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1. LESSON 4
TOPIC 1

2. LESSON
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the discussion,
the students shall be able to
determine the…

3. INTRODUCTION
 There are two fundamental conditions for a living entity:
i. Must be able to self replicate,
ii. Must be able to catalyze chemical reactions efficiently and
selectively.
*Enzymes help achieve these properties

15. Lactate dehydrogenase
(LDH) is an enzyme
found in nearly all living
organisms, including
humans. It plays a crucial
role in anaerobic
metabolism, specifically
in the conversion of
pyruvate to lactate. This
process occurs primarily
in the cytoplasm of cells,
particularly in muscle
cells during intense
physical activity when
oxygen availability is
limited.

16. Hexokinase is an enzyme
that catalyzes the
phosphorylation of
glucose to glucose-6-
phosphate, the first step
in the glycolysis
pathway. This enzyme is
essential for the
initiation of glucose
metabolism in cells. It
regulates glucose entry
into metabolic pathways,
and maintaining glucose
homeostasis within cells.

18. Examples of thermophilic enzymes include:
 Thermophilic DNA polymerases: These enzymes are used in PCR and other
DNA amplification techniques requiring high temperatures.
 Thermophilic proteases: Proteases derived from thermophilic organisms are
used in industrial processes such as food processing and detergent
manufacturing.
 Thermophilic lipases: Lipases from thermophilic organisms find applications in
biodiesel production and other industrial processes requiring high-
temperature enzymatic reactions.

21. SUMMARY

22. Thank you for listening!