pharmacothrapy of asthma.pptxBronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of airways in the lungs, which cause difficulty in breathing.
pharmacotherpy of asthma M pharm 2nd sem.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of airways in the lungs, which cause difficulty in breathing.
Symptoms can include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and chest tightness. These symptoms can be mild or severe and can come and go over time.
Although asthma can be a serious condition, it can be managed with the right treatment.
Asthma affected an estimated 262 million people in 2019 (1) and caused 455 000 deaths.
This document provides an overview of asthma management. It defines asthma as a disease characterized by episodic airway obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and usually eosinophilic airway inflammation. Common manifestations include shortness of breath, wheezing, cough, chest tightness and mucus production in relation to triggers. The diagnosis is based on patient history, physical exam, pulmonary function tests showing reversibility and airway responsiveness testing. Treatment involves reducing triggers, medications to provide rapid relief of symptoms like SABAs, and controllers to reduce inflammation like ICSs alone or in combination with LABAs. The goals of treatment are to control symptoms and exacerbations.
This document discusses respiratory pharmacology and drugs used to treat disorders of the respiratory system. It begins with an overview of the respiratory system and process of respiration. The main focus is on pharmacotherapy for bronchial asthma, including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists, methylxanthines, muscarinic receptor antagonists, and corticosteroids. Other topics covered include mast cell stabilizers, treatment of status asthmaticus, anti-tussives, decongestants, bronchitis, and treatment of the common cold.
This document provides information on bronchial asthma, including:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing.
- It affects over 350 million people globally and causes nearly 400,000 deaths per year, most in developing countries.
- Long-term treatment involves inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Other treatments include oral corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and long-acting beta-2 agonists.
- Triggers include infections, allergens, exercise, air pollution, weather changes, drugs, stress, and smoking. Proper management is needed to prevent complications and control symptoms.
Bronchial Asthma is characterized by hyperresponsiveness of the airways and narrowing in response to stimuli. The document defines different types of asthma including extrinsic, intrinsic, occupational, exercise-induced, and drug-induced asthma. Diagnosis involves patient history, examination, spirometry, and challenge tests. Treatment includes avoidance of triggers, quick-relief bronchodilators, and long-term anti-inflammatory medications through a stepwise treatment approach based on asthma severity. The goals of treatment are to control symptoms, prevent exacerbations, and maintain lung function.
DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA AND COPD
Characterized by hyper responsiveness of bronchial smooth muscle to a variety of stimuli”
Resulting in:
Narrowing of air ways
Increased secretion
Mucosal edema
Mucus plugging
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and reversible airway obstruction. It is caused by a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors that lead to airway inflammation and constriction. The document discusses the definition, pathogenesis, triggers, diagnosis and management of asthma with both short-acting bronchodilators and long-term control medications to reduce inflammation and prevent symptoms.
This document provides an overview of asthma management. It defines asthma as a disease characterized by episodic airway obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and usually eosinophilic airway inflammation. Common manifestations include shortness of breath, wheezing, cough, chest tightness and mucus production in relation to triggers. The diagnosis is based on patient history, physical exam, pulmonary function tests showing reversibility and airway responsiveness testing. Treatment involves reducing triggers, medications to provide rapid relief of symptoms like SABAs, and controllers to reduce inflammation like ICSs alone or in combination with LABAs. The goals of treatment are to control symptoms and exacerbations.
This document discusses respiratory pharmacology and drugs used to treat disorders of the respiratory system. It begins with an overview of the respiratory system and process of respiration. The main focus is on pharmacotherapy for bronchial asthma, including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists, methylxanthines, muscarinic receptor antagonists, and corticosteroids. Other topics covered include mast cell stabilizers, treatment of status asthmaticus, anti-tussives, decongestants, bronchitis, and treatment of the common cold.
This document provides information on bronchial asthma, including:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing.
- It affects over 350 million people globally and causes nearly 400,000 deaths per year, most in developing countries.
- Long-term treatment involves inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Other treatments include oral corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and long-acting beta-2 agonists.
- Triggers include infections, allergens, exercise, air pollution, weather changes, drugs, stress, and smoking. Proper management is needed to prevent complications and control symptoms.
Bronchial Asthma is characterized by hyperresponsiveness of the airways and narrowing in response to stimuli. The document defines different types of asthma including extrinsic, intrinsic, occupational, exercise-induced, and drug-induced asthma. Diagnosis involves patient history, examination, spirometry, and challenge tests. Treatment includes avoidance of triggers, quick-relief bronchodilators, and long-term anti-inflammatory medications through a stepwise treatment approach based on asthma severity. The goals of treatment are to control symptoms, prevent exacerbations, and maintain lung function.
DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA AND COPD
Characterized by hyper responsiveness of bronchial smooth muscle to a variety of stimuli”
Resulting in:
Narrowing of air ways
Increased secretion
Mucosal edema
Mucus plugging
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and reversible airway obstruction. It is caused by a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors that lead to airway inflammation and constriction. The document discusses the definition, pathogenesis, triggers, diagnosis and management of asthma with both short-acting bronchodilators and long-term control medications to reduce inflammation and prevent symptoms.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing. Allergens like dust or pollen can trigger an immune response releasing inflammatory mediators from mast cells that cause bronchospasm and obstruction. Asthma treatments include short-acting beta-2 agonists for acute symptoms, inhaled corticosteroids as primary treatment to reduce inflammation, and other drugs that dilate airways or block inflammatory pathways like leukotriene receptors. Managing asthma requires identifying and avoiding triggers while maintaining treatment to prevent symptoms and exacerbations.
This document provides information on bronchial asthma including its definition, classification, pathophysiology, and treatment approaches. It discusses the different types of asthma such as atopic, non-atopic, and drug-induced asthma. It describes the cells and mediators involved in asthma inflammation. It covers the mechanisms and classes of drugs used to treat asthma, including bronchodilators, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, corticosteroids, and anti-IgE antibody. It provides details on the mechanisms of action and side effects of various bronchodilators and corticosteroids. It also discusses inhalational drug delivery systems and the treatment of acute asthma attacks.
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma. It begins by defining asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder characterized by variable airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness. It then discusses the risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and therapeutic objectives of asthma. The mainstay of treatment involves reliever medications like short-acting beta-agonists for acute symptoms and controller medications like inhaled corticosteroids to control inflammation and reduce exacerbations. The document outlines the specific drug classes used for treatment, including beta-agonists, anticholinergics, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers, anti-IgE, and anti-IL5 monoclonal antibodies
This document discusses bronchial asthma, including its definition, clinical features, pathological findings, precipitating factors, goals of treatment, and various treatment options. Bronchial asthma is an inflammatory disorder characterized by bronchoconstriction and wheezing. The underlying cause is inflammation of the airways. Symptoms are triggered by factors like allergens, infections, and irritants. Treatment focuses on bronchodilation to relieve symptoms and suppressing inflammation. Common medications include bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, and mast cell stabilizers.
Pharmacological agents in bronchial asthma and copdDr. Marya Ahsan
This document provides an overview of pharmacological agents used to treat bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, and side effects of various drugs including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers, methylxanthines, monoclonal antibodies, and other agents. Treatment guidelines are also presented, outlining a stepwise approach for asthma management and algorithms for acute asthma exacerbations.
drugs used in bronchial asthma & COPD.pptDrxKhan16
This document discusses the pharmacology of drugs used to treat bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It describes the pathophysiology and symptoms of these conditions. The main classes of drugs discussed are bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory agents. Bronchodilators like short-acting beta-2 agonists are used to relieve acute asthma attacks, while long-acting beta-2 agonists and antimuscarinics are used for COPD. Anti-inflammatory drugs like inhaled corticosteroids are used to prevent asthma attacks.
This document provides an overview of pharmacotherapy for asthma. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by increased responsiveness to stimuli. Asthma can be triggered by environmental and genetic factors. The main types of asthma and treatments discussed include bronchodilators, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, corticosteroids, anti-IgE antibody therapy, and recent advances in immunotherapy.
The document discusses pharmacology of the respiratory system. It covers drug therapy for pulmonary disorders like asthma, COPD, cough, and allergic rhinitis. For asthma, beta-2 agonists, methylxanthines, corticosteroids, and mast cell stabilizers are discussed. COPD drug therapy focuses on inhaled bronchodilators. Antihistamines and corticosteroids are used for allergic rhinitis. Cough can be productive or dry, and each is treated differently.
5. Bronchial asthma treatment and prognosis .pdfShinilLenin
This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma including its pathophysiology, causes, diagnosis, and management. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing. Environmental factors and genetic susceptibility contribute to its development. Spirometry is important for diagnosis and monitoring treatment. Management involves both controller medications like inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and reliever medications like short-acting beta
This document discusses bronchial asthma, including its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, types, diagnosis and treatment. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction. It involves bronchial smooth muscle spasm and excessive mucus secretion. Treatment includes short-acting bronchodilators for acute symptoms and long-term controllers like corticosteroids and leukotriene modifiers for inflammation.
This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma. It begins by defining asthma as a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by reversible episodes of airway obstruction. It then describes the pathophysiology of asthma including the early acute phase involving bronchial smooth muscle spasm and the chronic phase involving ongoing inflammation. It outlines the clinical features of asthma and divides it into extrinsic and intrinsic types. The document thoroughly explains the pathophysiology and treatment approaches for asthma including short acting bronchodilators, long term controllers like corticosteroids, mast cell stabilizers, leukotriene modifiers, monoclonal anti-IgE antibody, and others. It also provides details on drug mechanisms and management of acute severe asthma exacerbations.
Pharmacology of drugs used in hyper reactive airway diseasesShekhar Verma
This document discusses drugs used to treat hyper-reactive airway diseases and COPD. It begins by defining hyper-reactive airways diseases and bronchial asthma, describing their characteristics and symptoms. It then covers the classifications of drugs used to treat asthma, including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists and anticholinergics, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and corticosteroids. Specific drugs are discussed in each class, along with their mechanisms of action, indications, dosages, side effects and other details. The document provides an overview of the pharmacology of the main medications used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions.
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma. It begins with an overview of asthma, including its etiology, pathogenesis and clinical features. It then covers the various drug classes used to treat asthma, including beta-2 agonists, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers, monoclonal antibodies and methylxanthines. It also discusses the GINA guidelines for stepwise treatment of asthma based on disease severity and control. The document provides details on dosing and administration of the various asthma medications.
This document summarizes the pathophysiology and treatment of respiratory conditions like asthma, COPD, and pulmonary hypertension. It describes asthma as widespread reversible narrowing of airways due to increased bronchial responsiveness and inflammation. Treatment depends on timing and includes short-acting beta-agonists for acute relief and inhaled corticosteroids for chronic inflammation reduction. Beta-agonists, methylxanthines, anti-muscarinics, leukotriene inhibitors, and corticosteroids are discussed as primary asthma therapies. COPD treatment focuses on bronchodilators and corticosteroids for severe cases. Pulmonary hypertension can be treated with prostanoids, endothelin receptor antagonists, or phosphodiesterase
This document discusses the pharmacology of various drugs used to treat respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD. It begins by describing asthma as a recurrent and reversible shortness of breath caused by bronchospasm, inflammation, and mucus production. It then outlines categories of asthma and defines COPD. The rest of the document summarizes different classes of drugs used to treat these conditions, including long-term controllers, quick relievers, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, mast cell stabilizers, and other respiratory agents. For each class, it discusses mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and nursing implications.
This document provides an overview of the pharmacology of drugs used to treat asthma. It discusses the pathogenesis of asthma and the role of inflammation. It describes the classes of drugs used including beta-agonists, methylxanthines, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, anticholinergics, and cromolyn sodium. Beta-agonists are the most widely used for rapid relief of bronchospasm. Inhaled corticosteroids are effective anti-inflammatory agents and the mainstay of long-term control. Leukotriene modifiers and methylxanthines are also used but have greater side effects.
This document provides information on the pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma. It begins by defining asthma as a condition characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. It then discusses the symptoms, risk factors, and pathophysiology involving inflammatory cells and mediators.
The document outlines the various approaches to treating asthma, including preventing antigen reactions, suppressing inflammation, and antagonizing released mediators. It classifies medications and discusses bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and anti-IgE antibodies in detail.
Finally, it provides guidance on choosing treatment based on asthma severity, and protocols for managing status asthmaticus, including glucocortico
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable and recurring symptoms of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. It commonly affects children and is more prevalent in developed countries. The pathophysiology involves inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airway obstruction. Management focuses on education, reducing triggers, and a stepwise pharmacological approach starting with inhaled corticosteroids and adding other controllers and relievers as needed. Exacerbations are treated by assessing severity and providing short courses of oral corticosteroids and bronchodilators.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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Similaire à pharmacothrapy of asthma.pptxBronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of airways in the lungs, which cause difficulty in breathing.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing. Allergens like dust or pollen can trigger an immune response releasing inflammatory mediators from mast cells that cause bronchospasm and obstruction. Asthma treatments include short-acting beta-2 agonists for acute symptoms, inhaled corticosteroids as primary treatment to reduce inflammation, and other drugs that dilate airways or block inflammatory pathways like leukotriene receptors. Managing asthma requires identifying and avoiding triggers while maintaining treatment to prevent symptoms and exacerbations.
This document provides information on bronchial asthma including its definition, classification, pathophysiology, and treatment approaches. It discusses the different types of asthma such as atopic, non-atopic, and drug-induced asthma. It describes the cells and mediators involved in asthma inflammation. It covers the mechanisms and classes of drugs used to treat asthma, including bronchodilators, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, corticosteroids, and anti-IgE antibody. It provides details on the mechanisms of action and side effects of various bronchodilators and corticosteroids. It also discusses inhalational drug delivery systems and the treatment of acute asthma attacks.
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma. It begins by defining asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder characterized by variable airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness. It then discusses the risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and therapeutic objectives of asthma. The mainstay of treatment involves reliever medications like short-acting beta-agonists for acute symptoms and controller medications like inhaled corticosteroids to control inflammation and reduce exacerbations. The document outlines the specific drug classes used for treatment, including beta-agonists, anticholinergics, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers, anti-IgE, and anti-IL5 monoclonal antibodies
This document discusses bronchial asthma, including its definition, clinical features, pathological findings, precipitating factors, goals of treatment, and various treatment options. Bronchial asthma is an inflammatory disorder characterized by bronchoconstriction and wheezing. The underlying cause is inflammation of the airways. Symptoms are triggered by factors like allergens, infections, and irritants. Treatment focuses on bronchodilation to relieve symptoms and suppressing inflammation. Common medications include bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, and mast cell stabilizers.
Pharmacological agents in bronchial asthma and copdDr. Marya Ahsan
This document provides an overview of pharmacological agents used to treat bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, and side effects of various drugs including bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers, methylxanthines, monoclonal antibodies, and other agents. Treatment guidelines are also presented, outlining a stepwise approach for asthma management and algorithms for acute asthma exacerbations.
drugs used in bronchial asthma & COPD.pptDrxKhan16
This document discusses the pharmacology of drugs used to treat bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It describes the pathophysiology and symptoms of these conditions. The main classes of drugs discussed are bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory agents. Bronchodilators like short-acting beta-2 agonists are used to relieve acute asthma attacks, while long-acting beta-2 agonists and antimuscarinics are used for COPD. Anti-inflammatory drugs like inhaled corticosteroids are used to prevent asthma attacks.
This document provides an overview of pharmacotherapy for asthma. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by increased responsiveness to stimuli. Asthma can be triggered by environmental and genetic factors. The main types of asthma and treatments discussed include bronchodilators, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, corticosteroids, anti-IgE antibody therapy, and recent advances in immunotherapy.
The document discusses pharmacology of the respiratory system. It covers drug therapy for pulmonary disorders like asthma, COPD, cough, and allergic rhinitis. For asthma, beta-2 agonists, methylxanthines, corticosteroids, and mast cell stabilizers are discussed. COPD drug therapy focuses on inhaled bronchodilators. Antihistamines and corticosteroids are used for allergic rhinitis. Cough can be productive or dry, and each is treated differently.
5. Bronchial asthma treatment and prognosis .pdfShinilLenin
This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma including its pathophysiology, causes, diagnosis, and management. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing. Environmental factors and genetic susceptibility contribute to its development. Spirometry is important for diagnosis and monitoring treatment. Management involves both controller medications like inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and reliever medications like short-acting beta
This document discusses bronchial asthma, including its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, types, diagnosis and treatment. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction. It involves bronchial smooth muscle spasm and excessive mucus secretion. Treatment includes short-acting bronchodilators for acute symptoms and long-term controllers like corticosteroids and leukotriene modifiers for inflammation.
This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma. It begins by defining asthma as a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by reversible episodes of airway obstruction. It then describes the pathophysiology of asthma including the early acute phase involving bronchial smooth muscle spasm and the chronic phase involving ongoing inflammation. It outlines the clinical features of asthma and divides it into extrinsic and intrinsic types. The document thoroughly explains the pathophysiology and treatment approaches for asthma including short acting bronchodilators, long term controllers like corticosteroids, mast cell stabilizers, leukotriene modifiers, monoclonal anti-IgE antibody, and others. It also provides details on drug mechanisms and management of acute severe asthma exacerbations.
Pharmacology of drugs used in hyper reactive airway diseasesShekhar Verma
This document discusses drugs used to treat hyper-reactive airway diseases and COPD. It begins by defining hyper-reactive airways diseases and bronchial asthma, describing their characteristics and symptoms. It then covers the classifications of drugs used to treat asthma, including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists and anticholinergics, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and corticosteroids. Specific drugs are discussed in each class, along with their mechanisms of action, indications, dosages, side effects and other details. The document provides an overview of the pharmacology of the main medications used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions.
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma. It begins with an overview of asthma, including its etiology, pathogenesis and clinical features. It then covers the various drug classes used to treat asthma, including beta-2 agonists, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, mast cell stabilizers, monoclonal antibodies and methylxanthines. It also discusses the GINA guidelines for stepwise treatment of asthma based on disease severity and control. The document provides details on dosing and administration of the various asthma medications.
This document summarizes the pathophysiology and treatment of respiratory conditions like asthma, COPD, and pulmonary hypertension. It describes asthma as widespread reversible narrowing of airways due to increased bronchial responsiveness and inflammation. Treatment depends on timing and includes short-acting beta-agonists for acute relief and inhaled corticosteroids for chronic inflammation reduction. Beta-agonists, methylxanthines, anti-muscarinics, leukotriene inhibitors, and corticosteroids are discussed as primary asthma therapies. COPD treatment focuses on bronchodilators and corticosteroids for severe cases. Pulmonary hypertension can be treated with prostanoids, endothelin receptor antagonists, or phosphodiesterase
This document discusses the pharmacology of various drugs used to treat respiratory diseases like asthma and COPD. It begins by describing asthma as a recurrent and reversible shortness of breath caused by bronchospasm, inflammation, and mucus production. It then outlines categories of asthma and defines COPD. The rest of the document summarizes different classes of drugs used to treat these conditions, including long-term controllers, quick relievers, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, mast cell stabilizers, and other respiratory agents. For each class, it discusses mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and nursing implications.
This document provides an overview of the pharmacology of drugs used to treat asthma. It discusses the pathogenesis of asthma and the role of inflammation. It describes the classes of drugs used including beta-agonists, methylxanthines, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, anticholinergics, and cromolyn sodium. Beta-agonists are the most widely used for rapid relief of bronchospasm. Inhaled corticosteroids are effective anti-inflammatory agents and the mainstay of long-term control. Leukotriene modifiers and methylxanthines are also used but have greater side effects.
This document provides information on the pharmacotherapy of bronchial asthma. It begins by defining asthma as a condition characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. It then discusses the symptoms, risk factors, and pathophysiology involving inflammatory cells and mediators.
The document outlines the various approaches to treating asthma, including preventing antigen reactions, suppressing inflammation, and antagonizing released mediators. It classifies medications and discusses bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and anti-IgE antibodies in detail.
Finally, it provides guidance on choosing treatment based on asthma severity, and protocols for managing status asthmaticus, including glucocortico
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable and recurring symptoms of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. It commonly affects children and is more prevalent in developed countries. The pathophysiology involves inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airway obstruction. Management focuses on education, reducing triggers, and a stepwise pharmacological approach starting with inhaled corticosteroids and adding other controllers and relievers as needed. Exacerbations are treated by assessing severity and providing short courses of oral corticosteroids and bronchodilators.
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pharmacothrapy of asthma.pptxBronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and narrowing of airways in the lungs, which cause difficulty in breathing.
1. Prepared by,
Abhishek Kumar Gupta
M.Pharm, 2ndSem.
Department of Pharmacology
ISF College of Pharmacy, Punjab
guptaabhishek8199@gmail.com
Pharmacotherapy for Asthma
1
2. CONTENT
Sl.No. Title
1. Introduction to Asthma
2. Clinical feature
3. Risk factor
4. Classification and types of asthma
5. Inflammation and asthma symptoms
6. pathophysiology
7. Diagnosis of asthma
8. Drugs for treatment of asthma
9. Bronchodilators
10. Corticosteroids
14. References
2
3. 3
OBSTRUCTIVE VS RESTRICTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
Obstructive Restrictive
Characterized by an increase in resistance to air
flow due to partial or complete obstruction
Characterized by reduced expression of lung
parenchyma accompanied by decreased total lung
capacity
Total lung capacity normal Total lung capacity normal decreased
Asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and
small- airway disease
pulmonary fibrosis
Can not out air Can not in air
4. Symptoms can include coughing, wheezing, shortness of
breath and chest tightness. These symptoms can be mild
or severe and can come and go over time.
Although asthma can be a serious condition, it can be
managed with the right treatment.
Asthma affected an estimated 262 million people in 2019
(1) and caused 455 000 deaths.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by inflammation and
narrowing of airways in the lungs, which cause difficulty in breathing.
INTRODUCTION
4
5. CLINICAL FEATURES
5
Recurrent episodes characterized by :-
Breathlessness
Wheezing
Coughing – especially at night or early morning
Tightness chest
Hyperinflation
Increased mucus production
TRIGGERS
Allergens
Respiratory tract infection
Exercise
Cold air
Stress
Drug aspirin
7. 7
Atopic
(extrinsic)
• Predisposition towards
hyper reaction to normal
allergen
• Atopic are those patients
who have familiar
inherited disposition
towards reacting to
normal allergen
• External allergen may be
dust, cat, dog, etc
Non atopic
(intrinsic)
• Not allergic
• Aspirin
• Exercise
• Stress
• Cold
• Occupational toxin
inhalation eg- toluene
Types of asthma according to causes
clinical classification of asthma
Intermittent Chronic
Twice a week
Go away within few
minute
More then twice a
week
Duration more then
a day
More then twice a
week
Duration more then
a day
9. 9
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Fig- A & B, Comparison of a normal bronchus
with that in a person with asthma.
Note the accumulation of mucus in the
bronchial lumen resulting from an increase in
the number of mucus secreting goblet cells in
the mucosa and hypertrophy of submucosal
gland.
In addition, there is intense chronic
inflammation due to recruitment of eosinophils,
macrophages and other inflammatory cells.
10. 10
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Inhaled allergen binds with dendritic cell and stimulate TH2 cells.
TH2 cell secrete cytokines that promote allergic inflammation and stimulate B cells to produce
IgE and other antibodies.
TH2
cells
IL-4 IL-5 IL-13
Stimulate the
production of IgE
by B cell
Stimulate mucus
secretion and
promotes IgE
production by B
cell
Activate required
eosinophil
cytokines
12. 12
Diagnosis
Clinical and occupational history
Diagnostic test
Non- specific Specific
1.Lung function assessment
• Monitoring peak expiratory flow
• Serial spirometry's with reversibility
test if air flow obstruction
• Methacholine/histamine challenge test
if normal lung function
2. FeNO measurement
3.Sputum eosinophil count
1. Skin prick tests
2. Serum-specific IgE
3. Specific inhalation
challenge
4. Basophil activation test
DIAGNOSIS OF ASTHMA
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BRONCHODILATORS
Bronchodilator are drug that relax constricted airway smooth muscle and cause
immediate reversal of airway obstruction in asthma.
There are mainly three classes of bronchodilators are in current clinical use:
• β2 Adrenergic agonists (sympathomimetics)
• Theophylline (a methylxanthine)
• Anticholinergic agents (muscarinic receptor antagonist)
β2 Adrenergic agonists (sympathomimetics) :- Inhaled β2 agonists are the
bronchodilator treatment of choice in asthma because they are most effective
bronchodilator and have minimal side effect.
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CLASSIFICATION OF β2 AGONISTS
β2 Agonist
SABA(short acting) LABA(Long acting) Ultra LABA
• Salbutamol
• Terbutaline
• Levalbuterol
• Fenoterol
• metaproterenol
• Indacaterol (as
not approved
for asthma)
• Salmeterol
• Formoterol
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Activation of β2 receptors (β2AR) results in
activation of AC via Gs' leading to an
increase in intracellular cAMP and activation
of PKA.
PKA phosphorylates a variety of target
substrates, resulting in opening of Ca2+-
activated K+ channels (KCa), thereby
facilitating hyperpolarization, decreased PI
hydrolysis, increased Na+/Ca2+ exchange,
increased Na+, Ca2+-ATPase activity, and
decreased myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)
activity and increased myosin light chain
(MLC) phosphatase.
β2 Receptors may also couple to KCa via Gs.
PDE, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase.
MECHANISM OFACTION OF β2 AGONISTS
18. 18
Therapeutic uses:
Side effects:
•Dilation of airway in asthma, chronic bronchitis, & emphysema
•Mild to moderate cases of asthma
•Adjunct therapy for the relief of pulmonary edema.
•Nausea, vomiting, anorexia
•Gastroesophageal reflux during sleep
•Sinus tachycardia, extra systolic palpitations, ventricular dysrhythmias
•Transient increased urination.
19. 19
LEUKOTRIENE ANTAGONISTS
An Leukotriene antagonists is a drug which functions as a leukotriene- related enzyme inhibitor
(arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) or leukotriene receptor antagonist and consequently opposes the function of
these inflammatory mediators; leukotrienes are produced by the immune system. Leukotriene receptor
antagonists, such as montelukast, zafirlukast can be used to treat these diseases. They are less effective than
corticosteroids for treating asthma, but more effective for treating certain mast cell disorders.
Μ.Ο.Α:
Montelukast ,zafirlukast are competitively prevent the bronchoconstrictor effects of leukotrienes
By blocking their receptor
Prevent leukotrienes from attaching to receptor on cells in the lungs and in circulation
Blocking the inflammation in the lungs.
21. 21
CORTICOSTEROIDS
•Are not bronchodilators
•Given as prophylactic medications, used alone or combined with beta-agonists
Mechanism of action
Inhibition of phospholipase A2 ↓prostaglandin and leukotrienes-
Mast cell stabilization →↓ histamine release-
Upregulation of ẞ2 receptors
23. Route of administration.
• Inhalation
Budesonide, Fluticasone, Beclomethasone
Less side effects
• Oral
Prednisolone
• Parenteral
Hydrocortisone, Methylprednisolone
Status asthmaticus (IV infusion)
Side effects of systemic corticosteroids
Adrenal suppression
Growth retardation in children
Osteoporosis
Fluid retention, weight gain, hypertension
Hyperglycemia
Susceptibility to infections
Glaucoma
Cataract
Fat distribution, wasting of the muscles
Psychosis
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24. 1. Goodman and Gilman’s ,The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (12th edition)
2. Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology,6thedition published in 2012.
3.A complete Textbook of Medical Pharmacology by S.K Srivastava.
4. https://youtu.be/oNnuGtxZzgc?si=DKVkm_gCBEl77pnO.
5. https://image.slidesharecdn.com/bronchialasthma-drugsandstatusasthmaticus
REFERENCE
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