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This document discusses different theories and types of corrosion. It begins by introducing corrosion as the formation of compounds on a metal's surface through chemical reaction with its environment. It then summarizes three main theories of corrosion: (1) the acid theory involving reaction with carbon dioxide, moisture and oxygen; (2) the chemical theory involving direct reaction with gases like oxygen; and (3) the electrochemical theory involving the formation of anodes and cathodes when a metal is in contact with a conducting liquid. The document goes on to describe eight common types of corrosion in more detail.
Gazéification par torches à plasma : Découvrez l'usine CHO-Power sur Ecotech21Stephane Parpinelli
CHO-Power est un nouveau concept de valorisation énergétique des déchets résiduels reposant sur le
procédé bien connu de la gazéification améliorée par les avancées technologiques récentes des
torches à plasma d'Europlasma.
This document discusses different theories and types of corrosion. It begins by introducing corrosion as the formation of compounds on a metal's surface through chemical reaction with its environment. It then summarizes three main theories of corrosion: (1) the acid theory involving reaction with carbon dioxide, moisture and oxygen; (2) the chemical theory involving direct reaction with gases like oxygen; and (3) the electrochemical theory involving the formation of anodes and cathodes when a metal is in contact with a conducting liquid. The document goes on to describe eight common types of corrosion in more detail.
The goal of this presentation is to broaden your knowledge of Python, exploring some concepts and techniques you might have never heard about. I won't go into too much detail, the goal is only to inspire you to research those features and patterns.
Amazon has used three digital engines to reshape and dominate retail: 1) No limits on inventory through limitless categories and third-party sellers, 2) Customer care on steroids through data-driven personalization and service, 3) High margins and lowest prices through optimized logistics and supply chain that maximize cash flow. These digital advantages have allowed Amazon to outperform competitors and achieve massive growth over its history.
Apple Study: 8 easy steps to beat Microsoft (and Google)Charles-Axel Dein
Apple has used 8 steps to beat competitors like Microsoft and Google:
1) Believe in simplicity through minimalist design.
2) Design a full integrated experience with their hardware, software, digital content and services.
3) Lock customers into their ecosystem through services like iTunes that encourage purchasing more Apple products.
4) Sell high-margin hardware products like the iPhone and iPad to generate most of their profits.
5) Cross-sell their various product lines to different customer segments through their appealing brand.
6) Balance control over their ecosystem with partnerships by allowing some third-party services and applications.
7) Think differently about the future of computing by pioneering new mobile devices and a more cloud
Google Chrome: Free Software as a launching platformCharles-Axel Dein
More information on http://d3in.org/en/pages/memoire
Google has chosen to release Chrome as Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) in order to achieve two goals.
Protect its businesses. FOSS is used to foster Chrome’s market penetration, which will in turn encourage the diffusion of innovation in the web value chain. It is in the firm’s interest to make the Internet grow: since it has been able to privatise the Internet, growth means increased audience, which will help Google sell advertisements (97% of its revenues) and gather information (via crowdsourcing and behavioural marketing).
Prepare an offensive in cloud computing. FOSS in Chrome shows that Google aims to be a leader in the cloud computing paradigm. It will be able to license its web-applications and diversify its revenues.
Chrome is FOSS because it will not generate value by itself. Its purpose is to serve as a launching platform for innovation in the Internet. These innovations will indirectly generate cash-flows.
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The document discusses thermoelectric cooling technology and its advantages over traditional cooling solutions. It describes how thermoelectric coolers can be used to efficiently cool hot spots like dual core CPUs. It also explains the Peltier effect that thermoelectric coolers rely on and provides details about a company called Nextreme that produces thermoelectric coolers and power generators for applications like lasers, LEDs, and healthcare.
The goal of this presentation is to broaden your knowledge of Python, exploring some concepts and techniques you might have never heard about. I won't go into too much detail, the goal is only to inspire you to research those features and patterns.
Amazon has used three digital engines to reshape and dominate retail: 1) No limits on inventory through limitless categories and third-party sellers, 2) Customer care on steroids through data-driven personalization and service, 3) High margins and lowest prices through optimized logistics and supply chain that maximize cash flow. These digital advantages have allowed Amazon to outperform competitors and achieve massive growth over its history.
Apple Study: 8 easy steps to beat Microsoft (and Google)Charles-Axel Dein
Apple has used 8 steps to beat competitors like Microsoft and Google:
1) Believe in simplicity through minimalist design.
2) Design a full integrated experience with their hardware, software, digital content and services.
3) Lock customers into their ecosystem through services like iTunes that encourage purchasing more Apple products.
4) Sell high-margin hardware products like the iPhone and iPad to generate most of their profits.
5) Cross-sell their various product lines to different customer segments through their appealing brand.
6) Balance control over their ecosystem with partnerships by allowing some third-party services and applications.
7) Think differently about the future of computing by pioneering new mobile devices and a more cloud
Google Chrome: Free Software as a launching platformCharles-Axel Dein
More information on http://d3in.org/en/pages/memoire
Google has chosen to release Chrome as Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) in order to achieve two goals.
Protect its businesses. FOSS is used to foster Chrome’s market penetration, which will in turn encourage the diffusion of innovation in the web value chain. It is in the firm’s interest to make the Internet grow: since it has been able to privatise the Internet, growth means increased audience, which will help Google sell advertisements (97% of its revenues) and gather information (via crowdsourcing and behavioural marketing).
Prepare an offensive in cloud computing. FOSS in Chrome shows that Google aims to be a leader in the cloud computing paradigm. It will be able to license its web-applications and diversify its revenues.
Chrome is FOSS because it will not generate value by itself. Its purpose is to serve as a launching platform for innovation in the Internet. These innovations will indirectly generate cash-flows.
Nextreme: a startup specialized in thermoelectric coolingCharles-Axel Dein
The document discusses thermoelectric cooling technology and its advantages over traditional cooling solutions. It describes how thermoelectric coolers can be used to efficiently cool hot spots like dual core CPUs. It also explains the Peltier effect that thermoelectric coolers rely on and provides details about a company called Nextreme that produces thermoelectric coolers and power generators for applications like lasers, LEDs, and healthcare.
Nextreme: a startup specialized in thermoelectric cooling
Le carburéacteur
1. Obtention du Jet A-1
Raffinage
Dessalage du pétrole brut : afin d’éviter l’empoisonnement des
catalyseurs
Colonne de distillation à pression atmosphérique : son
fonctionnement est basé sur les différences de température de
vaporisation des différents composants du pétrole brut. La coupe
150-225 °C contient le kérosène.
D’autres procédés existent, notamment le vapocraquage.
Élimination du souffre (responsable des pluies acides)
Premier procédé : l’hydrodésulfurisation, qui utilise de
l’hydrogène (très couteux). Pression : 20 atm (loi de modération
évitant le craquage des molécules), température : 350 °C, H2 en
excès pour augmenter le rendement.
Deuxième possibilité : le procédé Merox™, dont la partie la plus
importante est une réaction d’oxydation en milieu alcalin. Le souffre
est transformé en dissulfure S2, non corrosif. Avantage : économie,
car conditions de température et de pression normales, et coût de
la soude et de l’air bien moins important que l’hydrogène.
Additifs
Anti-oxydants, antistatiques, inhibiteur de corrosion, fuel system
icing inhibitor (FSII, exemple ci-contre), biocide
2. Caractéristiques du Jet A-1
Le kérosène contient 300 composés :
Majoritairement des alcanes linéaires (CnH2n+2 avec 8 ≤ n ≤ 18)
Alcanes ramifiés et cycliques
Entre 15 et 20 % d’espèces aromatiques
Moins de 3 % d’alcènes (CnH2n)
Caractéristique Indicateur Définition Jet A-1
Température de transition liquide-
Résistance au froid Point de congélation -47 °C
solide
T. à laquelle une substance
Sécurité Point éclair forme un mélange gazeux 38 °C
inflammable
Chaleur dégagée par la
Pouvoir calorifique
Énergie volumique combustion de carburant, où les 42,8 MJ/kg
inférieur
produits reviennent à 150 °C
À haute température, il se forme
Stabilité thermique Testée des dépôts (« cholestérol des Test standardisé
moteurs »)
3. Quelles sont les alternatives ?
Principe de fabrication Avantage Inconvénients
Gaz to liquid, coal to liquid, Très couteux, consomme
Carburant de synthèse Indépendance énergétique
biomass to liquid énormément d’énergie
Produits alimentaires (1e Concurrence avec la production
Biocarburants génération), plantes (2e), algues Production peu polluante alimentaire, moins performant
(3e) que le Jet A-1
Nécessite une architecture
Vaporeformarge du gaz naturel
Dihydrogène Combustion non polluante entièrement renouvelée, coûts
CH4 (notamment)
de production prohibitifs
Énergie (MJ/kg) 150
Énergie (MJ/L)
112,5
75
37,5
0
Source : Mike Farmery. Nouveaux carburants aviation. Shell
Jet A-1 Éthanol Kérosène GTL Hydrogène
Aviation, Septembre 2006.