NERVE GROWTH FACTORS, NEUROTROPHINS
•Télécharger en tant que PPTX, PDF•
4 j'aime•1,637 vues
This document discusses various neurotrophic factors and cytokines. It describes neurotrophins like nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin 3 and 4/5 that promote nerve growth, survival and neuronal plasticity through Trk and p75 receptors. Other growth factors discussed are leukemia inhibitory factor, insulin-like growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor. Cytokines are small protein molecules that regulate the immune response through local and systemic effects.
Signaler
Partager
Signaler
Partager
Recommandé
Neurotrophic factors
This document discusses neurotrophic factors, which are growth factors that influence neuron proliferation, differentiation, survival, and death. The neurotrophic factor hypothesis proposes that neurons require specific neurotrophic factors for survival, and neurons without adequate access to these factors die by apoptosis. The major neurotrophins discussed are NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4, which bind to specific receptors on neurons. Neurotrophins are involved in cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, learning and memory, and synaptic plasticity. Reduced levels of BDNF in mice lead to abnormal behavior and early death. BDNF levels are also reduced in neurodegenerative diseases. New strategies for delivering neurotrophins in a
Nerve Growth Factor
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Glial cells - Neurobiology and Clinical Aspects
Glial cells outnumber neurons in the central nervous system and provide support and protection for neurons. There are several types of glial cells - astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. In disease states, glial cells can become reactive or activated and contribute to conditions like stroke, cerebral edema, Alzheimer's disease, neuropathic pain, epilepsy, and glioma. The document provides an overview of glial cell types, functions, pathophysiology, and their involvement in specific nervous system diseases and conditions.
Neuropeptides
Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules that neurons use to communicate with each other. They are responsible for many brain functions including analgesia, food intake, learning and memory, metabolism, and social behaviors. Some key neuropeptides discussed are Neuropeptide Y, which regulates appetite, and Tachykinins like Substance P which mediates pain. Arginine vasopressin regulates water balance and social behaviors through G protein-coupled receptors.
SYNAPSE
The document discusses the structure and function of chemical synapses. It begins by defining a synapse as the junction between two nerve cells. It then describes the key anatomical components of a chemical synapse, including the presynaptic knob, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane. It explains the process of neurotransmission, including the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, their binding to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, and the resulting postsynaptic potentials. The document also discusses inhibition at synapses, the properties of synaptic transmission, and examples of neurotransmitters.
Synaptic transmission in CNS
The document discusses synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. It describes the cellular organization of the brain including neurons and support cells. It then focuses on synapses, explaining that they allow chemical communication between neurons through neurotransmitters. There are two main types of synapses - electrical synapses which allow direct electrical coupling, and chemical synapses which use chemical messengers. Chemical synapses are more numerous and involve neurotransmitters being released into the synaptic cleft, binding to receptors and causing excitation or inhibition of the postsynaptic neuron. The properties of synaptic transmission include one-way conduction, synaptic delay, fatigue, convergence and divergence, summation, and facilitation.
Presentation on astrocytes
A brief summary of neutroglia, glial cells and astrocytes. classification and functions of astrocytes and difference between various astrocytes
Synaptic integration, Types of synapses, EPSP and IPSP
A brief overview of Synaptic integration, Types of Synapses and Excitatory and inhibitory post synaptic potentials.
Recommandé
Neurotrophic factors
This document discusses neurotrophic factors, which are growth factors that influence neuron proliferation, differentiation, survival, and death. The neurotrophic factor hypothesis proposes that neurons require specific neurotrophic factors for survival, and neurons without adequate access to these factors die by apoptosis. The major neurotrophins discussed are NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4, which bind to specific receptors on neurons. Neurotrophins are involved in cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, learning and memory, and synaptic plasticity. Reduced levels of BDNF in mice lead to abnormal behavior and early death. BDNF levels are also reduced in neurodegenerative diseases. New strategies for delivering neurotrophins in a
Nerve Growth Factor
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Glial cells - Neurobiology and Clinical Aspects
Glial cells outnumber neurons in the central nervous system and provide support and protection for neurons. There are several types of glial cells - astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. In disease states, glial cells can become reactive or activated and contribute to conditions like stroke, cerebral edema, Alzheimer's disease, neuropathic pain, epilepsy, and glioma. The document provides an overview of glial cell types, functions, pathophysiology, and their involvement in specific nervous system diseases and conditions.
Neuropeptides
Neuropeptides are small protein-like molecules that neurons use to communicate with each other. They are responsible for many brain functions including analgesia, food intake, learning and memory, metabolism, and social behaviors. Some key neuropeptides discussed are Neuropeptide Y, which regulates appetite, and Tachykinins like Substance P which mediates pain. Arginine vasopressin regulates water balance and social behaviors through G protein-coupled receptors.
SYNAPSE
The document discusses the structure and function of chemical synapses. It begins by defining a synapse as the junction between two nerve cells. It then describes the key anatomical components of a chemical synapse, including the presynaptic knob, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane. It explains the process of neurotransmission, including the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, their binding to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, and the resulting postsynaptic potentials. The document also discusses inhibition at synapses, the properties of synaptic transmission, and examples of neurotransmitters.
Synaptic transmission in CNS
The document discusses synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. It describes the cellular organization of the brain including neurons and support cells. It then focuses on synapses, explaining that they allow chemical communication between neurons through neurotransmitters. There are two main types of synapses - electrical synapses which allow direct electrical coupling, and chemical synapses which use chemical messengers. Chemical synapses are more numerous and involve neurotransmitters being released into the synaptic cleft, binding to receptors and causing excitation or inhibition of the postsynaptic neuron. The properties of synaptic transmission include one-way conduction, synaptic delay, fatigue, convergence and divergence, summation, and facilitation.
Presentation on astrocytes
A brief summary of neutroglia, glial cells and astrocytes. classification and functions of astrocytes and difference between various astrocytes
Synaptic integration, Types of synapses, EPSP and IPSP
A brief overview of Synaptic integration, Types of Synapses and Excitatory and inhibitory post synaptic potentials.
Synapse by sunita tiwale
Synapse – Greek word –synaptein. Syn –together; aptein –clasp.
Synapse – Clasping of hands (as in hand shaking between two friends).
Site of functional continuity (transneuronal junctional complex) between two neurons.
Why need of synapse?
EPSP and IPSP
EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic potential that occurs when a neurotransmitter like glutamate binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, making its membrane permeable to sodium ions and depolarizing the neuron. IPSP is an inhibitory postsynaptic potential that occurs when GABA binds to receptors, making the membrane permeable to chloride ions and hyperpolarizing the neuron. EPSPs can summate and cause the neuron to generate an action potential, while IPSPs make action potential generation less likely. Together, the balance of EPSPs and IPSPs control whether a neuron will fire an action potential.
Neuron & Glial cells
Objective of the study:- Structure of a typical Neuron, Classification of Neuron based on Polarity, on conduction direction, on neurotransmitters released, on their shape, Glial cells, major type of Glial cells present in CNS and PNS and their functions.
The synapse
This document provides an overview of synapses, including their definition, structure, function, types of transmission (electrical vs. chemical), neurotransmitters, and various properties like synaptic delay, fatigue, summation, and more. It discusses excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters and how convergence and divergence allow signals to be dispersed or combined. Clinical implications are that problems with synaptic transmission can cause diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
Neurulation developmental biology
The document discusses the molecular regulation of neural induction and neurulation. It explains that upregulation of FGF signaling and inhibition of BMP4 activity causes ectoderm to become neural tissue by default. During neurulation, the neural plate forms the neural tube as the neural folds fuse in the midline. Neural crest cells emerge and migrate throughout the embryo to form many tissues. Precise regulation of BMP concentrations induces different cell fates in the ectoderm.
Nerve fibers
Nerve fibers can be classified based on their structure and distribution. There are two main types - myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. Nerve fibers also include somatic and autonomic fibers. Somatic fibers innervate skeletal muscles and the neurotransmitter is acetylcholine, leading to muscle excitation or central inhibition. Autonomic fibers innervate smooth, cardiac muscles and glands to maintain homeostasis, causing excitation or inhibition. Important properties of nerve fibers include excitability, conductivity, unfatigability, refractory periods, all-or-none response, summation, and accommodation.
Action potential
This document provides a summary of the action potential in excitable tissues like nerves and muscles. It explains that excitable cells maintain a resting membrane potential with a negative charge inside and positive outside due to potassium ion leakage and intracellular proteins. An action potential is triggered by stimuli and causes rapid depolarization as sodium ions enter the cell, repolarization as potassium ions exit, returning the membrane to its resting potential. Precise ion channel openings and closings enable impulse transmission and functions like muscle contraction. Sodium-potassium pumps then restore ion gradients using ATP.
Basal ganglia
The document provides an overview of the basal ganglia. It discusses the physiological anatomy and components of the basal ganglia, including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. It describes the connections and functional neuronal circuits of the basal ganglia. The functions of the basal ganglia in motor control and disorders such as Parkinson's disease, chorea, athetosis, and Huntington's disease are summarized.
Muscle spindle and reflex activity
This document discusses reflex activity and the physiology of muscles and their receptors. It begins by defining a motor unit and describing the various muscle sensors, including the muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organ, and Pacinian corpuscle. It then focuses on the structure and function of the muscle spindle, its sensory and motor innervation, and its roles in proprioception and the stretch reflex. Finally, it briefly outlines muscle tone, classifications of reflexes, and preparations used to study reflexes experimentally.
Neurulation
The document discusses neurulation, the process of formation and closure of the neural tube. It involves primary and secondary neurulation, which are guided by molecular signaling pathways involving molecules like Shh, BMP4/7, and cadherins. Defects in neurulation can result in neural tube defects like anencephaly or spina bifida. While neurulation was once thought to be a simple one-step process, it is now understood to be more complex, with closure occurring in regions rather than entirely linearly.
Development of spinal cord
The spinal cord arises from the neural tube which forms when the neural plate folds and fuses. The neural tube is made of neuroepithelial cells that migrate and differentiate to form the gray matter of the spinal cord, consisting of the alar plate and basal plate. Axons from cells in the mantle layer collect in the marginal layer to form the white matter. Neural crest cells originate between the neural tube and ectoderm, migrate, and give rise to many structures including ganglion cells, meninges, melanocytes, and Schwann cells.
ACTION POTENTIAL - IONIC BASIS AND RECORDING
The document discusses the ionic basis and recording of action potentials. It begins with an introduction to excitable tissues and how they generate electrical signals. It then covers the history of discoveries in this area including Galvani's work in the 18th century and seminal contributions from Hodgkin, Huxley, Eccles and Neher and Sakmann who won the Nobel Prize. The document discusses the resting membrane potential and how it is maintained, as well as graded and action potentials. It details the ionic basis of the action potential involving sodium, potassium and other ion channels. Finally, it addresses recording techniques, types of action potentials, and some applied aspects and clinical correlates.
Nerve & Action potential
This document discusses the generation and propagation of action potentials in neurons. It notes that neurons respond to stimuli by producing either local, non-propagated potentials or propagated action potentials. Action potentials are generated when voltage-gated sodium channels open in response to depolarization, allowing sodium ions to rush in and briefly reverse the membrane potential. This wave of depolarization then propagates down the axon by electrotonic conduction. The document outlines the changes in membrane permeability and potential during an action potential and describes how action potentials conduct in either direction along the axon.
Synaptic transmission
this ppt shares what synapses are and how information of one neuron is transmitted to other through the synapses. it also includes the properties and plasticity of synaptic transmission
Lecture 5 (membrane potential and action potential)
This document discusses membrane potentials and action potentials in excitable cells like neurons and muscles. It covers:
1. The resting membrane potential of -70mV that is maintained by selective permeability of potassium ions and active transport by the sodium-potassium pump.
2. How an action potential is generated when the membrane reaches its threshold voltage due to an influx of sodium ions, causing rapid depolarization. It then repolarizes as potassium ions efflux.
3. The propagation of action potentials along neurons or muscle fibers to transmit electrical signals and cause effects like muscle contraction or neurotransmitter release.
Embryology of nervous system
- Human embryology involves the study of development in the first 8 weeks after fertilization.
- The neural tube develops from the ectoderm and gives rise to the central nervous system. Neural crest cells form from the neural tube tips and develop into much of the peripheral nervous system.
- The brain and spinal cord develop from the enlarged cranial and caudal parts of the neural tube, respectively. The brain forms three primary vesicles that later develop into the distinct brain regions.
- Neurulation is the process of neural tube formation from the ectoderm through the thickening, elevation and fusion of the neural folds. This forms the cylindrical neural tube detached from the surface ectoderm.
2. gastrulation
Gastrulation is the process that establishes the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - in the embryo. It begins with the formation of the primitive streak on the surface of the epiblast. Cells from the epiblast migrate through the primitive streak and invaginate inward, some forming endoderm and others mesoderm between the endoderm and remaining ectoderm. This process spreads the germ layers throughout the embryo. Disruptions can cause abnormalities like caudal dysgenesis where insufficient mesoderm is formed, impacting lower limb and urogenital development. Rare tumors can also form from remnants of the primitive streak.
Synaptic transmission
This document discusses synaptic transmission between neurons. It defines a synapse as the junction that allows signals to pass between neurons. There are three main types of synapses: chemical, electrical, and conjoint. The process of synaptic transmission involves neurotransmitters being synthesized, stored, transported to the axon terminal, released into the synapse upon neuronal firing, binding to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron, activating those receptors, and then being degraded or reuptaken. Neurotransmitters can have stimulatory or inhibitory effects depending on the receptor subtypes activated. The synaptic signal is terminated through reuptake, enzymatic degradation, or diffusion of the neurotransmitters.
classification of nerve fibers
about nerve fibers
It is the structural and the functional unit of nervous system.
The human nervous system contains approximate 1012 neurons.
A nerve fiber is a thread like extension of a nerve cell and consists of an axon and myelin sheath (if present) in the nervous system.
In peripheral nervous system it is formed by
schwann’s cell. While in case of central nervous system it is formed by oligodendroglia.
The places ,where myelin sheath is absent are called node of ranvier(2-3µm) and these are present once about 1-3 mm distance along the myelin sheath.
IT PREVENTS LEAKAGE OF IONS BY 5000 FOLDS.
IT INCREASES VELOCITY OF CONDUCTION BY 5-50 FOLDS DUE TO
SALTATORY CONDUCTION i.e. ABOUT 100 m/s IN CASE OF
MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS WHILE IN NONMYELINATED
IT IS ABOUT 0.25 m/s.
SALTATORY CONDUCTION CONSERVES ENERGY BECAUSE ONLY NODES OF RANVIER GET DEPOLARISED.
These are α type motor nerve fibers.
The neurotransmitter released at the neuron endings is acetylcholine(Ach).
It always leads to muscles excitation . Inhibition takes place centrally due to participation of interneurons.
they innervate smooth muscles , cardiac muscles and glands.
Their main work is to maintain homeostasis with the help of autonomic nervous system.
they can lead to either excitation or inhibition of effector organs
Erlanger and Grasser studied the action potential of mixed nerve trunk by means of cathode ray oscilloscope and they obtained the compounded spike. So they divided nerve fibers into 3 groups. They observed that the main cause of difference in nerve fibers is diameter
AS Diameter increases
Velocity of conduction increases.
Magnitude of electrical response increases.
Threshold of excitation decreases.
Duration of response decreases.
Refractory period decreases.
structure of neuron
The document provides information on the historical background and structure of neurons. It discusses how Purkinje, Golgi, and Cajal contributed to understanding neurons through their research using early microscopes. Their work led to the Neuron Doctrine which established that the neuron is the fundamental unit of the nervous system. The document then describes the main structures of the neuron in detail, including the cell body and its organelles, plasma membrane, and nerve cell processes. It classifies neurons based on morphology, size, and function and provides examples of each type.
article2
1) Neural stem cells cultured in vitro with epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor proliferated and formed neurospheres. 2) Addition of PPARγ agonists like ciglitazone and 15d-PGJ2 inhibited neural stem cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. 3) Interestingly, neural stem cells cultured with PPARγ agonists showed increased expression of oligodendrocyte markers and a reduction in the neural stem cell marker nestin, indicating promotion of oligodendrocyte differentiation.
Brain lipids - g j
Gangliosides (GA) are highly concentrated in the brain, particularly in the gray matter of the cerebral cortex. They carry most of the sialic acid in the central nervous system and play important roles in neural development, neuronal growth, message transmission between neurons, and myelination of neurons. Abnormal metabolism of sphingolipids like GA can cause several neurological disorders characterized by mental retardation and neurological deficits. The lipid content of myelin is much higher than that of gray and white matter, with more cerebrosides and cholesterol. GA levels increase with brain development and are thought to be important for optimal neuronal function.
Contenu connexe
Tendances
Synapse by sunita tiwale
Synapse – Greek word –synaptein. Syn –together; aptein –clasp.
Synapse – Clasping of hands (as in hand shaking between two friends).
Site of functional continuity (transneuronal junctional complex) between two neurons.
Why need of synapse?
EPSP and IPSP
EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic potential that occurs when a neurotransmitter like glutamate binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, making its membrane permeable to sodium ions and depolarizing the neuron. IPSP is an inhibitory postsynaptic potential that occurs when GABA binds to receptors, making the membrane permeable to chloride ions and hyperpolarizing the neuron. EPSPs can summate and cause the neuron to generate an action potential, while IPSPs make action potential generation less likely. Together, the balance of EPSPs and IPSPs control whether a neuron will fire an action potential.
Neuron & Glial cells
Objective of the study:- Structure of a typical Neuron, Classification of Neuron based on Polarity, on conduction direction, on neurotransmitters released, on their shape, Glial cells, major type of Glial cells present in CNS and PNS and their functions.
The synapse
This document provides an overview of synapses, including their definition, structure, function, types of transmission (electrical vs. chemical), neurotransmitters, and various properties like synaptic delay, fatigue, summation, and more. It discusses excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters and how convergence and divergence allow signals to be dispersed or combined. Clinical implications are that problems with synaptic transmission can cause diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
Neurulation developmental biology
The document discusses the molecular regulation of neural induction and neurulation. It explains that upregulation of FGF signaling and inhibition of BMP4 activity causes ectoderm to become neural tissue by default. During neurulation, the neural plate forms the neural tube as the neural folds fuse in the midline. Neural crest cells emerge and migrate throughout the embryo to form many tissues. Precise regulation of BMP concentrations induces different cell fates in the ectoderm.
Nerve fibers
Nerve fibers can be classified based on their structure and distribution. There are two main types - myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. Nerve fibers also include somatic and autonomic fibers. Somatic fibers innervate skeletal muscles and the neurotransmitter is acetylcholine, leading to muscle excitation or central inhibition. Autonomic fibers innervate smooth, cardiac muscles and glands to maintain homeostasis, causing excitation or inhibition. Important properties of nerve fibers include excitability, conductivity, unfatigability, refractory periods, all-or-none response, summation, and accommodation.
Action potential
This document provides a summary of the action potential in excitable tissues like nerves and muscles. It explains that excitable cells maintain a resting membrane potential with a negative charge inside and positive outside due to potassium ion leakage and intracellular proteins. An action potential is triggered by stimuli and causes rapid depolarization as sodium ions enter the cell, repolarization as potassium ions exit, returning the membrane to its resting potential. Precise ion channel openings and closings enable impulse transmission and functions like muscle contraction. Sodium-potassium pumps then restore ion gradients using ATP.
Basal ganglia
The document provides an overview of the basal ganglia. It discusses the physiological anatomy and components of the basal ganglia, including the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. It describes the connections and functional neuronal circuits of the basal ganglia. The functions of the basal ganglia in motor control and disorders such as Parkinson's disease, chorea, athetosis, and Huntington's disease are summarized.
Muscle spindle and reflex activity
This document discusses reflex activity and the physiology of muscles and their receptors. It begins by defining a motor unit and describing the various muscle sensors, including the muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organ, and Pacinian corpuscle. It then focuses on the structure and function of the muscle spindle, its sensory and motor innervation, and its roles in proprioception and the stretch reflex. Finally, it briefly outlines muscle tone, classifications of reflexes, and preparations used to study reflexes experimentally.
Neurulation
The document discusses neurulation, the process of formation and closure of the neural tube. It involves primary and secondary neurulation, which are guided by molecular signaling pathways involving molecules like Shh, BMP4/7, and cadherins. Defects in neurulation can result in neural tube defects like anencephaly or spina bifida. While neurulation was once thought to be a simple one-step process, it is now understood to be more complex, with closure occurring in regions rather than entirely linearly.
Development of spinal cord
The spinal cord arises from the neural tube which forms when the neural plate folds and fuses. The neural tube is made of neuroepithelial cells that migrate and differentiate to form the gray matter of the spinal cord, consisting of the alar plate and basal plate. Axons from cells in the mantle layer collect in the marginal layer to form the white matter. Neural crest cells originate between the neural tube and ectoderm, migrate, and give rise to many structures including ganglion cells, meninges, melanocytes, and Schwann cells.
ACTION POTENTIAL - IONIC BASIS AND RECORDING
The document discusses the ionic basis and recording of action potentials. It begins with an introduction to excitable tissues and how they generate electrical signals. It then covers the history of discoveries in this area including Galvani's work in the 18th century and seminal contributions from Hodgkin, Huxley, Eccles and Neher and Sakmann who won the Nobel Prize. The document discusses the resting membrane potential and how it is maintained, as well as graded and action potentials. It details the ionic basis of the action potential involving sodium, potassium and other ion channels. Finally, it addresses recording techniques, types of action potentials, and some applied aspects and clinical correlates.
Nerve & Action potential
This document discusses the generation and propagation of action potentials in neurons. It notes that neurons respond to stimuli by producing either local, non-propagated potentials or propagated action potentials. Action potentials are generated when voltage-gated sodium channels open in response to depolarization, allowing sodium ions to rush in and briefly reverse the membrane potential. This wave of depolarization then propagates down the axon by electrotonic conduction. The document outlines the changes in membrane permeability and potential during an action potential and describes how action potentials conduct in either direction along the axon.
Synaptic transmission
this ppt shares what synapses are and how information of one neuron is transmitted to other through the synapses. it also includes the properties and plasticity of synaptic transmission
Lecture 5 (membrane potential and action potential)
This document discusses membrane potentials and action potentials in excitable cells like neurons and muscles. It covers:
1. The resting membrane potential of -70mV that is maintained by selective permeability of potassium ions and active transport by the sodium-potassium pump.
2. How an action potential is generated when the membrane reaches its threshold voltage due to an influx of sodium ions, causing rapid depolarization. It then repolarizes as potassium ions efflux.
3. The propagation of action potentials along neurons or muscle fibers to transmit electrical signals and cause effects like muscle contraction or neurotransmitter release.
Embryology of nervous system
- Human embryology involves the study of development in the first 8 weeks after fertilization.
- The neural tube develops from the ectoderm and gives rise to the central nervous system. Neural crest cells form from the neural tube tips and develop into much of the peripheral nervous system.
- The brain and spinal cord develop from the enlarged cranial and caudal parts of the neural tube, respectively. The brain forms three primary vesicles that later develop into the distinct brain regions.
- Neurulation is the process of neural tube formation from the ectoderm through the thickening, elevation and fusion of the neural folds. This forms the cylindrical neural tube detached from the surface ectoderm.
2. gastrulation
Gastrulation is the process that establishes the three germ layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm - in the embryo. It begins with the formation of the primitive streak on the surface of the epiblast. Cells from the epiblast migrate through the primitive streak and invaginate inward, some forming endoderm and others mesoderm between the endoderm and remaining ectoderm. This process spreads the germ layers throughout the embryo. Disruptions can cause abnormalities like caudal dysgenesis where insufficient mesoderm is formed, impacting lower limb and urogenital development. Rare tumors can also form from remnants of the primitive streak.
Synaptic transmission
This document discusses synaptic transmission between neurons. It defines a synapse as the junction that allows signals to pass between neurons. There are three main types of synapses: chemical, electrical, and conjoint. The process of synaptic transmission involves neurotransmitters being synthesized, stored, transported to the axon terminal, released into the synapse upon neuronal firing, binding to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron, activating those receptors, and then being degraded or reuptaken. Neurotransmitters can have stimulatory or inhibitory effects depending on the receptor subtypes activated. The synaptic signal is terminated through reuptake, enzymatic degradation, or diffusion of the neurotransmitters.
classification of nerve fibers
about nerve fibers
It is the structural and the functional unit of nervous system.
The human nervous system contains approximate 1012 neurons.
A nerve fiber is a thread like extension of a nerve cell and consists of an axon and myelin sheath (if present) in the nervous system.
In peripheral nervous system it is formed by
schwann’s cell. While in case of central nervous system it is formed by oligodendroglia.
The places ,where myelin sheath is absent are called node of ranvier(2-3µm) and these are present once about 1-3 mm distance along the myelin sheath.
IT PREVENTS LEAKAGE OF IONS BY 5000 FOLDS.
IT INCREASES VELOCITY OF CONDUCTION BY 5-50 FOLDS DUE TO
SALTATORY CONDUCTION i.e. ABOUT 100 m/s IN CASE OF
MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS WHILE IN NONMYELINATED
IT IS ABOUT 0.25 m/s.
SALTATORY CONDUCTION CONSERVES ENERGY BECAUSE ONLY NODES OF RANVIER GET DEPOLARISED.
These are α type motor nerve fibers.
The neurotransmitter released at the neuron endings is acetylcholine(Ach).
It always leads to muscles excitation . Inhibition takes place centrally due to participation of interneurons.
they innervate smooth muscles , cardiac muscles and glands.
Their main work is to maintain homeostasis with the help of autonomic nervous system.
they can lead to either excitation or inhibition of effector organs
Erlanger and Grasser studied the action potential of mixed nerve trunk by means of cathode ray oscilloscope and they obtained the compounded spike. So they divided nerve fibers into 3 groups. They observed that the main cause of difference in nerve fibers is diameter
AS Diameter increases
Velocity of conduction increases.
Magnitude of electrical response increases.
Threshold of excitation decreases.
Duration of response decreases.
Refractory period decreases.
structure of neuron
The document provides information on the historical background and structure of neurons. It discusses how Purkinje, Golgi, and Cajal contributed to understanding neurons through their research using early microscopes. Their work led to the Neuron Doctrine which established that the neuron is the fundamental unit of the nervous system. The document then describes the main structures of the neuron in detail, including the cell body and its organelles, plasma membrane, and nerve cell processes. It classifies neurons based on morphology, size, and function and provides examples of each type.
Tendances (20)
Lecture 5 (membrane potential and action potential)
Lecture 5 (membrane potential and action potential)
Similaire à NERVE GROWTH FACTORS, NEUROTROPHINS
article2
1) Neural stem cells cultured in vitro with epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor proliferated and formed neurospheres. 2) Addition of PPARγ agonists like ciglitazone and 15d-PGJ2 inhibited neural stem cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. 3) Interestingly, neural stem cells cultured with PPARγ agonists showed increased expression of oligodendrocyte markers and a reduction in the neural stem cell marker nestin, indicating promotion of oligodendrocyte differentiation.
Brain lipids - g j
Gangliosides (GA) are highly concentrated in the brain, particularly in the gray matter of the cerebral cortex. They carry most of the sialic acid in the central nervous system and play important roles in neural development, neuronal growth, message transmission between neurons, and myelination of neurons. Abnormal metabolism of sphingolipids like GA can cause several neurological disorders characterized by mental retardation and neurological deficits. The lipid content of myelin is much higher than that of gray and white matter, with more cerebrosides and cholesterol. GA levels increase with brain development and are thought to be important for optimal neuronal function.
ijms-23-15271.pdf
This document reviews the blood-brain barrier (BBB), its development and role in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. It discusses how the BBB forms via angiogenesis and maturation, involving brain microvascular endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes and their interactions. Barrier disruption is implicated in conditions like autism and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Therapies aim to facilitate drug delivery across the BBB or use barrier properties. Common mechanisms between developmental and degenerative disorders suggest analogous therapies could apply to both.
Neurobiology of depression- recent updates
The document summarizes recent updates in the neurobiology of depression. It discusses various areas of the brain implicated in depression and mechanisms of neuroplasticity. It also covers the roles of neurotrophins like BDNF, microRNAs, stress hormones, inflammation, and the gut microbiota in depression pathophysiology. While monoaminergic systems are important, the conclusion states that depression involves multiple brain systems and regulators of central nervous function that require further study.
PNAS-2013-Nikolakopoulou-8714-9
1) Activated microglia secrete factors that promote neurogenesis from white matter cells, whereas resting microglia do not. When neonatal optic nerve cells were cocultured with activated microglia, there was a significant increase in neurons identified by TUJ-1 labeling compared to cocultures with resting microglia.
2) Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) generated some neurons but were not the major source. Around 70% of neurons came from A2B5-negative cells, which included astrocytes. Activated microglia increased neurogenesis from both OPCs and A2B5-negative cells.
3) Mass spectrometry identified protease ser
A Possible Role of Rosmarinic Acid against CD2 Associated Protein for the Tre...
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disorder which directly affects Central Nervous System CNS . People with MS suffer with an episodic reversible memory loss during the initial stages and later it leads to the neurological deterioration. Number of research and studies has been done on the natural compounds and phytochemical compounds in order to develop the particular drug for the treatment of MS in vivo andin vitro. The present study focuses on the inhibitory effect of Rosmarinic acid against the effect of CD2 Associated protein with the help of Molecular Docking. Molecular Docking basically screens the ligand and the target protein and shows the interaction between them on the basis of the minimum binding affinities and drug likeliness properties. In our research, docking was performed between CD2 Associated protein and selected ligands with the help of docking software. Ligands were selected on the basis of their minimum Binding affinities and finally by their drug likeliness properties. Rosmarinic acid BA 5.6 was the resultant ligand of our recent study. It showed the perfect interaction with CD2 Associated protein. Therefore, we may conclude that Rosmarinic acid may act as a compound which may be used as a drug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis fromfurther in vitro and in vivostudies in future. Jitin Kumar | Tejaswee Anand | Ritika Sharma | Noopur Khare | Abhimanyu Kumar Jha | Yamini Dixit "A Possible Role of Rosmarinic Acid against CD2-Associated Protein for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis through in Silico Approach" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44979.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/44979/a-possible-role-of-rosmarinic-acid-against-cd2associated-protein-for-the-treatment-of-multiple-sclerosis-through-in-silico-approach/jitin-kumar
Thesis - Meditative Neuroplasticity_7_15_15
This thesis examines the effects of qigong meditation on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cortisol levels. It hypothesizes that experienced meditators will have higher BDNF and lower cortisol levels compared to non-meditators, and will perform better on cognitive tests. The study measures BDNF, cortisol and cognitive performance on Lumosity games in 7 experienced and 7 non-experienced meditators before and after a 30-minute meditation session. Preliminary results found no difference in BDNF levels but a cortisol decrease and higher post-meditation Lumosity scores for experienced meditators. The study provides an initial investigation into meditation's potential to increase neuroplasticity.
Austism CBD
Immune system dysregulation is well-recognized in autism and thought to be part of the etiology of this disorder. The endocannabinoid system is a key regulator of the immune system via the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R) which is highly expressed on macrophages and microglial cells. We have previously published significant differences in peripheral blood mononuclear cell CB2R gene expression in the autism population. The use of the Gc protein-derived Macrophage Activating Factor (GcMAF), an endogenous glycosylated vitamin D binding protein responsible for macrophage cell activation has demonstrated positive effects in the treatment of autistic children. In this current study, we investigated the in vitro effects of GcMAF treatment on the endocannabinoid system gene expression, as well as cellular activation in blood monocyte-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from autistic patients compared to age-matched healthy developing controls.
Conclusions
This study presents the first observations of GcMAF effects on the transcriptionomics of the endocannabinoid system and expression of CB2R protein. These data point to a potential nexus between endocannabinoids, vitamin D and its transporter proteins, and the immune dysregulations observed with autism.
Senior Semester Final Project Poster
1. Alzheimer's disease is a major health concern that causes cognitive decline through β-amyloid accumulation and plaque formation in the brain.
2. Resveratrol has been shown to inhibit β-amyloid accumulation by binding to the proteins and changing their conformation to a non-toxic form, reducing plaque formation and neuronal damage.
3. While studies support resveratrol's potential as a therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease, long-term clinical trials in humans are still needed to confirm its safety and efficacy.
fimmu-08-01805.pdf
This document summarizes the role of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in the major genetic and environmental risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). It discusses how NF-κB interacts with genes implicated in AD risk, such as APP, APOE, and genes involved in immunity. It reviews evidence from neuronal cell lines, invertebrate models like fruit flies, and vertebrate models like mice that genetic and environmental factors associated with aging increase NF-κB activity and are linked to AD pathology. The document suggests NF-κB may be a key regulator integrating genetic and environmental risk factors and could potentially be targeted for disease prevention.
Luisetto m, ahmed y r, behzad ni, farhan a k, ghulam r m. immune shock chron...
Luisetto m, ahmed y r, behzad ni, farhan a k, ghulam r m. immune shock chron...M. Luisetto Pharm.D.Spec. Pharmacology
1. The document reviews literature on the relationship between immune system factors and brain development in autism disorder.
2. It finds that pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 have been associated with autism and can impair neural cell adhesion/migration and synapse formation when overexpressed.
3. The timing of immune system disturbances and brain development may provide insights into autism pathogenesis.Diapos seminario microglía
Microglia-Derived Exosomal microRNA-151-3p Enhances Functional Healing After Spinal Cord Injury by Attenuating Neuronal Apoptosis via Regulating the p53/p21/ CDK1 Signaling Pathway
Diapositivas seminario biomol
Microglia-Derived ExosomalmicroRNA-151-3p enhances functional Healing After Spinal Cord Injury by attenuating Neuronal Apoptosis via Regulating the p53/p21/ CDK1 Signaling Pathway
Hanipsych, bdnf in alzh.
Higher levels of the protein brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may protect against Alzheimer's disease and dementia. BDNF targets cortical brain cells, preventing their death and improving learning and memory. Studies have also found that higher serum BDNF levels can protect against future occurrence of dementia and Alzheimer's. Future research may examine using BDNF levels to predict Alzheimer's risk or giving BDNF supplements to older adults to prevent or reduce symptoms.
The cell & evolution
The document discusses two research articles about Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. For Alzheimer's, the article discusses how tau proteins jump between neurons using extracellular space and how blocking the protein in this space could help control the spread of Alzheimer's in the brain. For Parkinson's, the article discusses how a mutant LRRK2 gene promotes alpha-synuclein inclusions and how inhibiting this gene could decrease inclusions and pave the way for new treatments. Recognizing the cellular and genetic factors involved in these diseases can help identify causes and potential new treatment targets.
HyperoxiaPaper
This study investigated the effects of neonatal hyperoxia (high oxygen exposure) on neurotrophin gene expression in mice. The researchers found that hyperoxia induced alterations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) mRNA expression levels in the isocortex and prefrontal cortex. Specifically, BDNF mRNA expression decreased in the prefrontal cortex but increased in the isocortex, while GDNF mRNA expression increased in both regions following hyperoxia. Hyperoxia also altered mRNA expression levels of DNA methyltransferases DNMT1 and DNMT3a, which regulate neurotrophin gene expression through DNA methylation. These results suggest that neonatal
POWERPOINT PRESENTATION ON PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALZHEIM.docx
POWERPOINT PRESENTATION ON:
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
TANIA GONZALEZ DIAZ
WALDEN UNIVERSITY
NURS:6501C
AUGUST 03,2019
*
Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer disease (AD) is: Chronic neurodegenerative disorder
The leading cause of dementia
According to Etindele Sosso, Nakamura & Nakamura (2017), as of 2015, 29.8 million people had AD.
Most prevalent among people whose ages are 65 years and above.
Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that normally starts and gradually progresses with the brain cells dying off. Leading to memory loss. The leading cause of dementia which affects an individual cognitive, social and behavioral skills that destroy the capability of a person to function properly.According to Etindele Sosso, Nakamura & Nakamura (2017), as of 2015, there were 29.8 million people globally who had AD. It mostly starts in people whose ages are over 65 years.
*
Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Exact cause is unknown. Early onset of Familial Alzheimer’s Disease is associated with 3 genes found in chromosome 21, namely; Abnormal amyloid precursor protein 14 [APP14] Abnormal presenilin 1 [PSEN1] andAbnormalpresenilin 2 [PSEN2])Late onset of AD is related to changes in apolipoprotein E gene-allele4(APOE4) gene found in chromosome 19. Source: (Huether, McCance, Brashers & Rote, 2016)
The exact cause of AD is still unknown till date. Early onset of Familial Alzheimer’s Disease is associated with 3 genes found in chromosome 21, namely; Abnormal amyloid precursor protein 14 [APP14] Abnormal presenilin 1 [PSEN1] andAbnormalpresenilin 2 [PSEN2])Late onset of AD is related to changes in apolipoprotein E gene-allele 4 (APOE4) gene found in chromosome 19.
*
Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease …contdDNA methylation is one epigenetic markers for AD.Pathological alterations in the brain causes the loss of memory.These pathological alterations include; Accumulation of extracellular neuritic plaques with core of amyloid Degeneration of basal forebrain ß-protein Intraneuronal neurofibrillary tanglescholinergic neurons with loss of acetylcholineSource: (Huether, McCance, Brashers & Rote, 2016)
DNA methylation is one epigenetic markers for AD.Pathological alterations in the brain causes the loss of memory.These pathological alterations include; Accumulation of extracellular neuritic plaques with core of amyloid ß-protein Intraneuronal neurofibrillary tanglesDegeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons If the brain is unable to get rid of amyloid the precursor protein, toxic fragments of amyloid ß-protein accumulates and which trigger neuritic plaques to diffuse, the transmission of impulses by nerve cells to be disrupted and the nerve cells to die. The tau protein in neiurons detaches forming an insoluble neurofibrillary tangles, which causes the neurons to die. Neurofibrilary tangles and neuritic plaques which are more concentrated in the cerebral cortex are the one that contribute t ...
Rtl kaplan final copy
This document discusses neuroinflammation and its relationship to chronic pain and depression. It begins by outlining the common neurobiology of these conditions, including involvement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, inflammatory cytokines, neurotransmitters, and glial cells like microglia and astrocytes. It then discusses the role of the gut-brain axis and gut microbiome in neuroinflammation. The document proposes a new model where chronic pain and depression are caused by neuroinflammation in the brain, rather than the traditional view of neuroinflammation being caused by these conditions. It concludes by outlining a 3-phase treatment approach focused on eliminating triggers of neuroinflammation, treating the underlying issue, and
Rtl kaplan final copy
This document discusses neuroinflammation and its relationship to chronic pain and depression. It begins by outlining the common neurobiology of these conditions, including involvement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, inflammatory cytokines, neurotransmitters, and glial cells like microglia and astrocytes. It then discusses the role of the gut-brain axis and gut microbiome in neuroinflammation. The document proposes that chronic pain and depression are actually symptoms of underlying neuroinflammation in the brain. It concludes by outlining a 3-phase treatment approach focused on eliminating triggers of neuroinflammation, treating the underlying issue, and reducing mast cell and microglial activation.
Application of recombinant dna in the pharmaceutical and medical fields
This document discusses the application of recombinant DNA technology in pharmaceutical and medical fields. It begins with an introduction and objectives. It then describes the major steps of genetic engineering which include isolation, cutting, ligation, transformation, selection, and expression of cloned DNA. Key applications discussed include producing human insulin through recombinant E. coli, treating growth hormone deficiency with recombinant human growth hormone, and developing vaccines by cloning antigen genes. The document concludes by stating recombinant DNA technology produces medical products that play an important role in treating genetic diseases and developing targeted medicines.
Similaire à NERVE GROWTH FACTORS, NEUROTROPHINS (20)
A Possible Role of Rosmarinic Acid against CD2 Associated Protein for the Tre...
A Possible Role of Rosmarinic Acid against CD2 Associated Protein for the Tre...
Luisetto m, ahmed y r, behzad ni, farhan a k, ghulam r m. immune shock chron...
Luisetto m, ahmed y r, behzad ni, farhan a k, ghulam r m. immune shock chron...
POWERPOINT PRESENTATION ON PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALZHEIM.docx
POWERPOINT PRESENTATION ON PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ALZHEIM.docx
Application of recombinant dna in the pharmaceutical and medical fields
Application of recombinant dna in the pharmaceutical and medical fields
Plus de Dr Nilesh Kate
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY INTRODUCTION
This document outlines the key topics in respiratory physiology covered by Dr. Nilesh Kate, including:
1) The functional anatomy of the respiratory system including the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, and tracheobronchial tree.
2) Details of the tracheobronchial tree including the conducting and respiratory zones.
3) Histological features of the tracheobronchial tree such as cartilaginous rings and epithelial linings.
4) The pleura, respiratory parenchyma, blood supply, innervation, and functions of the respiratory system.
TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN
This document summarizes the transport of oxygen in the body. It discusses how oxygen is taken up from the lungs into pulmonary blood due to a concentration gradient, with arterial blood having a PO2 of 95 mm Hg. Oxygen is transported in both dissolved form and bound to hemoglobin. Hemoglobin binds to oxygen cooperatively, resulting in a sigmoidal oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve. Oxygen is released from hemoglobin in tissues where the PO2 is lower. Factors like pH, PCO2, temperature and 2,3-DPG can shift the curve right or left, impacting oxygen binding and release.
ELECTROMYOGRAPHY
This document discusses electromyography (EMG), which is a technique for recording the electrical activity of muscles. EMG uses either surface electrodes or needle electrodes to detect motor unit potentials from muscles. It describes how EMG is performed at rest and during different levels of muscle contraction. Abnormal EMG patterns are seen in neurogenic diseases, like increased spontaneous activity and larger motor unit amplitudes, and in myopathies, like fibrillations and normal sized motor units. The document outlines the clinical applications of EMG in evaluating neuromuscular diseases and muscle function.
CELL JUNCTIONS AND CYTOSKELETON
This document outlines a class on cell junctions and intercellular communication. The objectives are to understand the cytoskeleton, molecular motors, intercellular communication, types of intercellular communication, and cell adhesion molecules. The cytoskeleton is made up of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments and provides shape, movement, and anchorage for cells. Intercellular communication allows for signaling between cells via tight junctions, adherens junctions, and gap junctions. Cell adhesion molecules like cadherins, selectins, and integrins mediate adhesion between cells.
TISSUE-GLANDS
This document provides information on different types of tissues in the human body. It begins by defining tissue as a group of similar cells that function together. There are four main types of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue forms protective linings and coverings. There are several types of epithelial tissue including simple, stratified, and glandular epithelium which have different structures and locations in the body. Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue and includes materials like blood, bone, cartilage and fat. It binds and supports other tissues. The document describes the various cell types and fibers found in connective tissue. It then discusses the different categories of specialized connective tissue like cartilage, bone and blood.
CELL JUNCTIONS.pptx
Dr. Nilesh Kate's physiology lecture covered intercellular communication and apoptosis. It discussed different types of intercellular junctions like tight junctions, adherens junctions, and gap junctions. It also explained the mechanisms of various chemical messengers and second messenger systems, including the adenylate cyclase-cAMP pathway. Regarding apoptosis, the lecture defined it as programmed cell death, described the mechanism involving caspases and DNA fragmentation, and listed examples like embryonic development and menstruation.
Compliance of lung
The document discusses lung elastance, compliance, and work of breathing. It defines key terms like elastance, compliance, and surface tension. It describes the elastance of the thoracic cage and lungs, the role of pulmonary surfactant in reducing surface tension, and how this impacts compliance and the work of breathing. Factors that affect compliance and work of breathing are examined, including diseases like respiratory distress syndrome and emphysema. Static versus specific compliance is also differentiated.
Compliance of lung
The document discusses lung elastance, compliance, and work of breathing. It defines key terms like elastance, compliance, and surface tension. It describes the elastance of the thoracic cage and lungs, the role of pulmonary surfactant in reducing surface tension, and how compliance is measured. It also explains the different components of work of breathing, including overcoming elastic, viscous, and airway resistance, and how work of breathing is affected in restrictive and obstructive lung diseases.
GASTRIC FUNCTION TESTS
This document discusses various tests used to evaluate gastrointestinal and liver function. It begins by outlining objectives to discuss gastric, liver, and pancreatic function tests. For gastric function, tests are described to detect hyperchlorhydria or achlorhydria including fractional meal tests, histamine tests, pentagastrin tests, and endoscopy. Liver function tests evaluate secretion, metabolism, synthesis, detoxification and cellular integrity using measures like bilirubin, enzymes, proteins, imaging and biopsy. Pancreatic function is assessed through analysis of pancreatic juice and products of digestion as well as serum amylase.
GENETICS
This document provides an overview of genetics and molecular genetics. It begins with objectives and introductions, then covers the history of genetics including Mendel's work. It describes the structural and functional characteristics of chromosomes, DNA, RNA and genes. It explains processes like DNA replication, transcription, translation and gene expression. It also discusses applied concepts like genetic engineering, polymerase chain reaction, and the use of molecular genetics in medicine and biotechnology.
ENERGY SOURCE AND THERMAL CHANGES IN MUSCLE CONTRACTION
This document discusses the energy sources and thermal changes that occur during muscle contraction. It notes that ATP is the immediate source of energy for muscle contraction, obtained initially from the hydrolysis of phosphocreatine and later through glycolysis and oxidative metabolism. Intense exercise leads to an oxygen deficit that is paid back after as oxygen debt. Muscle contraction results in the production of resting heat, initial heat during contraction, recovery heat after contraction, and relaxation heat. The efficiency of muscle contraction depends on whether it is an isotonic or isometric contraction.
Functional anatomy and physiology of cardiac muscle
This document provides an overview of the functional anatomy and physiology of the cardiac muscle. It describes the chambers and valves of the heart, the structure of the heart walls, and the microscopic structure of cardiac muscle fibers. It also explains the electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, including the phases of the cardiac action potential and the process of excitation-contraction coupling. Key properties of cardiac muscle discussed are automaticity, conductivity, excitability, contractility, and the refractory period.
Disturbances of respiration
This document discusses various disturbances of respiration, including abnormal respiratory patterns, apnea, dyspnea, periodic breathing, hypoventilation, hyperventilation, and disturbances related to respiratory gases. It provides definitions and descriptions of these conditions, their causes, types, symptoms, and physiological mechanisms. Key topics covered include eupnea, tachypnea, bradypnea, polypnea, voluntary apnea, deglutition apnea, hypoventilation, hyperventilation, Chyne-Stokes breathing, Biot's breathing, hypoxia, cyanosis, and the physiological effects and treatment of oxygen therapy.
Vestibular apparatus
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the vestibular apparatus. It describes the vestibular apparatus as consisting of the semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule located in the inner ear. These contain hair cells that act as receptors and detect head movement and acceleration. When stimulated, the hair cells trigger vestibular pathways that connect to the brainstem and mediate reflexes for eye and body movements to maintain equilibrium and posture. The vestibular apparatus plays an important role in functions such as balance, spatial orientation, and eye movement coordination.
Skin
The document provides information about the structure and functions of the skin and its role in temperature regulation. It discusses the three main layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes and other cell types arranged in multiple layers. The dermis lies below and contains collagen, nerves and blood vessels. Skin appendages like hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands are also described. Temperature regulation involves balancing heat production and loss through mechanisms like sweating, vasodilation and shivering controlled by the hypothalamus. Fever is discussed as a regulated increase in set-point temperature in response to infection.
Sexual growth and development
This document discusses sexual growth and development from pre-puberty through adolescence. It covers sex determination by chromosomes during fertilization, genetic and gonadal differentiation leading to the formation of either testes or ovaries. The roles of genes and hormones like testosterone and Müllerian inhibiting substance in testicular and ovarian development are described. Disorders of sexual development that can occur from chromosomal abnormalities like Klinefelter syndrome or hormonal defects are also outlined.
Semen analysis
This document discusses semen analysis, including its importance in evaluating male fertility and after vasectomy. It outlines normal values for semen volume, motility, count, liquefaction, pH, and fructose. The procedure for semen analysis is described, which involves examining a freshly collected semen sample under a microscope after 30 minutes to assess various parameters. Precautions like abstaining for 2 days prior are noted. The roles of seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands in contributing secretions and nutrients to semen are briefly covered.
Renal hormones
The document discusses several renal hormones and their roles in regulating homeostasis. It describes the renin-angiotensin system and its components in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, including renin-producing juxtaglomerular cells and NaCl-sensing macula densa cells. It also discusses other renal hormones like atrial natriuretic peptide, aldosterone, erythropoietin, and vitamin D, as well as local autocrine/paracrine factors such as prostaglandins. The kidneys play a key role in regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance through the production and response to these hormones.
Physiology of pregnancy
This document discusses physiology of pregnancy and is presented by Dr. Nilesh Kate. It covers topics such as fertilization and implantation, physiological changes during pregnancy, and the physiology of labor and delivery. Specifically, it describes the transportation and capacitation of sperm, fusion of gametes during fertilization, implantation of the blastocyst, and maternal adaptations in various body systems like cardiovascular and respiratory that support nutrition of the growing fetus.
Physiology of lactation
This document discusses the physiology of lactation. It begins by describing the development of the breast from embryogenesis through pregnancy and lactation. It then covers the functional anatomy of the breast and the histological structure. The document discusses the role of hormones such as prolactin, estrogen, and progesterone in breast development and lactation. It explains the phases of lactation including mammogenesis, lactogenesis, galactokinesis, and galactopoiesis. Finally, it covers the composition and formation of human milk and the advantages of breastfeeding for both mother and baby.
Plus de Dr Nilesh Kate (20)
ENERGY SOURCE AND THERMAL CHANGES IN MUSCLE CONTRACTION
ENERGY SOURCE AND THERMAL CHANGES IN MUSCLE CONTRACTION
Functional anatomy and physiology of cardiac muscle
Functional anatomy and physiology of cardiac muscle
Dernier
Pharmacology of Drugs for Congestive Heart Failure
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International Travelers
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
biomechanics of running. Dr.dhwani.pptx
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and Synonyms
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
Microbiology & Parasitology Exercises Parts of the Microscope
Exercise 1 of Microbiology and Parasitology which is the parts of the microscope and their uses
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort. KENT'S REPERTORY by dr niranjan mohanty.pptx
its a presentation on Dr kents Repertory by Dr niranjan Mohanty
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
une 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
RESPIRATORY DISEASES by bhavya kelavadiya
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
5 Effective Homeopathic Medicines for Irregular Periods
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
Public Health Lecture 4 Social Sciences and Public Health
Sociology, Anthropology and Psychology as applied to Public Health
Call Girls Lucknow 9024918724 Vip Call Girls Lucknow
Call Girls Lucknow 9024918724 Vip Call Girls Lucknow
Patellar Instability: Diagnosis Management
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
Dernier (20)
Pharmacology of Drugs for Congestive Heart Failure
Pharmacology of Drugs for Congestive Heart Failure
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International Travelers
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International Travelers
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and Synonyms
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and Synonyms
Microbiology & Parasitology Exercises Parts of the Microscope
Microbiology & Parasitology Exercises Parts of the Microscope
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdf
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
June 2024 Oncology Cartoons By Dr Kanhu Charan Patro
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
Pharmacology of 5-hydroxytryptamine and Antagonist
Tele Optometry (kunj'sppt) / Basics of tele optometry.
Tele Optometry (kunj'sppt) / Basics of tele optometry.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...
5 Effective Homeopathic Medicines for Irregular Periods
5 Effective Homeopathic Medicines for Irregular Periods
Public Health Lecture 4 Social Sciences and Public Health
Public Health Lecture 4 Social Sciences and Public Health
Call Girls Lucknow 9024918724 Vip Call Girls Lucknow
Call Girls Lucknow 9024918724 Vip Call Girls Lucknow
NERVE GROWTH FACTORS, NEUROTROPHINS
- 1. DR NILESH KATE MBBS,MD PROFESSOR ESIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, GULBARGA. DEPT. OF PHYSIOLOGY NERVE GROWTH FACTORS & NEUROTROPHINS & CYTOKINES.
- 2. OBJECTIVES. Neurotrophins Nerve growth factors. Other growth promoting factors. Cytokines.
- 3. NEUROTROPHINS. Proteins which provide trophic support to the neurons. Promote nerve growth & survival. Play role in NEURONAL PLASTICITY. Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 4. NEUROTROPHINS. A member of a family of small secreted protein known as Neurotrophins that function as a Signaling molecule. Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 7. TRANSPORT Produced by various structure innervated by neuron Bind to receptor at nerve ending. Internalize by Endocytosis. Transported by retrograde axoplasmic flow In cell body increase production of proteins associated with neuronal development, growth & survival Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 8. NEUROTROPHIN RECEPTORS Each neurotrophin can signal through two different types of cell surface receptor Trk receptor -Tyrosine kinases p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). Transmembrane receptor, also known as TNFRSF16. a member of the tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) death- receptor family.
- 9. NEUROTROPHIN RECEPTORS The ratio of receptors is important in dictating the numbers of surviving cells. Interactions between p75 and Trk receptors provide greater discrimination between different neurotrophins.
- 10. NEUROTROPHINS It includes. Nerve growth factors, Brain derived neurotrophic factors. Glial derived neurotrophic factors. Neurotrophin 3 Neurotrophin 4/5. Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 11. NERVE GROWTH FACTORS. First neurotrophins recognized. Promotes growth of sympathetic nerves and sensory nerves. Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 12. HISTORY. 1986. Rita Levi-Montalcini & stanley cohen Idenfied NGF. Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 13. RITA LEVI-MONTALCINI & STANLEY COHEN They demonstrated that number of nerve cells produced in the embryo could be influenced by antigen (NGF) obtained from mouse tumour cell culture. Picked up by axon terminal of growing motor neurons Prevents apoptosis. Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 14. NERVE GROWTH FACTOR….WHAT IS IT? These are naturally occurring essential biological mediators that promotes cell growth, differentiation, survival and function in specific nerve cell population A proteins that causes developing cells to grow by stimulating surrounding nerve tissue. Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 15. IN FETUS. Embryonic development of sensory neurons and sympathetic ganglia (NGF & Neurotrophin -3) Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 16. STRUCTURE. Made up of 2α, 2β and 2γ subunits. α subunits – trypsin like activity β subunit similar to insulin. γ subunit are serine proteases. Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 17. RECEPTORS & ACTION Mainly Trk A (Tyrosine kinase activity A) Also present in brain & responsible for growth & maintenance of of cholinergic neurons in basal forebrain & striatum. Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 18. BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS. Growth promoting role in peripheral sensory nerves. Receptor is Trk B Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 19. NEUROTROPHIN 3 Plays growth promoting role in cutaneous mechanoceptors. Receptors are Trk-C & Trk-A & Trk-B Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 20. NEUROTROPHIN 4/5. Receptor is Trk-B Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 21. OTHER GROWTH PROMOTING FACTORS. (LIFT-PC) Leukaemia inhibitory factors Insulin like growth factors. Fibroblast growth factors Transforming growth factors. Platelet derived growth factors. Ciliary neurotrophic factors. Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 22. CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS. Produced by Schwann cells and Astrocytes Plays a growth promoting role in lesioned & embryonic spinal cord neurons. Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 23. FUNCTIONS. Neuronal Proliferation. Proliferation of pancreatic beta cells. Regulation of the immune system. Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 24. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE NGF prevents or reduces neuronal degeneration in neurodegerative diseases . NGF promotes peripheral nerve regeneration in rats. The expression of NGF is increased in inflammatory diseases where it suppresses inflammation. NGF appears to promote myelin repair. Hence NGF may be useful for the treatment of multiple sclerosis . NGF could also be involved in various psychiatric disorders , such as dementia, depression, schizophrenia, autism, Rett syndrome, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 25. CYTOKINES. Small protein molecules which acts like a hormone to regulate immune response. Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 26. PRODUCTION. Produced not only by lymphocytes & macrophages but also by endothelial cells, neuroglial cells Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 27. TYPES. Interleukins (IL-1 to 13) Other cytokines Chemokines. Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 28. MECHANISM OF ACTION. Local effects Systemic effects. Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 29. LOCAL EFFECTS. Act in autocrine or paracrine manner through specific receptors. Superfamily includes receptors of Cytokines Haemopoietic growth factor Prolactin Growth hormone Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 30. SYSTEMIC EFFECTS. CNS – causes fever, slow wave sleep, secretion of CRH. Metabolic effect – stimulate hepatic protein synthesis, causes lactic acidosis. Haematological effects – increases neutrophils, colony stimulating factors Vascular system – stimulate leucocyte adherence to vessel wall, prostaglandin synthesis, platelet activating factor & increases capillary permeability. Tuesday, December 6, 2022
- 31. OBJECTIVES…….. Neurotrophins Nerve growth factors. Other growth promoting factors. Cytokines.
- 32. THANK YOU
Notes de l'éditeur
- Low affinity receptor which can bind to NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4. Can mediate cell survival as well as cell death of neural cells.