With the sequencing of the human genome and the mapping of millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms, epidemiology has moved into the molecular domain. Scientists can now use molecular markers to track disease-associated genes in populations, enabling them to study complex chronic disease that ight result from the weak interactions of any genes with the environment.
Molecular Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases.pptxDipsikhaAryal
Molecular epidemiology refers to the incorporation of molecular and biological data into epidemiological research. It aims to open the "black box" between exposure and disease by examining intermediate events. This presentation discusses the concept of molecular epidemiology, its uses in studying disease causation and biomarkers. Special study designs like nested case-control are used. Molecular epidemiology can help public health by providing more accurate understanding of disease mechanisms for prevention recommendations. It represents an opportunity for interdisciplinary collaboration to better understand chronic diseases.
Molecular Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases.pptxDipsikhaAryal
Molecular epidemiology refers to the incorporation of molecular and biological data into epidemiological research. It aims to open the "black box" between exposure and disease by examining intermediate events. This presentation discusses the concept of molecular epidemiology, its uses in studying disease causation and biomarkers. Special study designs like nested case-control are used. Molecular epidemiology can help public health by providing more accurate understanding of disease mechanisms for prevention recommendations. It represents an opportunity for interdisciplinary collaboration to better understand chronic diseases.
This document provides an overview of molecular epidemiology, including definitions, applications, tools, and attributes. It defines molecular epidemiology as the combination of molecular biology and epidemiology to study disease distribution and determinants at the molecular level. The document outlines several molecular epidemiology techniques like fingerprinting pathogens using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing. It also discusses how molecular epidemiology can be used descriptively to examine disease distribution and analytically to evaluate associations with risk factors.
This document provides an overview of molecular epidemiology, including definitions, applications, tools, and attributes. It defines molecular epidemiology as the combination of molecular biology and epidemiology to study disease distribution and determinants at the molecular level. The document outlines several molecular epidemiology techniques like fingerprinting pathogens using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing. It also discusses how molecular epidemiology can be used descriptively to examine disease distribution and analytically to evaluate associations with risk factors.
Molecular Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases.pptxDipsikhaAryal
Molecular epidemiology refers to the incorporation of molecular and biological data into epidemiological research. It aims to open the "black box" between exposure and disease by examining intermediate events. This presentation discusses the concept of molecular epidemiology, its uses in studying disease causation and biomarkers. Special study designs like nested case-control are used. Molecular epidemiology can help public health by providing more accurate understanding of disease mechanisms for prevention recommendations. It represents an opportunity for interdisciplinary collaboration to better understand chronic diseases.
Molecular Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases.pptxDipsikhaAryal
Molecular epidemiology refers to the incorporation of molecular and biological data into epidemiological research. It aims to open the "black box" between exposure and disease by examining intermediate events. This presentation discusses the concept of molecular epidemiology, its uses in studying disease causation and biomarkers. Special study designs like nested case-control are used. Molecular epidemiology can help public health by providing more accurate understanding of disease mechanisms for prevention recommendations. It represents an opportunity for interdisciplinary collaboration to better understand chronic diseases.
This document provides an overview of molecular epidemiology, including definitions, applications, tools, and attributes. It defines molecular epidemiology as the combination of molecular biology and epidemiology to study disease distribution and determinants at the molecular level. The document outlines several molecular epidemiology techniques like fingerprinting pathogens using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing. It also discusses how molecular epidemiology can be used descriptively to examine disease distribution and analytically to evaluate associations with risk factors.
This document provides an overview of molecular epidemiology, including definitions, applications, tools, and attributes. It defines molecular epidemiology as the combination of molecular biology and epidemiology to study disease distribution and determinants at the molecular level. The document outlines several molecular epidemiology techniques like fingerprinting pathogens using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing. It also discusses how molecular epidemiology can be used descriptively to examine disease distribution and analytically to evaluate associations with risk factors.
Genomics is the study of genomes through recombinant DNA, sequencing, and bioinformatics. It focuses on analyzing genome structure and function at a large scale. Genomics studies entire genomes rather than individual genes. This involves sequencing DNA and RNA and using computational methods to analyze large amounts of genomic data beyond what the human mind can comprehend alone. Genomics aims to help understand human health and disease at a personal level to optimize healthcare.
This document provides an overview of pathogenomics and discusses several key areas:
1. It defines pathogenomics and describes how it utilizes genomics data to study infectious diseases.
2. Functional genomics and comparative genomics are applied to reveal pathogenesis genes and develop drugs, diagnostics and vaccines.
3. Identification of virulence factors in fungi and bacteria is discussed through direct sequence annotation and genome analysis.
4. Challenges include antibiotic resistance and potential misuse of information, while future trends involve in vivo expression analysis and reducing drug resistance.
Genomics is the study of genomes through recombinant DNA, sequencing, and bioinformatics. It focuses on analyzing genome structure and function at a large scale. Genomics studies entire genomes rather than individual genes. This involves sequencing DNA and RNA and using computational methods to analyze large amounts of genomic data beyond what the human mind can comprehend alone. Genomics aims to help understand human health and disease at a personal level to optimize healthcare.
This document provides an overview of pathogenomics and discusses several key areas:
1. It defines pathogenomics and describes how it utilizes genomics data to study infectious diseases.
2. Functional genomics and comparative genomics are applied to reveal pathogenesis genes and develop drugs, diagnostics and vaccines.
3. Identification of virulence factors in fungi and bacteria is discussed through direct sequence annotation and genome analysis.
4. Challenges include antibiotic resistance and potential misuse of information, while future trends involve in vivo expression analysis and reducing drug resistance.
Concept of clinical and genetic epidemiology and theirBikram Dhami
This document provides an overview of clinical epidemiology and genetic epidemiology. Clinical epidemiology is the science of making predictions about individual patients by studying groups of similar patients, and is used to aid clinical decision making. It focuses on applying epidemiological methods to assess screening, diagnosis, and treatment effectiveness. Genetic epidemiology studies the role of genetics in health and disease in families and populations, and the interaction between genetics and environment. Its goals are to discover genetic susceptibility and identify gene-environment interactions. Both fields are used for disease discovery, characterization, prevention and control.
Concept of clinical and genetic epidemiology and theirBikram Dhami
This document provides an overview of clinical epidemiology and genetic epidemiology. Clinical epidemiology is the science of making predictions about individual patients by studying groups of similar patients, and is used to aid clinical decision making. It focuses on applying epidemiological methods to assess screening, diagnosis, and treatment effectiveness. Genetic epidemiology studies the role of genetics in health and disease in families and populations, and the interaction between genetics and environment. Its goals are to discover genetic susceptibility and identify gene-environment interactions. Both fields are used for disease discovery, characterization, prevention and control.
The document discusses Mahtab Nourbakhsh's research project called "Antagonists of Protein-Protein Interactions" (APPI). The multidisciplinary project brings together translational genomics, molecular biology, and chemical biology. It aims to identify gene polymorphisms associated with diseases like end-stage renal disease and gastric cancer, characterize the functional impact of these polymorphisms, and develop cell-based assays and screens to identify compounds that target disease-causing protein-protein interactions. The project is conducted in collaboration with the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Translational Genomics Research Institute.
The document discusses Mahtab Nourbakhsh's research project called "Antagonists of Protein-Protein Interactions" (APPI). The multidisciplinary project brings together translational genomics, molecular biology, and chemical biology. It aims to identify gene polymorphisms associated with diseases like end-stage renal disease and gastric cancer, characterize the functional impact of these polymorphisms, and develop cell-based assays and screens to identify compounds that target disease-causing protein-protein interactions. The project is conducted in collaboration with the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Translational Genomics Research Institute.
The document discusses the epidemiology course which covers applying epidemiological procedures to understand occurrences and control of various health conditions. The course objectives are to provide mastery in various epidemiological assessment tools and research designs. It details the grading system, schedule, attendance policy and introduces concepts of epidemiology like descriptive epidemiology and epidemiology of infectious diseases.
The document discusses the epidemiology course which covers applying epidemiological procedures to understand occurrences and control of various health conditions. The course objectives are to provide mastery in various epidemiological assessment tools and research designs. It details the grading system, schedule, attendance policy and introduces concepts of epidemiology like descriptive epidemiology and epidemiology of infectious diseases.
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology. It begins with definitions of epidemiology as the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations. It then discusses the history of epidemiology from Hippocrates' observations to modern uses. The types of epidemiological studies covered are descriptive studies like cross-sectional and analytical studies like cohort and case-control studies. The aims and uses of epidemiology are also summarized, including describing disease problems, assessing population health, informing individual decisions, understanding disease natural history, identifying causes and risks, and planning/evaluating interventions.
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology. It begins with definitions of epidemiology as the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations. It then discusses the history of epidemiology from Hippocrates' observations to modern uses. The types of epidemiological studies covered are descriptive studies like cross-sectional and analytical studies like cohort and case-control studies. The aims and uses of epidemiology are also summarized, including describing disease problems, assessing population health, informing individual decisions, understanding disease natural history, identifying causes and risks, and planning/evaluating interventions.
DDS personalised medicines M.Pharma 1st Sem Pharmaceutics.pptxkushaltegginamani18
The document discusses personalized medicines and customized drug delivery systems. It defines personalized medicine as using genetic profiling and other individual patient characteristics to guide medical treatment. Customized drug delivery systems aim to optimize drug therapy for each patient by controlling dosage and delivery through technologies like bioelectronic medicines, 3D printing of pharmaceuticals, and telepharmacy.
DDS personalised medicines M.Pharma 1st Sem Pharmaceutics.pptxkushaltegginamani18
The document discusses personalized medicines and customized drug delivery systems. It defines personalized medicine as using genetic profiling and other individual patient characteristics to guide medical treatment. Customized drug delivery systems aim to optimize drug therapy for each patient by controlling dosage and delivery through technologies like bioelectronic medicines, 3D printing of pharmaceuticals, and telepharmacy.
This document discusses multi-omics approaches in medicine. It begins by describing traditional Oslerian and systems approaches to defining disease. It then introduces omics technologies and precision medicine. The main body discusses different omics approaches including genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics. For each approach, it covers concepts, applications, and challenges. It emphasizes how multi-omics integration can provide a more comprehensive understanding of disease and inform precision medicine.
This document discusses multi-omics approaches in medicine. It begins by describing traditional Oslerian and systems approaches to defining disease. It then introduces omics technologies and precision medicine. The main body discusses different omics approaches including genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics. For each approach, it covers concepts, applications, and challenges. It emphasizes how multi-omics integration can provide a more comprehensive understanding of disease and inform precision medicine.
The document discusses several key points:
1) It questions the common belief that childhood exposure to measles provides immunity and that avoiding it threatens health.
2) It suggests that genetically modified foods and agricultural chemicals may promote disease more than genetics.
3) It warns that mandatory vaccinations could require Americans to accept poor and chronic health. Overall, the document casts doubt on mainstream views of health, immunity, and the role of vaccines and industrialized foods.
The document discusses several key points:
1) It questions the common belief that childhood exposure to measles provides immunity and that avoiding it threatens health.
2) It suggests that genetically modified foods and agricultural chemicals may promote disease more than genetics.
3) It warns that mandatory vaccinations could require Americans to accept poor and chronic health. Overall, the document casts doubt on mainstream views of health, immunity, and the role of vaccines and industrialized foods.
“The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified population and the application of the study to control of health problems.”
“The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified population and the application of the study to control of health problems.”
Geriatric Health in the context of Nepal.pptxSantoshi Paudel
Ageing is a common, natural and continuous process. Ageing population is a worldwide
phenomenon. As the number is rising faster in developing countries, there is less chances to
regulate to the consequences of this demographic transition. In the developed countries,
chronological time plays a great role. Socially constructed meanings of age are more
significant such as the roles assigned to older people, in some cases; it is the loss of role
accompanying physical declining. Most of the developed countries accept the age of 65
years as a definition of elderly but developing countries adopt less than that age. In the
context of Nepal, age of 60 years or over is considered as an elderly citizen. Ageing has always been global issue and Nepal has also taken this issue as one of the
priority of the government. On the other, fertility rate has been declining in recent years and
the tempo is expected to be unexpectedly fast as the mortality is declining and the life
expectancy is continuing to increase for both sexes in Nepal. It is important to understand
the ageing issue in the proper demographic and national context. In a country like Nepal, a
marginal increase in the proportion of older people possesses problems when the country is
characterized by greater spatial inequalities, poverty, overly used land resources, stagnant
economy, high illiteracy and poor health status.
It compares an intervention to another intervention (or the status quo) by estimating how much it costs to gain a unit of a health outcome,
outcomes by a measure of some health outcome unit, such as the number of malaria cases prevented or the number of lives saved.
CEA is applied in the areas where effect or outcome is measured in non monetary terms (clinical areas as well as to evaluate health policies, programs, and interventions). It can be applied to both service providers and users.
CEA is useful when the primary objective of the study is to identify the most cost-effective strategy from a group of alternatives that can effectively meet a common goal and are often competing for the same resources.
Genomics is the study of genomes through recombinant DNA, sequencing, and bioinformatics. It focuses on analyzing genome structure and function at a large scale. Genomics studies entire genomes rather than individual genes. This involves sequencing DNA and RNA and using computational methods to analyze large amounts of genomic data beyond what the human mind can comprehend alone. Genomics aims to help understand human health and disease at a personal level to optimize healthcare.
This document provides an overview of pathogenomics and discusses several key areas:
1. It defines pathogenomics and describes how it utilizes genomics data to study infectious diseases.
2. Functional genomics and comparative genomics are applied to reveal pathogenesis genes and develop drugs, diagnostics and vaccines.
3. Identification of virulence factors in fungi and bacteria is discussed through direct sequence annotation and genome analysis.
4. Challenges include antibiotic resistance and potential misuse of information, while future trends involve in vivo expression analysis and reducing drug resistance.
Genomics is the study of genomes through recombinant DNA, sequencing, and bioinformatics. It focuses on analyzing genome structure and function at a large scale. Genomics studies entire genomes rather than individual genes. This involves sequencing DNA and RNA and using computational methods to analyze large amounts of genomic data beyond what the human mind can comprehend alone. Genomics aims to help understand human health and disease at a personal level to optimize healthcare.
This document provides an overview of pathogenomics and discusses several key areas:
1. It defines pathogenomics and describes how it utilizes genomics data to study infectious diseases.
2. Functional genomics and comparative genomics are applied to reveal pathogenesis genes and develop drugs, diagnostics and vaccines.
3. Identification of virulence factors in fungi and bacteria is discussed through direct sequence annotation and genome analysis.
4. Challenges include antibiotic resistance and potential misuse of information, while future trends involve in vivo expression analysis and reducing drug resistance.
Concept of clinical and genetic epidemiology and theirBikram Dhami
This document provides an overview of clinical epidemiology and genetic epidemiology. Clinical epidemiology is the science of making predictions about individual patients by studying groups of similar patients, and is used to aid clinical decision making. It focuses on applying epidemiological methods to assess screening, diagnosis, and treatment effectiveness. Genetic epidemiology studies the role of genetics in health and disease in families and populations, and the interaction between genetics and environment. Its goals are to discover genetic susceptibility and identify gene-environment interactions. Both fields are used for disease discovery, characterization, prevention and control.
Concept of clinical and genetic epidemiology and theirBikram Dhami
This document provides an overview of clinical epidemiology and genetic epidemiology. Clinical epidemiology is the science of making predictions about individual patients by studying groups of similar patients, and is used to aid clinical decision making. It focuses on applying epidemiological methods to assess screening, diagnosis, and treatment effectiveness. Genetic epidemiology studies the role of genetics in health and disease in families and populations, and the interaction between genetics and environment. Its goals are to discover genetic susceptibility and identify gene-environment interactions. Both fields are used for disease discovery, characterization, prevention and control.
The document discusses Mahtab Nourbakhsh's research project called "Antagonists of Protein-Protein Interactions" (APPI). The multidisciplinary project brings together translational genomics, molecular biology, and chemical biology. It aims to identify gene polymorphisms associated with diseases like end-stage renal disease and gastric cancer, characterize the functional impact of these polymorphisms, and develop cell-based assays and screens to identify compounds that target disease-causing protein-protein interactions. The project is conducted in collaboration with the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Translational Genomics Research Institute.
The document discusses Mahtab Nourbakhsh's research project called "Antagonists of Protein-Protein Interactions" (APPI). The multidisciplinary project brings together translational genomics, molecular biology, and chemical biology. It aims to identify gene polymorphisms associated with diseases like end-stage renal disease and gastric cancer, characterize the functional impact of these polymorphisms, and develop cell-based assays and screens to identify compounds that target disease-causing protein-protein interactions. The project is conducted in collaboration with the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Translational Genomics Research Institute.
The document discusses the epidemiology course which covers applying epidemiological procedures to understand occurrences and control of various health conditions. The course objectives are to provide mastery in various epidemiological assessment tools and research designs. It details the grading system, schedule, attendance policy and introduces concepts of epidemiology like descriptive epidemiology and epidemiology of infectious diseases.
The document discusses the epidemiology course which covers applying epidemiological procedures to understand occurrences and control of various health conditions. The course objectives are to provide mastery in various epidemiological assessment tools and research designs. It details the grading system, schedule, attendance policy and introduces concepts of epidemiology like descriptive epidemiology and epidemiology of infectious diseases.
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology. It begins with definitions of epidemiology as the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations. It then discusses the history of epidemiology from Hippocrates' observations to modern uses. The types of epidemiological studies covered are descriptive studies like cross-sectional and analytical studies like cohort and case-control studies. The aims and uses of epidemiology are also summarized, including describing disease problems, assessing population health, informing individual decisions, understanding disease natural history, identifying causes and risks, and planning/evaluating interventions.
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology. It begins with definitions of epidemiology as the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations. It then discusses the history of epidemiology from Hippocrates' observations to modern uses. The types of epidemiological studies covered are descriptive studies like cross-sectional and analytical studies like cohort and case-control studies. The aims and uses of epidemiology are also summarized, including describing disease problems, assessing population health, informing individual decisions, understanding disease natural history, identifying causes and risks, and planning/evaluating interventions.
DDS personalised medicines M.Pharma 1st Sem Pharmaceutics.pptxkushaltegginamani18
The document discusses personalized medicines and customized drug delivery systems. It defines personalized medicine as using genetic profiling and other individual patient characteristics to guide medical treatment. Customized drug delivery systems aim to optimize drug therapy for each patient by controlling dosage and delivery through technologies like bioelectronic medicines, 3D printing of pharmaceuticals, and telepharmacy.
DDS personalised medicines M.Pharma 1st Sem Pharmaceutics.pptxkushaltegginamani18
The document discusses personalized medicines and customized drug delivery systems. It defines personalized medicine as using genetic profiling and other individual patient characteristics to guide medical treatment. Customized drug delivery systems aim to optimize drug therapy for each patient by controlling dosage and delivery through technologies like bioelectronic medicines, 3D printing of pharmaceuticals, and telepharmacy.
This document discusses multi-omics approaches in medicine. It begins by describing traditional Oslerian and systems approaches to defining disease. It then introduces omics technologies and precision medicine. The main body discusses different omics approaches including genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics. For each approach, it covers concepts, applications, and challenges. It emphasizes how multi-omics integration can provide a more comprehensive understanding of disease and inform precision medicine.
This document discusses multi-omics approaches in medicine. It begins by describing traditional Oslerian and systems approaches to defining disease. It then introduces omics technologies and precision medicine. The main body discusses different omics approaches including genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics. For each approach, it covers concepts, applications, and challenges. It emphasizes how multi-omics integration can provide a more comprehensive understanding of disease and inform precision medicine.
The document discusses several key points:
1) It questions the common belief that childhood exposure to measles provides immunity and that avoiding it threatens health.
2) It suggests that genetically modified foods and agricultural chemicals may promote disease more than genetics.
3) It warns that mandatory vaccinations could require Americans to accept poor and chronic health. Overall, the document casts doubt on mainstream views of health, immunity, and the role of vaccines and industrialized foods.
The document discusses several key points:
1) It questions the common belief that childhood exposure to measles provides immunity and that avoiding it threatens health.
2) It suggests that genetically modified foods and agricultural chemicals may promote disease more than genetics.
3) It warns that mandatory vaccinations could require Americans to accept poor and chronic health. Overall, the document casts doubt on mainstream views of health, immunity, and the role of vaccines and industrialized foods.
“The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified population and the application of the study to control of health problems.”
“The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified population and the application of the study to control of health problems.”
Similaire à Molecular Epidemiology of NCD.pptx (20)
Geriatric Health in the context of Nepal.pptxSantoshi Paudel
Ageing is a common, natural and continuous process. Ageing population is a worldwide
phenomenon. As the number is rising faster in developing countries, there is less chances to
regulate to the consequences of this demographic transition. In the developed countries,
chronological time plays a great role. Socially constructed meanings of age are more
significant such as the roles assigned to older people, in some cases; it is the loss of role
accompanying physical declining. Most of the developed countries accept the age of 65
years as a definition of elderly but developing countries adopt less than that age. In the
context of Nepal, age of 60 years or over is considered as an elderly citizen. Ageing has always been global issue and Nepal has also taken this issue as one of the
priority of the government. On the other, fertility rate has been declining in recent years and
the tempo is expected to be unexpectedly fast as the mortality is declining and the life
expectancy is continuing to increase for both sexes in Nepal. It is important to understand
the ageing issue in the proper demographic and national context. In a country like Nepal, a
marginal increase in the proportion of older people possesses problems when the country is
characterized by greater spatial inequalities, poverty, overly used land resources, stagnant
economy, high illiteracy and poor health status.
It compares an intervention to another intervention (or the status quo) by estimating how much it costs to gain a unit of a health outcome,
outcomes by a measure of some health outcome unit, such as the number of malaria cases prevented or the number of lives saved.
CEA is applied in the areas where effect or outcome is measured in non monetary terms (clinical areas as well as to evaluate health policies, programs, and interventions). It can be applied to both service providers and users.
CEA is useful when the primary objective of the study is to identify the most cost-effective strategy from a group of alternatives that can effectively meet a common goal and are often competing for the same resources.
Cost Benefit Analysis is a type of economic evaluation method where the costs of the program or intervention are compared to the benefits of the intervention. It is widely used tool for making decisions in health care. Cost Benefit analysis is typically used at the executive level of government when considering regulatory proposals that would be costly to implement but that would have potentially large economic benefits to society. Ask questions such as Are benefits greater than costs? E.g. policy makers need to decide if it would be more beneficial to tackle indoor air pollution in the district or to implement HIV screening program?
Observational studies require careful consideration of beliefs, discipline, positioning, and documentation. While observation seems objective, it is inherently subjective as all observations are theory-laden. Participant observation aims to understand social worlds from insiders' perspectives by immersing oneself in the context. However, maintaining an outsider role is important to recognize analytic insights. Effective participant observation involves living in the context, learning the language, participating in daily routines, and building rapport over extended periods.
The shifting paradigm in public health represents a transition from a narrow focus on treating diseases to a holistic and preventive approach. Emphasizing proactive measures, community engagement, and a broader understanding of health determinants, this new perspective aims to prevent issues before they occur. It reflects a commitment to creating inclusive and sustainable health systems that prioritize overall well-being.
The global burden of disease refers to the cumulative impact of illnesses, injuries, and risk factors on the health and well-being of populations worldwide. This comprehensive measure takes into account both fatal and non-fatal health outcomes and provides a holistic view of the challenges affecting communities.
Assessed through metrics such as Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), the global burden of disease considers the years of healthy life lost due to premature death and the years lived with disability. This approach enables policymakers and public health professionals to prioritize interventions and allocate resources effectively.
Understanding the global burden of disease is crucial for shaping health policies, designing preventive strategies, and addressing the most pressing health issues. It serves as a valuable tool for promoting health equity, guiding healthcare investments, and fostering collaboration on a global scale to alleviate the impact of diseases and improve overall well-being
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) in Nepal bring together the government and private sector to address development challenges. This collaborative approach, particularly in areas like infrastructure and healthcare, aims to leverage private sector efficiency and innovation. While PPPs offer opportunities for accelerated development, challenges such as regulatory frameworks and risk allocation need careful consideration for successful implementation. Overall, these partnerships play a crucial role in mobilizing resources and creating sustainable solutions for Nepal's evolving needs.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
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Our backs are like superheroes, holding us up and helping us move around. But sometimes, even superheroes can get hurt. That’s where slip discs come in.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
About the book
Emergence of molecular epidemiology
Goals of Molecular Epidemiology
Why Molecular Epidemiology
Traditional Vs molecular epidemiology
Molecular Vs Genetic Epidemiology
Uses of molecular epidemiology
Study design
Cancer Epidemiology
Molecular Epidemiology Tools
Reference 2
3. ABOUT THE BOOK
Editors: Chirs Wild (University of Leeds,
UK)
Paolo Vineis ( Imperial college,
London UK)
Seymour Garte (University of
Pittsburgh PA, USA)
Publications: John Wiley and sons, Ltd
Publication year: 2008
Total chapter: 26
3
Book Title: MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHRONIC DISEASES
4. EMERGENCE OF MOLECULAR
EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Epidemiology identifies factors influencing disease risk, aiding prevention strategies.
• Molecular epidemiology, integrating molecular techniques, offers new insights.
• Molecular epidemiologists are searching for genes of individuals that interact with
environment and lifestyle factors such that cancer risk is not equally elevated in all
persons exposed to an environmental factor (but not genetically susceptible), or all gene
carriers (but not exposed to the environmental factor).
• Not all exposed to an environmental factor or gene carriers face equal cancer risk.
4
5. GOALS OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Better estimation of exposure, including ‘internal’ exposure, through the measurement of end-
points (chemical metabolities and adducts)
Eg: Haemoglobin adducts for acrylamide, DNA adducts for PAHs
• Genetic Susceptibility
-Between exposure and effect there is layer of metabolic reaction including activation
deactivation and DNA repair which affects dose-response relationship
• Reduce disease burden by identification of risk factors
-Eg: Association between Aromatic Amines and Bladder cancer
5
6. WHY MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY?
• Increase interest of public health workers, physicians, the press and the public at large on
‘environmental risk’ of disease?
• Traditional epidemiology established casual relationships between:
- tobacco smoking and lung cancer
-chronic hepatitis B virus infection and liver cancer
- Aromatic Amines and bladder cancer
• But not all issues of causality in human disease from environmental exposure are so clear.
• But not in case among these two example:
- casual association between dietary exposure to acrylamide and cancer in humans?
- Polycyclic Aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and lung cancer?
6
7. WHY MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY?
• For this reason started at least in 1982 with a paper by Perera and Weinstein but probably
before with a paper by Lower (Vineis 2007),’molecular epidemiology’ was introduced
into ‘cancer research’ .
• This corresponds to one of the first definition of molecular epidemiology.
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“Advanced laboratory methods are used in combination with analytic epidemiology to
identify at the biochemical or molecular level specific exogenous and/or host factors that
play a role in human cancer causation.”
-Perera and Weinstein 1982
8. • Molecular epidemiology refers to the use of molecular biology techniques in
epidemiologic research.
• The term was first popularized in the context of infectious diseases, and in the early 1980s
it was applied to chronic disease research.
• Schulte defined the term as “the incorporation of molecular, cellular, and other biologic
measurements into epidemiologic research”.
• With the introduction of genomics, proteomics and meta-bonomics ME started growing
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ME- CONCEPT
9. • Molecular epidemiology can be defined as a focus on the contribution of potential genetic
and environmental risk factors (biomarkers), identified at the molecular level, to the
etiology, geographic distribution and prevention of disease within and across populations.
• It emerged from the integration of molecular biology into classical epidemiologic research.
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ME- CONCEPT
Interface
Molecular biology Epidemiology
11. • Traditional epidemiology is concerned with correlating exposures with outcome, and
everything between the cause (exposure) and the outcome is treated as a “black box.”
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TRADITIONAL VS MOLECULAR
EPIDEMIOLOGY?
Traditional Epidemiology Molecular Epidemiology
Studies are performed using:
• Databases, mailed questionnaires, or
telephone interviews,
Providing little opportunity for obtaining the
biologic samples necessary for molecular
analyses.
Employ tools for the measurement of
• Exposure,
• Susceptibility
• And disease
( eg: questionnaire, job-exposure matrices,
data from environmental monitoring,
routinely collected health data and
biomarkers)
12. SHIFT FROM INFECTIOUS TO
MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY
• It gained popularity initially in infectious disease research and later in chronic
disease studies.
• In the field of infectious disease, ME studies have provided valuable information
about infectious disease causation, pathogenesis, circulation, transmission,
prevention, and therapy (Around 2004)
• Molecular epidemiology is primarily applied in cancer research when it comes to
chronic diseases.
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13. MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY
VS
GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Molecular and genetic epidemiology represent two separate branches of epidemiology
whose boundaries are overlapping.
• Genetic Epidemiology: Inherited, Clustered in family; identify the unknown genes
that influence risk of malignancies
• Molecular Epidemiology: Finding Biomarkers to link exposure to event, Individual
response, Evaluates the association of variations in
known genes
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14. STUDY DESIGN IN MOLECULAR
EPIDEMIOLOGY
• Cohort study
• Case control study
• Nested case-control study
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15. USES OF ME
The use of molecular epidemiology methods is meant to provide a specific set of
new tools to answer specific scientific answers:
• A better characterization of exposures, particularly when levels of exposure are
very low or different sources of exposure should be integrated a single measure
• The study of single gene-environment interactions
• The use of markers of early response, in order to overcome the main limitations
of cancer epidemiology
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17. MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY TOOLS
1. Conventional Methods
• Culture
• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
• Enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA)
• Antibodies & Monoclonal antibodies based assays, agglutination etc.
2. Nucleic acid based Methods
• DNA hybridization for known genes
• Direct sequencing of one or more regions
• Multilocus sequence typing (MLST)
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18. MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY TOOLS
3. PCR (nucleic acid amplification) based Methods:
• Amplification of a single target specific to a pathogen
• Ligase chain reaction (LCR)
• Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)
4. Protein based Methods:
• Western blot or Immunoblotting.
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19. MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY TOOLS
3. PCR (nucleic acid amplification) based Methods:
• Amplification of a single target specific to a pathogen
• Ligase chain reaction (LCR)
• Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)
4. Protein based Methods:
• Western blot or Immunoblotting.
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20. • A biomarker is a measurable indicator that predicts disease presence, severity, or
response to treatment.
• Levels of biomarkers can be clinically useful by guiding disease diagnosis, or by
revealing the pharmacodynamics of drug treatment.
• Biomarkers are divided into categories including diagnostic, prognostic, pharmaco
dynamic, and predictive, with some falling into several categories.
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BIOMARKERS??
21. • A cellular, biochemical, or molecular indicator of exposure; of biological,
subclinical, or clinical effects; or of possible susceptibility (e.g., biomarkers of
internal dose, biologically effective dose, early biological response, altered
structure, altered function).
• Basically of 3 types
1. Exposure biomarker
2. Effect biomarker
3. Susceptibility biomarker
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BIOMARKERS CONTD…
22. • Exposure Biomarkers: Exposure factors associated with disease or health status.
• Includes external exposure marker (EEM ) , internal exposure marker (IEM), and
biologically active marker (BAM).
EEM: Virus, bacteria, biological toxic, smoking, etc.
IEM: pathogen, metabolism product, toxic, etc.
BAM: DNA adduct, protein adduct, DNA protein cross link, etc.
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1. EXPOSURE BIOMARKER
23. • Biological markers that produce functional or structural changes in the host
after exposure, and further cause disease sub clinical stages and disease processes.
Example includes:
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Prostate specific antigen (PSA)
Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
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2. EFFECT BIOMARKER
24. • Biomarkers of susceptibility to disease occurrence and development Example
includes:
• Genetic Diversity: SNPS=Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
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3. SUSCEPTIBILITY BIOMARKER
26. REFERENCES
1.Molecular epidemiology of chronic disease. Chris wild, Paolo Vineis, Seymour
Garte. 2008
2.https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3322/canjclin.55.1.45
3.Molecular epidemiology of cancer
4.Toward an Integrated Approach to Molecular Epidemiology. American
Journal of Epidemiology, Volume 146, Issue 11, 1 December 1997, Pages 912–
918
5.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6880254/pdf/f1000research-8-
21700.pdf
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