHOUR
Abstract
Background and study aim: Obesity and concomitant co-morbidities have emerged as public health problems of the first order. Obese individuals have an increased risk for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). The aim of this study is to study the metabolic and early renal histopathologic changes that are associated with obesity in experimental animals.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on sixty adult male albino rats; thirty with body weight ranging between 180-200 gm (control) beside thirty rates with body weight more than 250 gm. Control animals were fed a standard rat chow while obese rats were fed a semisynthetic diet enriched in sucrose. After 4 weeks, blood samples were collected to assess: Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Serum Insulin (SI), serum Total Lipid (TL), serum Triglyceride (TG), Total Cholesterol (TC), serum High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and serum Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL). Kidney tissue samples were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Anti-Collagen IV antibody then examined by light and electron Microscope.
Results: There was a significant increased Body Weight (BW) and kidneys weight of obese group. There was a significant increased of FBS (p 0.0001), SI (p 0.0001), TL (p 0.0001), TC (p 0.0001), TG (p 0.0001), and LDL (p 0.0043) with significant decreased of HDL (p 0.0133) in obese group. Serum creatinine was significantly increased in obese group with a significant positive correlation between it and BW, FBS, SI, and TG. Histological examination revealed moderately expanded Bowman’s capsule, wide renal tubules, a positive reaction for collagen IV, increased thickness of glomerular basement membrane, foot processes fusion and many vacuolation in the cells lining of proximal convoluted tubules of obese rats kidneys.
Conclusions: Obesity is associated with many metabolic abnormalities like insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, morphological and structural renal changes which may proceed to Glomerulosclrosis (GS) and CKD.
USMLE neuroanatomy neuroanatomy 019 CNS development .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The development of the CNS is a fascinating process that occurs during embryonic development and continues into early childhood.
Disruptions or abnormalities during this process can lead to a wide range of neurological disorders and developmental disabilities.
Understanding the mechanisms underlying CNS development is critical for advancing our knowledge of brain development and for developing new therapies for neurological disorders.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 020 Anatomical basis of delivery (Normal - C.S.).pdfAHMED ASHOUR
Normal vaginal labor refers to the process of childbirth where the baby is delivered through the vagina without the need for surgical intervention such as a cesarean section.
During normal vaginal labor, the cervix dilates and effaces, allowing the baby to pass through the birth canal.
Cesarean sections, often referred to as C- sections, are surgical procedures used to deliver a baby when vaginal delivery is not possible or not safe for the mother or the baby.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 019 Anatomical changes during pregnancy.pdfAHMED ASHOUR
Throughout the antenatal period, cervical examinations were complemented by assessments of cervical consistency, effacement, and fetal station to provide a comprehensive evaluation of cervical readiness for labor and delivery.
At 39 weeks gestation, the patient spontaneously entered labor, and cervical examination revealed complete effacement and dilation to 4 centimeters, consistent with active labor. The patient progressed through the stages of labor and delivered a healthy infant via uncomplicated vaginal delivery.
The adrenal glands are critical endocrine organs located on top of each kidney.
They play a vital role in producing hormones that regulate various physiological processes.
Surgical interventions related to the adrenal glands are often necessary to address conditions affecting their function.
USMLE ENDOCRINE 04 Mammary glands breast ANATOMY MEDICAL .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
Surgery plays a crucial role in the management of various breast conditions, including both benign and malignant disorders. Understanding the surgical options for breast conditions is essential for breast surgeons, oncologists, and other healthcare professionals involved in breast care.
The choice of surgery depends on the specific diagnosis, patient preferences, and the overall treatment plan.
Surgical interventions aim to address the underlying condition, restore aesthetics when relevant, and contribute to the overall well-being of individuals with breast-related health concerns.
The thyroid and parathyroid glands are crucial components of the endocrine system, and surgical interventions are often necessary to address various conditions affecting these glands. Understanding the surgical importance and anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands is essential for endocrine surgeons, otolaryngologists, and healthcare professionals involved in the management of thyroid and parathyroid disorders. Surgical interventions aim to restore hormonal balance, treat underlying conditions, and optimize patient outcomes.
USMLE ENDOCRINE 01 Pituitary pituitary gland, often referred to as the "maste...AHMED ASHOUR
The pituitary gland, often referred to as the "master gland," plays a crucial role in regulating various hormonal functions in the body.
Surgical interventions related to the pituitary gland are performed to address tumors, hormonal imbalances, and other conditions.
Understanding the surgical importance and anatomy of the pituitary gland is essential for neurosurgeons, endocrinologists, and healthcare professionals involved in the management of pituitary disorders.
USMLE REPRODUCTIVE 06 Development of female genital system.pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The development of the female genital system is a complex process involving the differentiation of structures that eventually form the reproductive and associated organs.
Understanding the embryonic development of the female genital system is crucial for surgeons, obstetricians, and gynecologists, especially in the context of congenital anomalies or surgical interventions.
he uterus and vagina are supported by various structures and connective tissues, and the integrity of these supporting factors is crucial for maintaining pelvic organ function and preventing conditions such as pelvic organ prolapse.
Understanding the anatomy and surgical importance of the supporting factors of the uterus and vagina is essential for gynecologists, urogynecologists, and pelvic reconstructive surgeons involved in the diagnosis and management of pelvic organ prolapse and related conditions.
USMLE REPRODUCTIVE 04 Female Reproductive System UTERUS VAGINA .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The surgical importance of the female reproductive system encompasses a wide range of procedures aimed at addressing various conditions related to reproductive health, gynecological disorders, fertility issues, and the management of reproductive cancers. Understanding the surgical importance of the female reproductive system is essential for gynecologists, reproductive endocrinologists, and pelvic surgeons.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
Hiranandani Hospital in Powai, Mumbai, is a premier healthcare institution that has been serving the community with exceptional medical care since its establishment. As a part of the renowned Hiranandani Group, the hospital is committed to delivering world-class healthcare services across a wide range of specialties, including kidney transplantation. With its state-of-the-art facilities, advanced medical technology, and a team of highly skilled healthcare professionals, Hiranandani Hospital has earned a reputation as a trusted name in the healthcare industry. The hospital's patient-centric approach, coupled with its focus on innovation and excellence, ensures that patients receive the highest standard of care in a compassionate and supportive environment.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Our backs are like superheroes, holding us up and helping us move around. But sometimes, even superheroes can get hurt. That’s where slip discs come in.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
3. 3
The skin is the largest organ of the
human body and serves as a
protective barrier between the
internal organs and the external
environment. It is a complex and
dynamic organ with various
functions, including protection,
sensation, regulation of temperature,
and synthesis of vitamin D.
Maintaining skin health is essential
for overall well-being, and proper
skincare practices, protection from
UV radiation, and early detection of
skin conditions contribute to skin
health.
4.
5. In average, the total surface area of
the skin for an adult is estimated to be
around 1 million square milli-meters
10. • It is avascular.
• Rich in nerve endings.
• It is Keratinized Stratified
Squamous Epithelium.
• Composed of 4 types of cells:
• Keratinocytes (85% of cells)
• Melanocytes
• Langerhans cells
• Merkel cells
11. • 1-Keratinocytes
üMost abundant population.
üUndergo a process of keratinization(accumulate keratin filaments until replace the
organelles → cells die)
18. On average, the process of skin
renewal takes about 28 days.
19. • 2-Melanocytes
ü Found in basal cell layer
ü The cell form melanin and transfer their
pigment into keratinocytes
20. It is estimated that the average person
has between 1,000 and 2,000
melanocytes per square millimeter of
skin
21. 21
Vitiligo
is a localized skin condition in which, over time, there is a loss of pigmentation.
Although the precise cause of vitiligo is unknown, it is an autoimmune disease that
results in the destruction of melanocytes and thus skin pigment.
22. 22
Albinism
is a genetic condition characterized by a generalized lack of melanin, the pigment
responsible for the color of the skin, hair, and eyes. People with albinism have little
to no melanin production, which can result in a range of physical characteristics and
health issues.
23. • 3-Merkel cells
ü Found in basal cell layer
ü sensory nerve fibers terminate as disc-
shaped expansions beneath Merkel’s cells.
24. • 4-Langerhan’s cells
ü Between cells in Stratum Spinosum
ü Star shaped with multiple processes
ü Antigen presenting cells
25. 25
Cutaneous burns
First-degree (or superficial) burns are
limited to epidermis, in which the skin
presents with erythema and may peel;
mild sunburn is a common example.
26. 26
Cutaneous burns
Second-degree (or partial-thickness)
burns, often caused by scalding, extend
into deep (reticular) dermis, leading to
inflammation, severe pain, and blister
formation.
27. 27
Cutaneous burns
More serious third-degree (or full-
thickness) burns extend through the
entire dermis that may reach deeper
subcutaneous layers. Because these burns
are so deep, they cause little or no pain
because of destruction of nerves.
28. The entire surface of skin is
replaced every month, which
put another way means
human body have about
1,000 different skins in life!
32. 32
Scleroderma
Of the many connective tissue
diseases that primarily target collagen
in the body, scleroderma (or systemic
sclerosis) is a chronic, degenerative
disorder that leads to overproduction of
collagen as a result of
an autoimmune dysfunction.
33. 33
Skin cancer
is the most common malignant
disease in North America. The three
major types are
• Basal cell carcinoma
• Squamous cell carcinoma (arise
from keratinocytes)
• Melanoma (originates from
melanocytes).
38. 38
• Definition:
exocrine glands found in the skin that produce sweat. Sweat is a watery fluid that
plays a crucial role in regulating body temperature and is composed primarily of
water, electrolytes, and small amounts of other substances.
Sweat glands
39. 39
Eccrine Sweat Glands:
• Distribution:
Distributed all over the body, with a higher concentration on
[palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and forehead].
40. 40
• Function:
The primary function of eccrine sweat
glands is thermoregulation. When the
body temperature rises due to factors
such as exercise, heat, or stress, eccrine
glands release sweat onto the skin
surface. As the sweat evaporates, it cools
the body.
41. 41
Apocrine Sweat Glands:
• Distribution:
Are found in areas with dense hair follicles, such as the
[armpits and genital region].
42. 42
• Function:
Apocrine glands produce a thicker, milky
secretion that contains proteins and
lipids. These glands become active
during puberty and are influenced by
hormonal changes.
44. 44
Sweat Composition:
Sweat is primarily composed of
water, electrolytes (such as sodium
and chloride), urea, and small
amounts of other substances.
The composition of sweat can vary,
and different types of sweat glands
may produce sweat with slightly
different compositions.
45. 45
Disorders related to sweat glands can include conditions like
Hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating)
Anhidrosis (lack of sweating)
Hyperhidrosis
Anhidrosis
46. 46
Are microscopic exocrine glands in the
skin that are responsible for producing
and secreting sebum, an oily substance
that lubricates and waterproofs the skin
and hair.
Sebaceous glands
47. 47
• Location:
Sebaceous glands are found
throughout the skin. Most numerous
on the face and scalp but are also
found on other parts of the body.
Sebaceous glands are found
throughout the skin, Except on the
palms of the hands and the soles of
the feet.
48. 48
Most sebaceous glands are associated
with hair follicles.
The ducts of the sebaceous glands
usually open into the hair follicles, and
sebum is released onto the hair shaft
and then onto the skin surface.
49. 49
• Function:
The primary function of sebaceous
glands is to produce sebum, an oily
substance, sebum [fats, cholesterol,
proteins, and electrolytes, triglycerides,
wax esters, squalene] which helps to
keep the skin and hair moisturized,
supple, and protected from
environmental factors.
50. 50
50
Acne
Sebaceous glands can be involved in the development
of acne.
Excessive sebum production, combined with the
shedding of skin cells and the presence of bacteria,
can lead to the formation of acne lesions.
51. 51
Holocrine Secretion:
Sebaceous glands use a holocrine mode of secretion.
This means that the entire cell, filled with sebum, disintegrates and releases its
contents into the duct. The disintegrated cell remnants, along with the sebum, form
the substance that is eventually released onto the skin.
52. 52
Nails
• Are hard, protective plates that cover the tips of fingers and toes in humans and
some other animals.
• They are composed of a protein called keratin, which is the same protein found
in the skin and hair.
53. 53
• Histological arrangement
A- Nail Plate:
This is the visible part of the nail. It is composed of tightly packed, dead,
keratinized cells.
B- Nail Bed:
The skin beneath the nail plate.
54. 54
C- Cuticle:
The thin layer of tissue that overlaps the
base of the nail plate and protects the
new nail as it grows.
D- Lunula:
The white, crescent-shaped area at the
base of the nail. It is a visible part of the
matrix, where new nail cells are formed.
55. 55
• Nail Growth:
Nails grow from the germinal matrix, the
base of the nail beneath the cuticle.
The rate of nail growth varies but is
generally about 3 mm per month.
56. 56
Nail Disorders
Fungal infections onychomycosis: Fungi, including
dermatophytes, yeasts, and molds, can invade the nail
bed and cause infection.
Ingrown nails: occur when the edges or corners of a
nail grow into the surrounding skin, leading to pain,
redness, swelling, and, in some cases, infection.
Psoriasis: Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune condition
characterized by inflammation and the rapid turnover of
skin cells. It involves the nails [nail psoriasis].
57. 57
Are small, tube-like structures in the skin that produce and
house hair.
They are found all over the body, except for areas like the
palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
Hair follicles
58. 58
• Histological arrangement
A- Hair Bulb:
The base of the hair follicle is called the hair bulb. This
is where the hair originates and where cells divide
rapidly, contributing to hair growth.
The hair bulb surrounds the papilla, a structure with
blood vessels that nourish the growing hair.
Hair Bulb
Papilla
59. 59
B- Hair Shaft:
The hair shaft is the visible part of the hair that extends
above the skin's surface.
It is composed of dead, keratinized cells that have been
pushed up through the hair follicle.
Hair Shaft
60. 60
C- Root:
The part of the hair below the skin surface is called the root.
It is embedded in the hair follicle.
Hair Shaft
Hair root
61. 61
D- Follicle Wall:
The hair follicle is surrounded by several layers of
tissue, forming the follicle wall.
These layers include the internal root sheath and
external root sheath
61
Hair Bulb
Papilla
Hai medulla
Internal root sheath
External root sheath.
62. 62
E- Arrector Pili Muscle:
Attached to the hair follicle is the arrector pili
muscle, a tiny muscle responsible for causing hair
to stand up when contracted.
This response is often triggered by cold or
emotional factors.
63. 63
• Location:
Associated with each hair follicle is a
sebaceous gland, which produces sebum,
an oily substance that helps keep the hair
and skin moisturized.
64. 64
• Hair Color:
The color of the hair is determined by pigment-producing cells called melanocytes,
which are located in the hair bulb. The type and amount of melanin produced
influence hair color.
69. 69
Q1 Which of the following is NOT considered an epidermal appendage?
Sweat gland
Hair
Hypodermis
Nails
70. 70
Q2 A 45-year-old patient presents with a newly discovered pigmented lesion on
their back. On examination, irregular borders and color variation are noted. The
patient reports a history of sun exposure during outdoor activities. A biopsy is
performed, revealing abnormal melanocytes. Further investigation reveals that these
melanocytes differentiate from which embryonic cell type?
A) Ectoderm
B) Mesoderm
C) Endoderm
D) Neural crest cells
E) Ectomesenchyme
71. 71
Q3 A 35-year-old female presents to the clinic with concerns about her skin texture
and thickness. Upon examination, the clinician observes that her skin has lost some
of its firmness and elasticity, particularly in the thighs and buttocks area. Further
assessment reveals a decrease in subcutaneous tissue in these regions. Which of the
following characteristics best describes the hypodermis, the layer primarily affected
in this condition?
A) Rich in nerve endings and sensory receptors
B) Abundant in sweat glands and hair follicles
C) High content of blood vessels and lymphatics
D) Predominantly composed of fibrous connective tissue and collagen
E) Dense with melanocytes and keratinocytes
72. 72
Q4 A 45-year-old male presents to the dermatology clinic with a complaint of
persistent dry, itchy skin. On examination, he has areas of erythema and scaling
distributed over his arms and legs. Upon further evaluation, a skin biopsy is
performed, revealing abnormalities in the epidermis. Which of the following
statements regarding the epidermis is correct?
A) The epidermis is highly vascular, allowing for efficient nutrient exchange.
B) It contains numerous blood vessels necessary for thermoregulation.
C) The epidermis is avascular, receiving its nutrients through diffusion from the
underlying dermis.
D) It lacks sensory nerve endings, contributing to its insensitivity to touch and pain.
73. 73
Q5 A dermatologist is examining a skin biopsy sample under the microscope. She
observes a layer of the epidermis that is actively involved in cell division and is
responsible for replenishing the outer layers of the skin. This layer, often referred to
as the site of skin renewal, is also known as the:
Answer Options:
A) Stratum corneum
B) Stratum granulosum
C) Stratum spinosum
D) Stratum germinativum
74. 74
Q6 All are true concerning stratum spinosum EXCEPT:
Present above the basal cell layer
Considered bags of keratin
Langerhans cells are present in this layer
Rich in desmosomes
75. 75
Q1 Hypodermis
Q2 Neural crest cells
Q3 High content of blood vessels and lymphatics
Q4 The epidermis is avascular, receiving its nutrients through diffusion from the
underlying dermis.
Q5 Stratum germinativum
Q6 Considered bags of keratin
76. List of Texts and Recommended Readings
• Last's Anatomy, Regional and Applied. Chummy S. Sinnatamby. 12th edition 2011, ISBN:13 - 978 0 7020 3394 0 (Available in ClinicalKey:
https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/browse/book/3-s2.0- C2009060533X)
• Estomih Mtui, Gregory Gruener and Peter Dockery. Fitzgerald's Clinical Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience. 7th edition; 2016, ISBN: 13 - 978-0-7020-
6727-3 (Available in ClinicalKey: https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/browse/book/3-s2.0- C20130134113
• Drake, Richard L. Gray's Anatomy for Students, Third Edition, Elsevier Saunders 2015. ISBN-13: 978-0702051319 (Available in ClinicalKey:
https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/browse/book/3- s2.0-C20110061707).
• Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy. F. Paulsen. Vol.1, 15th Edition; 2013, ISBN: 9780702052514 (Available in ClinicalKey:
https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/book/3- s2.0-B9780702052514500067)
• Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy. F. Paulsen. Vol.2, 15th Edition; 2013, ISBN:13 - 978-0-7020-5252-1 (Available in ClinicalKey:
https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/browse/book/3- s2.0-C20130046919)