Introduction:
Understanding pharmacology related to skin and mucous membrane health is crucial for nursing students in providing comprehensive care to patients with dermatological and mucosal conditions. This guide offers essential knowledge on pharmacological interventions, including medications, treatments, and nursing considerations, to promote skin and mucous membrane wellness and manage various dermatological and mucosal disorders effectively.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 square feet. The skin protects us from microbes and the elements, helps regulate body temperature, and permits the sensations of touch, heat, and cold
This document discusses drugs used on the skin, mucous membranes, eyes, ears, and nose. It covers corticosteroids like glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids which suppress inflammation. It also discusses antipruritics for itching including anti-inflammatories, antibacterials, antifungals, and others. Specific drugs are provided for various conditions affecting the skin, eyes, ears, nose, and treatment of scabies and lice. Nursing responsibilities are outlined like monitoring for side effects and ensuring proper application of topical medications.
This document discusses various topics related to ophthalmic drugs including antibiotics, steroids, and drugs used to treat glaucoma. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, indications, and side effects of different drug classes. It describes commonly used antibiotics like aminoglycosides, macrolides, and quinolones. It also outlines steroid drugs and their anti-inflammatory mechanisms and ocular uses. The document discusses various agents used to lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma including parasympathomimetics, sympathomimetics, alpha-agonists, and beta-blockers.
This document discusses drugs used in special sensory and integumentary systems. It begins by outlining the main areas - eye, ear, nose, skin, and tongue. It then discusses topical formulations like drops, ointments, lotions, creams, and powders that are applied to body surfaces. Specific examples of eye drops, ear drops, nasal drops, and skin ointments are provided. The document then focuses on drugs acting on the skin, including emollients, keratoplastic agents, antipruritics, and glucocorticoids. It provides examples of conditions treated and drugs used for acne, scabies, psoriasis, and more. The document also
The document discusses drugs acting on the eye, ear, and nose. It provides details on common eye, ear, and nasal conditions and the drug classes used to treat them. For the eye, it describes ophthalmic antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, miotics, and mydriatics used for issues like infection, inflammation, glaucoma, and dry eye. For the ear, it discusses antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, and wax softening drugs used for otitis media and externa. Nasal drops containing pseudoephedrine and saline are used for nasal allergy and congestion relief.
This document summarizes dermatological pharmacology. It discusses the structure of skin and topical vehicles like creams, lotions, gels and ointments used to deliver drugs to the skin. It also discusses various drug classes used in dermatology like glucocorticoids, retinoids, antibiotics, antifungals and immunomodulators. Specific drugs covered include tretinoin, adapalene, isotretinoin, calcipotriene and phototherapy agents. It also provides information on treatment of conditions like acne, hyperpigmentation and photoprotection with sunscreens.
Retinoids are a class of chemical compounds that are related chemically to vitamin A.
-Retinoids (found in animal foods)
-Carotenoids (found in plant foods)
Retinoids are used in medicine, primarily due to the way they regulate epithelial cell growth.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, with a total area of about 20 square feet. The skin protects us from microbes and the elements, helps regulate body temperature, and permits the sensations of touch, heat, and cold
This document discusses drugs used on the skin, mucous membranes, eyes, ears, and nose. It covers corticosteroids like glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids which suppress inflammation. It also discusses antipruritics for itching including anti-inflammatories, antibacterials, antifungals, and others. Specific drugs are provided for various conditions affecting the skin, eyes, ears, nose, and treatment of scabies and lice. Nursing responsibilities are outlined like monitoring for side effects and ensuring proper application of topical medications.
This document discusses various topics related to ophthalmic drugs including antibiotics, steroids, and drugs used to treat glaucoma. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, indications, and side effects of different drug classes. It describes commonly used antibiotics like aminoglycosides, macrolides, and quinolones. It also outlines steroid drugs and their anti-inflammatory mechanisms and ocular uses. The document discusses various agents used to lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma including parasympathomimetics, sympathomimetics, alpha-agonists, and beta-blockers.
This document discusses drugs used in special sensory and integumentary systems. It begins by outlining the main areas - eye, ear, nose, skin, and tongue. It then discusses topical formulations like drops, ointments, lotions, creams, and powders that are applied to body surfaces. Specific examples of eye drops, ear drops, nasal drops, and skin ointments are provided. The document then focuses on drugs acting on the skin, including emollients, keratoplastic agents, antipruritics, and glucocorticoids. It provides examples of conditions treated and drugs used for acne, scabies, psoriasis, and more. The document also
The document discusses drugs acting on the eye, ear, and nose. It provides details on common eye, ear, and nasal conditions and the drug classes used to treat them. For the eye, it describes ophthalmic antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, miotics, and mydriatics used for issues like infection, inflammation, glaucoma, and dry eye. For the ear, it discusses antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, and wax softening drugs used for otitis media and externa. Nasal drops containing pseudoephedrine and saline are used for nasal allergy and congestion relief.
This document summarizes dermatological pharmacology. It discusses the structure of skin and topical vehicles like creams, lotions, gels and ointments used to deliver drugs to the skin. It also discusses various drug classes used in dermatology like glucocorticoids, retinoids, antibiotics, antifungals and immunomodulators. Specific drugs covered include tretinoin, adapalene, isotretinoin, calcipotriene and phototherapy agents. It also provides information on treatment of conditions like acne, hyperpigmentation and photoprotection with sunscreens.
Retinoids are a class of chemical compounds that are related chemically to vitamin A.
-Retinoids (found in animal foods)
-Carotenoids (found in plant foods)
Retinoids are used in medicine, primarily due to the way they regulate epithelial cell growth.
This document discusses topical keratolytics and topical steroids. It defines keratolytics as drugs that cause mild peeling of the skin or mucous membrane when applied locally by removing the pathologic desquamated keratin layer. Common keratolytics include salicylic acid, urea, benzoyl peroxide, and tretinoin. Topical steroids are defined as medicines used to treat skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis. They are anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive. Common indications for topical steroids include recurrent aphthous ulcers, Behcet's syndrome, and pemphigus vulgaris. Potent topical steroids like bet
This document discusses various ophthalmic drugs used in different categories: anti-infective agents (antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal), mydriatics/cycloplegics, anti-glaucoma drugs, anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive agents, anti-allergics/vasoconstrictors, lubricating agents, intraocular/irrigating solutions, viscoelastic substances, anti-VEGF agents, and dyes. It provides details on common drugs in each category, their mechanisms and uses. It focuses in depth on various antibacterial agents like sulphonamides, beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramp
This document discusses various drugs used in ophthalmology, their indications, contraindications, and dosages. It covers topics such as mydriatics and cycloplegics like atropine and tropicamide; anti-viral drugs like acyclovir and ganciclovir used to treat conditions caused by HSV, HZV, and CMV; anti-fungal drugs natamycin and amphotericin B; anti-inflammatory agents like flurbiprofen sodium and prednisone; and lubricating agents and artificial tears. It also mentions intraocular and irrigating solutions used in ocular surgeries, and some non-ophthalmic drugs that can affect the eye like
Ocular allergy are a group of external ocular conditions resulting from one or more types of hypersensitivity reactions to allergens.
Anti Allergic eye drops are liquid medicine used to treat symptoms of eye allergies.
Chronic pruritus - linkages between skin & psyche, current treatment options ...Milan Choksey
This document summarizes information on hydroxyzine and pruritus (itch). It discusses that pruritus can originate from skin inflammation, dryness or damage and is transmitted by C nerve fibers. Hydroxyzine is indicated for treating anxiety and pruritus. It works as a potent antihistamine by blocking histamine H1 receptors and also has anxiolytic effects. Hydroxyzine is efficacious in relieving pruritus from various conditions like eczema and urticaria by its antihistaminic and SSAO enzyme inhibiting effects. It provides relief from pruritus within 1 hour after oral administration and has a clinically significant anxiolytic effect as well.
This document provides information on various dermatological conditions including:
- Pityriasis versicolor, describing presentation, diagnosis via KOH mount, and treatment with selenium sulfide or ketoconazole.
- Acne vulgaris, outlining exacerbating factors to avoid and medical management approaches for moderate and severe cases including topical and oral medications. Details are given on isotretinoin use and monitoring.
- Rosacea, defining diagnostic criteria and stages, differential diagnosis, and treatment approaches including lifestyle modifications and topical or oral antibiotics.
- Vitiligo, alopecia areata, scabies, lichen planus, and psoriasis, briefly covering presentation, diagnosis
Acne and rosacea are extremely common skin conditions that can have a significant psychological and social impact. Acne is caused by factors like blocked hair follicles, increased sebum production, inflammation, bacteria, and hormones. Rosacea has different clinical forms including papules/pustules and redness/telangiectasias. Both are managed with topical treatments like retinoids, antibiotics, and oral antibiotics/isotretinoin for more severe cases. Patients require long-term treatment to control symptoms.
This document discusses various treatment options for psoriasis, including topical therapies. It provides details on topical vitamin D analogues like calcipotriene, which are first-line treatments and have efficacy without reduced effects from long-term use. Topical corticosteroids are also discussed as first-line options for mild cases, though they carry risks of tachyphylaxis and rebound with prolonged use. Other topical treatments covered include anthralin, retinoids, salicylic acid, coal tar, and calcineurin inhibitors.
Unlock your potential with the ultimate NAPLEX study guide, meticulously designed to ensure you pass your pharmacy licensing exam with flying colors. This guide offers a thorough exploration of all the essential topics covered in the NAPLEX, including pharmacotherapy, pharmacy law, and medication management. Each chapter is structured to enhance your understanding, complete with clear explanations, practical examples, and review questions to test your knowledge.
Drugs Used In The Treatment Of The Integumentary System.pptxANJENAY S KUMAR
Drugs used in the treatment of the integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands, fall into several categories:
1. **Antimicrobials**: These include antibacterials and antifungals, which are used to treat or prevent infections²³.
2. **Antiparasitics**: These are used to treat parasitic infestations³.
3. **Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)**: These are used to reduce inflammation³.
4. **Immunomodulators**: These are used to modify the immune response or the functioning of the immune system³.
5. **Hormones**: These are used to treat various skin conditions³.
6. **Psychotropic Agents**: These are used for their effects on mental health³.
7. **Vitamin and Mineral Supplements**: These are used to treat deficiencies that may affect the skin³.
Some specific drugs used for skin diseases include Alclometasone, Allantoin, Amcinonide, Amorolfine, Avelumab, Bemotrizinol/Bisoctrizole, Benzyl benzoate, Biafine, and Brodalumab¹. These drugs can be used to treat a variety of skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis, eczema, contact dermatitis, allergic dermatitis, rashes, psoriasis, and other skin irritations¹².
It's important to note that the choice of drug, its form (e.g., topical, oral), and the regimen depend on the nature of the skin condition and the patient's overall health status. Always consult with a healthcare provider for appropriate treatment⁴..
Source: Conversation with Bing, 2/8/2024
(1) Medications for Skin Conditions - WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/medications-skin-conditions.
(2) Overview of Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Integumentary System .... https://www.merckvetmanual.com/pharmacology/systemic-pharmacotherapeutics-of-the-integumentary-system/overview-of-systemic-pharmacotherapeutics-of-the-integumentary-system-in-animals.
(3) List of drugs/medicine used for Skin Disease (Skin Disease) - Medindia. https://www.medindia.net/drugs/medical-condition/skindisease.htm.
(4) Skin Diseases: Types of, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention.
This document discusses various drug treatments for ocular allergies. It describes how allergic reactions cause the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells. The main classes of anti-allergy drugs discussed are ocular decongestants, antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, NSAIDs, and corticosteroids. Specific examples of drugs in each class are provided along with their mechanisms of action and recommended dosages.
1. Antifungal agents target components of fungal cell walls and membranes that are different from mammalian cells, such as ergosterol in fungal cell membranes.
2. Major classes of antifungals include azoles which inhibit ergosterol synthesis, polyenes which bind to ergosterol, and echinocandins which inhibit cell wall synthesis.
3. Liposomal formulations of amphotericin B have advantages of lower toxicity compared to conventional amphotericin B due to targeted delivery to fungal cells and less interaction with human membranes.
Ocular pharma microsoft office point presentationNavodaya Salwe
1) This document discusses various ocular drugs used to treat eye diseases and conditions. It covers drug classes like antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, anti-glaucoma agents, anti-inflammatory drugs, and more.
2) Key aspects of ocular pharmacokinetics are described like absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of topically applied eye drops.
3) Specific drugs are explained in detail along with their mechanisms of action, formulations, indications and side effects. This includes drugs for glaucoma, infections, inflammation and more.
The document discusses various treatment options for psoriasis, ranging from topical therapies to phototherapy and systemic medications. Topical therapies include corticosteroids, vitamin D analogues, coal tar, retinoids, calcineurin inhibitors, dithranol, and salicylic acid. Phototherapy options are UVB, NB-UVB, and PUVA. Systemic medications mentioned for moderate to severe cases include methotrexate, retinoids, cyclosporine, and biologic immune modifying agents such as TNF inhibitors and IL inhibitors. Side effects, administration, and efficacy of the different treatment options are also covered.
This document summarizes topical treatments for dermatological conditions. It discusses the principles of topical therapy, including how vehicles like creams and ointments affect drug penetration. Common topical agents are then described, such as corticosteroids which are classified based on potency. Other agents covered include emollients, retinoids, vitamin D derivatives, and calcineurin inhibitors. Specific drugs are mentioned for conditions like psoriasis, eczema, and acne. Side effects and guidelines for application are provided.
This document discusses anticholinergic plant poisoning, including its introduction, toxidromes, common anticholinergic plants and their toxicities, pathophysiology, and emergency department management. It provides details on the anticholinergic toxidrome caused by plants like Datura, mandrake root, and deadly nightshade that contain tropane alkaloids like atropine and scopolamine. Management involves decontamination, supportive care for symptoms like agitation and seizures, and the antidote physostigmine for severe or unresponsive cases.
Title: Exploring Respiratory System Pharmacology: A Comprehensive Guide for Students
Introduction:
The respiratory system plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis by facilitating gas exchange and regulating oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the body. Understanding the pharmacology of respiratory medications is essential for healthcare students to effectively manage respiratory conditions and optimize patient outcomes. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of respiratory system pharmacology, covering key medications, mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
This document discusses topical keratolytics and topical steroids. It defines keratolytics as drugs that cause mild peeling of the skin or mucous membrane when applied locally by removing the pathologic desquamated keratin layer. Common keratolytics include salicylic acid, urea, benzoyl peroxide, and tretinoin. Topical steroids are defined as medicines used to treat skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis. They are anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive. Common indications for topical steroids include recurrent aphthous ulcers, Behcet's syndrome, and pemphigus vulgaris. Potent topical steroids like bet
This document discusses various ophthalmic drugs used in different categories: anti-infective agents (antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal), mydriatics/cycloplegics, anti-glaucoma drugs, anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive agents, anti-allergics/vasoconstrictors, lubricating agents, intraocular/irrigating solutions, viscoelastic substances, anti-VEGF agents, and dyes. It provides details on common drugs in each category, their mechanisms and uses. It focuses in depth on various antibacterial agents like sulphonamides, beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramp
This document discusses various drugs used in ophthalmology, their indications, contraindications, and dosages. It covers topics such as mydriatics and cycloplegics like atropine and tropicamide; anti-viral drugs like acyclovir and ganciclovir used to treat conditions caused by HSV, HZV, and CMV; anti-fungal drugs natamycin and amphotericin B; anti-inflammatory agents like flurbiprofen sodium and prednisone; and lubricating agents and artificial tears. It also mentions intraocular and irrigating solutions used in ocular surgeries, and some non-ophthalmic drugs that can affect the eye like
Ocular allergy are a group of external ocular conditions resulting from one or more types of hypersensitivity reactions to allergens.
Anti Allergic eye drops are liquid medicine used to treat symptoms of eye allergies.
Chronic pruritus - linkages between skin & psyche, current treatment options ...Milan Choksey
This document summarizes information on hydroxyzine and pruritus (itch). It discusses that pruritus can originate from skin inflammation, dryness or damage and is transmitted by C nerve fibers. Hydroxyzine is indicated for treating anxiety and pruritus. It works as a potent antihistamine by blocking histamine H1 receptors and also has anxiolytic effects. Hydroxyzine is efficacious in relieving pruritus from various conditions like eczema and urticaria by its antihistaminic and SSAO enzyme inhibiting effects. It provides relief from pruritus within 1 hour after oral administration and has a clinically significant anxiolytic effect as well.
This document provides information on various dermatological conditions including:
- Pityriasis versicolor, describing presentation, diagnosis via KOH mount, and treatment with selenium sulfide or ketoconazole.
- Acne vulgaris, outlining exacerbating factors to avoid and medical management approaches for moderate and severe cases including topical and oral medications. Details are given on isotretinoin use and monitoring.
- Rosacea, defining diagnostic criteria and stages, differential diagnosis, and treatment approaches including lifestyle modifications and topical or oral antibiotics.
- Vitiligo, alopecia areata, scabies, lichen planus, and psoriasis, briefly covering presentation, diagnosis
Acne and rosacea are extremely common skin conditions that can have a significant psychological and social impact. Acne is caused by factors like blocked hair follicles, increased sebum production, inflammation, bacteria, and hormones. Rosacea has different clinical forms including papules/pustules and redness/telangiectasias. Both are managed with topical treatments like retinoids, antibiotics, and oral antibiotics/isotretinoin for more severe cases. Patients require long-term treatment to control symptoms.
This document discusses various treatment options for psoriasis, including topical therapies. It provides details on topical vitamin D analogues like calcipotriene, which are first-line treatments and have efficacy without reduced effects from long-term use. Topical corticosteroids are also discussed as first-line options for mild cases, though they carry risks of tachyphylaxis and rebound with prolonged use. Other topical treatments covered include anthralin, retinoids, salicylic acid, coal tar, and calcineurin inhibitors.
Unlock your potential with the ultimate NAPLEX study guide, meticulously designed to ensure you pass your pharmacy licensing exam with flying colors. This guide offers a thorough exploration of all the essential topics covered in the NAPLEX, including pharmacotherapy, pharmacy law, and medication management. Each chapter is structured to enhance your understanding, complete with clear explanations, practical examples, and review questions to test your knowledge.
Drugs Used In The Treatment Of The Integumentary System.pptxANJENAY S KUMAR
Drugs used in the treatment of the integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands, fall into several categories:
1. **Antimicrobials**: These include antibacterials and antifungals, which are used to treat or prevent infections²³.
2. **Antiparasitics**: These are used to treat parasitic infestations³.
3. **Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)**: These are used to reduce inflammation³.
4. **Immunomodulators**: These are used to modify the immune response or the functioning of the immune system³.
5. **Hormones**: These are used to treat various skin conditions³.
6. **Psychotropic Agents**: These are used for their effects on mental health³.
7. **Vitamin and Mineral Supplements**: These are used to treat deficiencies that may affect the skin³.
Some specific drugs used for skin diseases include Alclometasone, Allantoin, Amcinonide, Amorolfine, Avelumab, Bemotrizinol/Bisoctrizole, Benzyl benzoate, Biafine, and Brodalumab¹. These drugs can be used to treat a variety of skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis, eczema, contact dermatitis, allergic dermatitis, rashes, psoriasis, and other skin irritations¹².
It's important to note that the choice of drug, its form (e.g., topical, oral), and the regimen depend on the nature of the skin condition and the patient's overall health status. Always consult with a healthcare provider for appropriate treatment⁴..
Source: Conversation with Bing, 2/8/2024
(1) Medications for Skin Conditions - WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/medications-skin-conditions.
(2) Overview of Systemic Pharmacotherapeutics of the Integumentary System .... https://www.merckvetmanual.com/pharmacology/systemic-pharmacotherapeutics-of-the-integumentary-system/overview-of-systemic-pharmacotherapeutics-of-the-integumentary-system-in-animals.
(3) List of drugs/medicine used for Skin Disease (Skin Disease) - Medindia. https://www.medindia.net/drugs/medical-condition/skindisease.htm.
(4) Skin Diseases: Types of, Symptoms, Treatment & Prevention.
This document discusses various drug treatments for ocular allergies. It describes how allergic reactions cause the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells. The main classes of anti-allergy drugs discussed are ocular decongestants, antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, NSAIDs, and corticosteroids. Specific examples of drugs in each class are provided along with their mechanisms of action and recommended dosages.
1. Antifungal agents target components of fungal cell walls and membranes that are different from mammalian cells, such as ergosterol in fungal cell membranes.
2. Major classes of antifungals include azoles which inhibit ergosterol synthesis, polyenes which bind to ergosterol, and echinocandins which inhibit cell wall synthesis.
3. Liposomal formulations of amphotericin B have advantages of lower toxicity compared to conventional amphotericin B due to targeted delivery to fungal cells and less interaction with human membranes.
Ocular pharma microsoft office point presentationNavodaya Salwe
1) This document discusses various ocular drugs used to treat eye diseases and conditions. It covers drug classes like antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, anti-glaucoma agents, anti-inflammatory drugs, and more.
2) Key aspects of ocular pharmacokinetics are described like absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of topically applied eye drops.
3) Specific drugs are explained in detail along with their mechanisms of action, formulations, indications and side effects. This includes drugs for glaucoma, infections, inflammation and more.
The document discusses various treatment options for psoriasis, ranging from topical therapies to phototherapy and systemic medications. Topical therapies include corticosteroids, vitamin D analogues, coal tar, retinoids, calcineurin inhibitors, dithranol, and salicylic acid. Phototherapy options are UVB, NB-UVB, and PUVA. Systemic medications mentioned for moderate to severe cases include methotrexate, retinoids, cyclosporine, and biologic immune modifying agents such as TNF inhibitors and IL inhibitors. Side effects, administration, and efficacy of the different treatment options are also covered.
This document summarizes topical treatments for dermatological conditions. It discusses the principles of topical therapy, including how vehicles like creams and ointments affect drug penetration. Common topical agents are then described, such as corticosteroids which are classified based on potency. Other agents covered include emollients, retinoids, vitamin D derivatives, and calcineurin inhibitors. Specific drugs are mentioned for conditions like psoriasis, eczema, and acne. Side effects and guidelines for application are provided.
This document discusses anticholinergic plant poisoning, including its introduction, toxidromes, common anticholinergic plants and their toxicities, pathophysiology, and emergency department management. It provides details on the anticholinergic toxidrome caused by plants like Datura, mandrake root, and deadly nightshade that contain tropane alkaloids like atropine and scopolamine. Management involves decontamination, supportive care for symptoms like agitation and seizures, and the antidote physostigmine for severe or unresponsive cases.
Similaire à NURSING PHARMACOLOGY IN SKIN , MUCUS MEMBRANE (20)
Title: Exploring Respiratory System Pharmacology: A Comprehensive Guide for Students
Introduction:
The respiratory system plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis by facilitating gas exchange and regulating oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the body. Understanding the pharmacology of respiratory medications is essential for healthcare students to effectively manage respiratory conditions and optimize patient outcomes. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of respiratory system pharmacology, covering key medications, mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Scabies is caused by tiny mites that burrow under the skin and cause intense itching. It spreads easily through close physical contact. Symptoms include itching that is usually worse at night and thin burrows or blisters on the skin. Doctors diagnose scabies by examining the skin for signs of mites and burrows. Treatment involves applying topical creams or lotions over the whole body to kill the mites. Reinfestation is prevented by cleaning clothes and bedding with hot water or dry cleaning. Itching may persist after treatment so antihistamines and soothing lotions can help provide relief.
Frostbite occurs when body tissues freeze due to prolonged exposure to cold temperatures, most commonly affecting the extremities. Superficial frostbite involves freezing of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, appearing waxy white and numb, while deep frostbite extends to muscles, tendons and bones. Risk factors include alcohol intoxication, old or young age, pre-existing medical conditions, and activities in cold or wet weather. Symptoms range from initial numbness to pain, blistering and blackened skin as tissues die. Treatment focuses on rapidly rewarming the affected areas and preventing refreezing, along with pain medications and wound care if tissue damage occurs.
1) Quality assurance in nursing aims to ensure effective and safe patient care through setting standards, monitoring performance, and improving care.
2) It involves defining quality, establishing a quality assurance cycle to identify issues and implement changes, and using techniques like audits and appraisals.
3) Ensuring quality faces challenges from issues like nursing shortages, evolving health needs, and expanding medical knowledge that require continuous adaptation.
This document discusses various models for organizing nursing care delivery to patients. It describes case method, functional nursing, team nursing, modular nursing, progressive patient care, primary nursing, and case management models. For each model, it provides details on how care is organized and assigned, as well as the merits and demerits of each approach. It also discusses factors that influence quality of patient care and definitions of key terms like patient classification systems.
Stress is a normal physiological response to perceived threats or challenges in the environment. The document discusses stress and adaptation in three stages: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion. It also covers types of stressors, effects of stressors on individuals, and coping mechanisms used during psychological adaptation to stress. Adaptation involves cognitive appraisal of stressors and use of coping resources and mechanisms to achieve either an adaptive or maladaptive response. Nursing interventions aim to reduce anxiety and promote stress management techniques.
This document discusses cost effectiveness and cost effectiveness analysis. It defines different types of costs including direct, indirect, and intangible costs. It also outlines strategies to control costs such as provider networks, payment methods with risk sharing, gatekeeping, and utilization review. The benefits of cost effectiveness analysis are that it is easy to understand, provides empirical results for decision makers, and helps identify causes of failure to meet objectives. Cost effectiveness analysis examines both the costs and health outcomes of alternative intervention strategies.
Benign prostatic enlargement is a common condition in aging men that causes the prostate gland to enlarge and squeeze the urethra, impeding urine flow. It has no known cause but risk increases with age. Symptoms include frequent and urgent urination. Diagnosis involves medical history, exam, and tests like PSA. Treatment options include medications that relax the prostate or reduce hormone production, and surgeries to remove or destroy excess prostate tissue. Nursing focuses on monitoring urine output, preventing infection, and educating patients.
This document discusses renal calculi (kidney stones). It begins by defining a kidney stone as a solid mass that forms in the kidney from mineral substances in urine. It then discusses the various types of stones including calcium oxalate (most common), calcium phosphate, struvite, uric acid, and cystine stones. Risk factors include diet, fluid intake, metabolic disorders, and urinary tract infections. Symptoms include flank or abdominal pain that radiates to the groin. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests, imaging like ultrasounds, CT scans, and intravenous pyelograms. Treatment includes pain medications, increased fluid intake, surgical procedures like lithotripsy or percutaneous nephrolithotomy,
Buerger's disease, also known as thromboangiitis obliterans, is a progressive inflammatory disease that affects small and medium-sized arteries and veins in the limbs, especially the lower limbs. It is most common in young and middle-aged male smokers. The disease causes blockages in the arteries that can lead to pain, skin ulcers, and gangrene. Diagnosis involves examinations, imaging tests like angiograms, and ruling out other potential causes. Treatment focuses on quitting smoking and medications to improve blood flow, while surgical procedures may be needed in severe cases to restore blood supply or remove diseased tissue.
Thalassemia is a hereditary blood disorder caused by a genetic defect that results in improper formation of hemoglobin. There are two main types - alpha thalassemia affects alpha globin production and beta thalassemia affects beta globin production. Thalassemia major occurs when defects are inherited from both parents and results in severe anemia, requiring regular blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy to remove excess iron from transfusions. Nursing care focuses on managing anemia symptoms and maintaining nutrition.
1. A stroke occurs when a blood vessel carrying oxygen and nutrients to the brain is blocked by a clot or ruptures, cutting off blood flow and causing brain cells to die.
2. There are two main types of stroke - ischemic caused by a clot and hemorrhagic caused by a ruptured blood vessel.
3. FAST is a mnemonic used to recognize the most common stroke symptoms - facial drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulties, and time to call emergency services.
The skin has three layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and contains keratinocytes that produce keratin, and melanocytes that produce melanin pigment. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains collagen, elastic fibers, and sensory receptors. The deepest layer, the subcutaneous tissue, contains fat and connective tissue. Skin has appendages like hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nails. The skin acts as a barrier and regulates body temperature, and contains sensory receptors for touch, pressure, and temperature.
Poisoning represents harmful effects from accidental or intentional exposure to toxic substances. The main types are ingestion, inhalation, injection and absorption. Poisoning may cause local or systemic effects immediately or delayed. Causes include chemicals, household products, pesticides, therapeutic drugs, and toxic plants/animals. Signs include vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty breathing and skin rashes. Danger signs require urgent treatment like lack of breathing. Investigations include toxicology analysis and organ function tests. Treatment aims to maintain vital signs, decontaminate, enhance elimination and relieve symptoms. Management depends on specific poison but may include decontamination procedures, antidotes and supportive care.
This document provides information on various types of cardiac drugs including: haematinics, cardiotonics, antianginals, antihypertensives, vasodilators, antiarrhythmics, and plasma expanders. For each drug class, the document discusses mechanism of action, examples and doses of drugs, indications for use, adverse effects, contraindications, interactions, and nursing responsibilities. The document provides detailed information on specific drug classes like haematinics, cardiotonics, nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, vasodilators, and antiarrhythmics.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving technique used when someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. It involves maintaining an open airway, providing rescue breaths, and performing chest compressions to pump oxygenated blood to the brain and heart until emergency medical treatment can restore normal function. The basic steps of CPR are to check for response, call for help, provide 30 chest compressions and 2 rescue breaths, and continue CPR until advanced medical help arrives. Complications can include injuries to the chest, heart, or other internal organs.
The document discusses trauma, including terminology, epidemiology, types of trauma, and the roles of trauma nurses. It outlines the ABCDE approach for primary and secondary trauma surveys, emphasizing airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure. It stresses the importance of the golden hour for aggressive resuscitation to improve survival chances and restoring normal function. Trauma nurses play important roles as care providers, educators, and managers working to improve emergency healthcare and prevent injuries.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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4. Introduction
• Corticosteroids are steroid hormones that are either produced by
the body or are man – made. Naturally occurring corticosteroids,
hydrocortisone and cortisone are produced by the outer portion
of the adrenal gland known as cortex, so, corticosteroids are
classified as:
• Glucocorticoids.
• Mineralocorticoids.
• Synthetic corticosteroids mimic the actions of naturally
occurring corticosteroids and may be used to replace
corticosteroids in people with adrenal gland insufficiency.
5. Mechanism of action
• Glucocorticoids produce various
metabolic effects, suppress
inflammation and alter the normal
immune response, they also promote
water and sodium retention and
potassium excretion.
• Mineralocorticoids (Salt
retaining) regulate the balance
of salt and water in body.
7. Indications/uses
• Glucocorticoids drugs are used as
replacement therapy for adrenocortical
insufficiency.
• To treat neoplastic diseases.
• Septic shock.
• Cerebral edema.
• Inflammatory conditions of joint,
gastrointestinal tracts, respiratory tract
and skin.
• Mineralocorticoids are used as
replacement therapy in primary and
secondary adrenal insufficiency.
10. Drug interactions
Concurrent use with orally hypoglycemics or insulin
may increase blood sugar levels, there by increasing
insulin or oral hypoglycemic requirements.
Phenobarbital, phenytoin and rifampicin may
enhance the metabolism of glucocorticoids.
Hormonal contraceptives may block the metabolism
of glucocorticoids.
11. Nursing responsibilities
• Administer drug daily doses in the morning time.
• Monitor adverse effects of drug therapy.
• Monitor regularly for weight changes and also monitor fluid and
electrolyte imbalances.
• Teach the patient to avoid such foods as fresh fruits and raw
vegetables because they tend to have higher levels of
bacteria than cooked foods, therapy increasing the risk of
infection in an already immunosuppressed patients.
• Nurse should warn the patient not to stop drug abruptly
because this may cause life threatening adrenal insufficiency.
13. Introduction
Antipruritic agents used to preventing and relieving
itching i.e. decreasing sensitivity of local nerve ending,
reducing local edema, cooling skin and counteracting
histamine release.
14. Mechanism of action
• They have anti-inflammatory, anti-allergies, anti-infective
properties thus show. Their actions in two different ways:
• Anti-inflammatory decreases the inflammation
and itching cause vasoconstriction.
• Anti-infective kills or inhibit the growth of micro-organism
(Bacteria, virus, fungi, parasitic).
• Antipruritics relieve itching of the skin and mucous
membrane.
• Antiacne clear and dry the skin, reduce bacteria and
reduce the size of activity of sebaceous glands.
• Keratolytics breakdown protein in keratin causing the loss of
the stratum corneum skin layer.
19. • Skin irritation.
• Bone marrow suppression.
• Behavioral changes.
• Suppressed immune response.
• Hemolytic anemia.
• Leukopenia.
• Fluid and electrolyte imbalances.
• Antiacne may cause burning,
itching, redness of the eye & scaling
pain of lips also may cause
photosensitivity reactions.
Adverse Effects
21. Nursing Responsibilities:
• Nurse should assess before applying topical drug, assess skin and
remove any previous applied medications.
• Always use aseptic technique while applying medications to open lesions.
• Instruct to patient that topical drugs are for external use only and to avoid
contact with the eyes.
• Teach the patient how to apply drugs.
• Remember that if we are giving anti parasitics to control spread of
infestation to other fly members.And if, need to be treated.
22. Nursing Responsibilities:
•Follow these guidelines when applying acne products.
Clean and asses the affected area before applying acne
preparations.
Teach the patient using tetracyclines to be careful to cover
the entire affected area not to go in sunlight.
Advise the patient isotretinoin and tretinoin to apply
sunscreen and wear protective clothing to prevent
photosensitivity reactions.
Advise women using isotretinoin and tretinoin to use
contraception.
23. Topical Drugs used for disease of Eye.
Drug Preparations Uses
Ciprofloxacin 0.3% Drops & ointment Bacterial conjunctivitis
Gentamycin 0.3% Drops Bacterial conjunctivitis
Acyclovir 0.3% ointment Herpes simplex keratitis
Betamethasone 0.1% Drops & ointment Allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye.
Dexamethasone 0.01% Drops Allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye.
Diclofenac 0.1% Drops Post operative ocular inflammation
Azelastine 0.05% Drops Allergic conjunctivitis
Dorzolamide 2% Drops Glaucoma
Timolol 0.25% Drops Glaucoma
Pilocarpine 0.5% & 2% drops Glaucoma
Tropicamide 1% drops Uveitis, as mydriatic for refraction testing.
Atropine 1% Drops & ointment Uveitis, as mydriatic for refraction testing.
24. Topical Drugs used for disease of Nose
Drug Preparations Uses
Azelastine 0.1% Nasal spray Allergic rhinitis
Beclomethasone 500 mcg/ puff nasal spray Allergic rhinitis
Oxymetazoline 0.05% nasal drops Nasal Decongestant
25. Drug Preparations Uses for diseases of Ear.
Drug Preparations Uses
Ciprofloxacin 0.2% drops Bacterial infection.
Clotrimazole 1% drops Fungal infection.
Gentamicin 0.3% drops Bacterial infection
Betamethasone 0.1% drops Eczema of Ear, as an anti-
inflammatory agent
Sodium Bicarbonate 5% Drops To soften ear wax.
26. Drugs used in the treatment of scabies and pediculosis
Drug Formulations Details
Permethrin 1% & 5% Cream
5% lotion
5% Gel
1% soap.
Most efficacious and most frequently used drug for scabies and
pediculosis (head and pubic lice)
For Scabies: 5% permethrin is applied to the skin over the body from
neck to toes; thorough hot water bath after 10-12 hours to wash off the
drug.
For pediculosis: 1% Permethrin is applied to the scalp/pubis and
washed off after 10 mins. Treatment may be repeated, if necessary after
1week. Side effects are skin rashes, redness, itching, burning etc.
Gamma
Benzene
Hexachloride
(Lindane)
1% emulsion
1% lotion
1% cream
1% ointment
1% soap
Very effective drug for both pediculosis & scabies.
For Scabies: 1% Lindane is applied to the skin from neck to toes; a
thorough scrub bath is given is given after 12 hours to wash off drug
from the body. Application can be repeated if necessary after 7 days.
For pediculosis: 1% Lindane is applied over the scalp and hair
carefully without touching the eyes. Side effects include skin rashes,
headache, restlessness, convulsions and cardiac arrhythmias.
Contraindicated in children, epileptics and pregnant women.
27. Continued
Drug Formulations Details
Benzyl
Benzoate
25% emulsion
25% lotion
25% Emulsion/lotion is applied to the skin over the body from neck to
toes twice at 12 hours interval after a scrub bath; wash off 12hours after
the 2nd application. Side effect are skin rash and dermatitis.
Crotamiton 10% lotion.
10% cream
It has scabicidal, pediculicidal and Antipruritics activities. It is applied
to skin over body below the chin twice at 24hrs interval after a scrub
bath. It is less efficacious, hence requires repeated administration. It can
be used in children. Side effects include skin rashes, itching, dermatitis
etc.
Sulphur 10% ointment It is used for scabies, it is less efficacious, requires repeated
applications, has bad odour, hence is rarely used at present.
DDT
(Dicophane)
1-2% lotion
1-2% ointment
It is toxic, hence is rarely used for scabies and pediculosis.
Ivermectin Tablet (Oral)
0.2mg/kg.
Anti-filarial drug used orally for scabies and pediculosis. Single dose
produces almost complete cure. It is contraindicated in children,
pregnant and lactating women.
29. Hyaluronidase
• Source: Mammalian.
• Availability & Routes: Topical SC/IM and
intraarticular.
• Action: Depolymerizes hyaluronic acid and
increases the permeability of the tissues.
• Uses:
• To promote the absorption of
drug and fluids given SC /IM and
intraarticularly.
• To aid the reabsorption of
extravasated fluid or blood in
hematoma or post operative edema.
• To facilitate the diffusion of local
anesthetic in ophthalmology.
31. α-Chymotrypsin (Alfa – Chymotrypsin)
•Source: OX pancreas.
•Availability & Routes: Injection & Tablet (PO).
•Action: Mucolytic & Proteolytic action.
•Uses:
1. During cataract surgery to facilitate removal of the lens.
2. To reduce inflammatory edema due to trauma, injection, surgery etc.
32. Serratiopeptidase
• Source: Serratia species.
• Availability & Routes: Tablet (PO).
• Action: Anti-inflammatory activity.
• Uses:
• To relieve pain and inflammation due
to surgery, trauma, injection and
chronic condition like osteoarthritis,
rheumatoid arthritis, etc.
33. Urokinase
•Source: Isolated from human fetal kidney cell culture.
•Availability & Routes: IV
•Action: Fibrinolytic (Dissolve clot)
•Uses:
Acute MI, Deep vein thrombosis, Pulmonary embolism, etc.
34. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
•Source: Derived from recombinant DNAtechnology.
•Availability & Routes: IV
•Action: Fibrinolytic (Dissolve clot)
•Uses:
Acute MI, Deep vein thrombosis, Pulmonary embolism, etc.
35. L – Asparaginase
•Source: Escherichia coli.
•Availability & Routes: IV
•Action: Catalyzes the hydrolysis of asparagine to aspartic acid
•Uses:
Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia.
36. Reference:
1. Dr. P.K. Panwar, Essentials of pharmacology for nurses,AITBS pub.
2017, India, Pg no. 85 – 79.
2. Dr. Suresh k sharma, Textbook of pharmacology, pathology & genetics for
nurses, Jaypee pub. 2016 India Pg no 253 – 255.
3. Tara v. Shanbhag, Smita shenoy, Pharmacology preparation manual for
undergraduate, Elsevier pub. 2014. Pg no. 490 – 492.
4. Marilyn Herbert –Ashton, Nancy Clarkson, Pharmacology, Jones & Barlet
pub 2010 India, Pg no 194-201.
5. Govind s. mittal, Pharmacology at a glance, Paras medical book pub. 2009
India 51 – 56.
6. Madhuri Inamdar, Pharmacology in nursing, Vora medical pub. 2006 India
1st edition, Pg no 240.