Photogrammetry - Stereoscopic Parallax
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Parallax Apparent shift in the position of an object, with respect to a frame of reference, caused by a shift in the position of observation. Change in position of an image from one photo to the next is caused by aircraft’s motion. – Called stereoscopic parallax, x parallax, or simply parallax Parallax of any point is directly related to the elevation of the point. Parallax is greater for high points than for low points. Stereoscopic Parallax Stereoscopic parallax is caused by taking photographs of the same object but from different points of observation. Note the displacement between the top and base of the storage towers in this photo stereo-pair. Parallax of Principal Point Parallax of left ground principal point is photo base b’ measured on right photo, and the parallax of right ground principal point is photo base b measured on left photo. For moderate relief, b ≈ b’ Photo base is average of two values Photographic Flight-Line Axes for Parallax Measurement Parallax is occurred along the flight-line. Photographic x and x′ axes for parallax measurement must be parallel with the flight line. Flight line is the line connecting the two principal points. The y and y′ axes for parallax measurement pass through their respective principal points and are perpendicular to the flight line. Monoscopic Methods of Parallax Measurement Direct measurement of x and x' on the left and right photos, respectively. By fastening the photographs down on a table: flight lines O_1 O_2 and O_1'O_2' are marked as usual. Now parallax is P_b=D-d_(b ) Stereoscopic Methods of Parallax Measurement Stereoscope is used with a parallax bar, or a stereometer for calculation. D = spacing between principal points C= the parallax bar constant. K = the distance from the fixed mark to the index mark of the parallax. Parallax pf Point A =P_a=X_a'-X_a=D-(K-r_a)=(D-K)+r_a
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To create a matrix that has multiple rows, separate the rows with
semicolons.
>> a = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 10]
a =
1 2
4 5
3
6
7 8 10
Another way to create a matrix is to use a function, such as ones, zeros,
or rand. For example, create a 5-by-1 column vector of zeros.
>> z = zeros(5,1)
z =
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0
0
0
>> z = ones(5,2)
z =
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
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>> a'
ans =
1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 10
>> a + 10
4
ans =
11 12 13
14 15 16
17 18 20
To perform element-wise multiplication rather than matrix
multiplication, use the .* operator:
>> p = a.*a
p =
1 4 9
16 25 36
49 64 100
To perform Natural Matrix multiplication, use the * operator:
>> a * a
ans =
30 36 45
66 81 102
109 134 169
MATLAB NOTES
Concatenation
>> A = [a,a]
A =
1 2 3 1 2 3
4 5 6 4 5 6
7 8 10 7 8 10
>> A = [a; a]
A =
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 10
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 10
When you want to access selected elements of an array, use indexing.
>> a(2,2)
ans =
5
5
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use a single subscript that traverses down each column in order:
>> a(6)
ans =
8
The colon operator also allows you to create an equally spaced vector
of values using the form start:step:end.
>> b = 0:20:200
b =
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Aerial photography involves taking photographs of the ground from an elevated perspective using cameras mounted on aircraft or drones. The key aspects of aerial photography include:
- Photos have geometric distortions that can be corrected through photogrammetry to allow for accurate measurements, mapping, and 3D modeling.
- Factors like camera tilt, flight height, and relief displacement of objects must be accounted for.
- Aerial photos have specific scales depending on the flight altitude, and these scales are larger than typical maps, showing greater detail of a smaller area.
- Aerial photos find diverse uses in fields like geology, agriculture, land use planning, and environmental monitoring by providing overhead perspectives not available from ground level.
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MATLAB NOTES
To create a matrix that has multiple rows, separate the rows with
semicolons.
>> a = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 10]
a =
1 2
4 5
3
6
7 8 10
Another way to create a matrix is to use a function, such as ones, zeros,
or rand. For example, create a 5-by-1 column vector of zeros.
>> z = zeros(5,1)
z =
0
0
0
0
0
>> z = ones(5,2)
z =
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
>> z = rand(5,3)
z =
0.8147 0.0975 0.1576
0.9058 0.2785 0.9706
0.1270 0.5469 0.9572
0.9134 0.9575 0.4854
0.6324 0.9649 0.8003
To transpose a matrix, use a single quote ('):
>> a'
ans =
1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 10
>> a + 10
4
ans =
11 12 13
14 15 16
17 18 20
To perform element-wise multiplication rather than matrix
multiplication, use the .* operator:
>> p = a.*a
p =
1 4 9
16 25 36
49 64 100
To perform Natural Matrix multiplication, use the * operator:
>> a * a
ans =
30 36 45
66 81 102
109 134 169
MATLAB NOTES
Concatenation
>> A = [a,a]
A =
1 2 3 1 2 3
4 5 6 4 5 6
7 8 10 7 8 10
>> A = [a; a]
A =
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 10
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 10
When you want to access selected elements of an array, use indexing.
>> a(2,2)
ans =
5
5
MATLAB NOTES
use a single subscript that traverses down each column in order:
>> a(6)
ans =
8
The colon operator also allows you to create an equally spaced vector
of values using the form start:step:end.
>> b = 0:20:200
b =
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
sqrt(X) is the square root of the elements of X. Complex results are
produced if X is not positive.
>> sqrt((-2:2)')
Hydrographic Surveying : Safe Navigation
SAFE NAVIGATION ON THE NILE RIVER TEAM (6) MEMBERS AHMED YASSER AHMED MOHAMED NASSAR HOSSAM HASSAN RAMADAN HASSAN AHMED FAYEZ MOHAMED AHMED AHMED MOHAMED MESBAH ELSAYED AHMED ABDEL-RAHMAN GALAL ABSTRACT Millions of tons of cargo is transported over the Nile River yearly. Hundreds of Nile Cruises (Floating Hotels)operating between Luxor and Aswan. the Egyptian government gives a high priority to the improvement of safety of navigation on the Nile River. Cargo Ship Nile Cruise INTRODUCTION Transport on Nile River is for: Goods and Materials Tourists and Passengers INTRODUCTION SAFE VISUAL NAVIGATION implementation of hydrographic survey. cost effective solar-powered visual aids to navigation. Together with further development of infrastructure works along the Nile River. vessel tracking system for Nile cruise ships for lock passage planning and emergency cases. PROBLEMS OF Long duration of transport due to daylight navigation only NAVIGATION LOW FLOW OF CARGO REASONS: Unreliability of the river; no technical means for safe navigation in the navigable channel. Poor quality of services Unreliable delivery times due to grounding or technical failures of the barges. Poor quality of barges. AIM Is to define and design the main steps that should be followed now and, in the future, to achieve safe visual navigation on the Nile River. Considering (IHO) standards for hydrographic survey. HYDROGRAPHIC DATA ACQUISITION Data ACQUISITION Water level records Data Collection Vertical Position Horizontal Position Data Logging Data Processing Shoreline Survey Ortho-photos-Coordinates of First Order Points DATA ACQUISITION WATER LEVEL RECORDS Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources maintains a series of Staff Gauges along the Nile River from Aswan to the Mediterranean Sea. . The MPWWR can provide the water level reading daily. Overall, station readings are sufficient for the need of hydrographic survey. DATA ACQUISITION WATER LEVEL RECORDS Tide Guage DATA ACQUISITION VERTICAL (DEPTH) POSITION The flow depth is recorded referring to the bed level. The output data in form of chart . The output depth in the form of digital data is logged into data logger. DATA ACQUISITION HORIZONTAL POSITION boats are equipped with GPS antenna and controller. A reference installed GPS station is over a defined controlling point. Momentarily, The corrected horizontal position is logged into data logger to be integrated with vertical position. DATA ACQUISITION DATA LOGGING Data from DGPS system and digital depths from Echo sounder are logged in an ISAH data logging system (Integrated System for Hydrography). Automated DATA PROCESSING Sounding and position data are saved then processed workstation. then depths and positions are plotted on the screen and erroneous data are rejected. To produce navigation charts, depths were set to the chart datum .
DETERMINATION OF THE EARTH’S RADIUS, MASS, AND GRAVITIONAL CONSTANT - PHYSIC...
DETERMINATION OF THE EARTH’S RADIUS
In 200 B.C., the size of the Earth was calculated to within 1% accuracy! Eratosthenes used Aristotle's idea that, if the Earth was round, distant stars in the night sky would appear at different positions to observers at different latitudes. Eratosthenes knew that on the first day of summer, the Sun passed directly overhead at Syene, Egypt. At midday of the same day, he measured the angular displacement of the Sun from overhead at the city of Alexandria - 5000 stadia away from Syene. He found that the angular displacement was 7.2 degrees - there are 360 degrees in a circle, making 7.2 degrees equivalent to 1/50 of a circle. Geometry tells us that the ratio of 1/50 is the same as the ratio of the distance between Syene and Alexandria to the total circumference of the Earth. Thus, the circumference can be estimated by multiplying the distance between the two cities, 5000 stadia, by 50, equaling 250,000 stadia.
C equals circumference (5000 times 50 or 250,000)
the unit of the "stadium" was about 0.15 km. This means that Eratosthenes estimated the circumference of the Earth to about 40,000 km. He also knew that the circumference of a circle was equal to 2 times π (3.1415...) times the radius of the circle. (C = 2πr) With this information, Eratosthenes inferred that the Earth's radius was 6366 km. Both values are very close to the accepted modern values for the Earth's circumference and radius, 40,070 km, and 6378 km respectively, which have since been measured by orbiting spacecraft.
The diameter of a circle is twice the radius, giving us a diameter for Earth of 12,756 km.
Note: Eratosthenes was measuring the polar radius, and his value (using the 0.15 km/stadium conversion) lies between the polar and equatorial values.
DETERMINATION OF THE GRAVITIONAL CONSTANT
Isaac Newton expressed the Universal Gravitation Equation in 1687:
where
F is the force of attraction between objects
G is the Universal Gravitational Constant
M is the mass of the larger object
m is the mass of the smaller object
R is the separation between the centers of mass of the object
After that, there really wasn't much interest in G. Most scientists simply considered it a proportionality constant. they were more interested in gravity than gravitation.
In 1798, Henry Cavendish made an experiment to determine the Earth’s density. He used a torsion balance to measure the force of attraction between the two masses.
The Cavendish experiment uses a torsion equilibrium to measure the weak gravitational force between lead balls. A torsion equilibrium consists of a bar suspended at its middle by a thin wire. Twisting the wire requires a torque.
The way it works is that the gravitational force attracting the balls together turns the bar, overcoming torque resistance from the wire. That resistance is a function of angle turned and the torsion coefficient of the wire.
Remote Sensing - Operating Satellites
The document provides information on several remote sensing satellites including Landsat 7 and 8, SPOT 6 and 7, Worldview-2 and 3, GeoEye-1, ASTER, Sentinel-2A, Pleiades Neo 4, ZY-3, GF-5 and 6, and EgyptSat A. It describes each satellite's launch date, orbital parameters, spectral bands, spatial and temporal resolution, and main applications which include mapping, monitoring agriculture and environment, disaster management, and resource exploration.
Hydrographic Surveying - Depth Sounding Equipment
The document discusses depth sounding equipment used in hydrographic surveying. It explains that depth is measured by a transducer transmitting sonic pulses that reflect off the seafloor back to the vessel's receiver, allowing the distance to be calculated based on pulse speed and reflection time. The key components of depth sounding equipment include the transducer's frequency, beam divergence, and depth capability, which are affected by factors like transmitter power, receiver sensitivity, water conditions, and bottom composition.
Hydrographic Surveying - Geodetic Control And Tidal Effects
This document discusses various methods for hydrographic surveying control and positioning, including conventional visual methods like triangulation and sextant resection, as well as electronic methods. It covers topics like positioning using a sextant to measure angles between three known points, baseline range alignment by setting stakes along a shoreline baseline to form an offshore grid, and electronic distance measurement techniques including short, medium, and long range. Differential GPS is introduced as a system that uses a fixed reference point to provide real-time corrections to GPS signals and eliminate errors.
Hydrographic Surveying - Positioning
This document discusses positioning methods for hydrographic surveying. It focuses on determining vessel position coordinates through intersection and resection positioning techniques. The document was created by Ahmed Yasser Ahmed Mohamed Nassar for a hydrographic surveying lecture.
Hydrographic Surveying - Basic Measurements And Equipments
This document discusses the major components of hydrographic surveying including marine vessels, positioning instruments, and depth sounding instruments. For marine vessels, it describes the different types and equipment needed for small, medium, and regional scale surveys. Positioning instruments have transitioned from traditional methods like transits to modern techniques like GPS. Depth sounding is performed using echo-sounders, with single beam echo-sounders providing depth at a single point while multi-beam echo-sounders can map a swath of sea floor.
حقوق الانسان في مصر الفرعونية
حقوق الانسان هي المعايير التي تنسق تعامل الناس كجزء من المجتمع وتحكم أساليب معيشتهم وتحفظ لهم كرامتهم وتعمل على تطوير حياتهم ونموها وهي أساس السلام والعدل والحرية. أيضا هي ملك للكل وليست حكر على أحد. فهي حق متساوي وغير قابل للتجزئة. فبدونها لا نستطيع العيش كبشر.
من الصعب تحديد فكرة الحقيقة والعدالة لدي قدماء المصريين، فلم تكن قوانينهم مكتوبة بل كانت قائمة على الممارسة اليومية، بالإضافة لاختلاف مفهوم العدالة عما تعنيه في عالمنا اليوم. كانت الحضارة المصرية القديمة أولي الحضارات التي جسدت فكر حماية حقوق الانسان، فكان المصريون القدماء اول من اعترفوا بحق الانسان في الحياة. ولكي ندرك ونتعمق في مفهوم حقوق الانسان في مصر القديمة، فمفهوم الماعت هو البداية التي سنحاول التعمق منها.
The Importance of Railway in Transportation
This document is a research article about the importance of railways in transportation. It discusses the history of railway development from ancient times to modern high-speed trains. It then explains the vital role of railways in transportation due to advantages like high speed over long distances, reliability in all weather, safety, organization, cost effectiveness, suitability for bulk goods, and environmental friendliness. The document also describes the different types of track elements, including various types of rails, sleepers made from timber, metal or concrete, and ballast materials like sand, moorum, cinder or broken stone. It analyzes the merits and demerits of each track element type. Finally, it covers the design of modern Vignole rail.
Geometric Design of Roads and Highways
This document discusses the geometric design of roads and highways. It covers key design elements and considerations like vehicle characteristics, design speed, terrain, traffic capacity, and safety. It also examines traffic engineering concepts such as level of service and factors that influence capacity and volume. Finally, it outlines the main components of geometric design, including cross-section elements, sight distance, horizontal and vertical alignments, intersections and traffic forecasting. The goal of the geometric design discussed is to provide an efficient and safe traffic flow for vehicles on highways.
The Function of Electric Power Systems
circuit breaker, conductors, distribution, electric power system, electrical, electromechanical, engineering, feeders, generators, insulators, lightning arresters, non-renewable energy, renewable energy, substation, substations, transformers
1. ABSTRACT
This Research Article speaks about electrical power systems which consist of three main phases: generation, transmission, and distribution. generators produce electricity from power sources at power plants. then power is delivered to customers through transmissions which stepping power up or down According to the distance that the energy travels. then power moves through distribution lines that carry electricity to homes and businesses.
2. INTRODUCTION
Typically, electricity is provided to homes and industries as AC. The electrons do not travel overhead along the power lines but vibrate in these lines 60 times per second. The electricity outlet plugs in your home does not produce electrons, but energy. If an appliance is attached, the outlet plugs provide the power for electrons to be moved around a closed circuit which is already in the wire. The energy is supplied as voltage to your home via a large, very complex distribution network. The energy is generated in a power plant and transmitted to the consumer via a network of power lines. In several steps, this is done. With a power voltage of several thousand volts, electricity leaves the power station at very high levels. The voltage is increased to several hundreds of thousand volts due to the loss of energy on high voltages at the overhead power lines. The voltage is decreased again to several thousand volts before power is distributed to industrial users. The voltage is decreased to 110 volts for home use. A transformer is used every time the voltage is down. Transformers are devices that only work with alternating current flows to either increase or decrease voltages.
Electric power systems (Figure 1) are real-time energy supply systems. Real-time means that power is generated, transported, transmitted, and distributed now of consumption. Electric power systems do not store electricity for the time of need as water and gas systems. Instead, generators produce the energy needed by demand It transforms other sources of energy (Such as wind, mechanical, solar, chemical, hydraulic, heat, geothermal, nuclear …etc.) into electrical power. Six main components of the power system are the power stations, transformer, transmission line, substations, distribution lines, distribution transformers. Also, there are many other devices connected to the network such as circuit breakers, conductors, etc. The system starts with a power plant generator where electrical energy is produced. Then power station transformers transformed to high-voltage electrical energy that is more suitable for efficient far distances transportation. High-voltage power lines in the electric power transmission system efficiently transport electricity over long distances to the
Types of Gears
Gearsare a type of mechanical element, the surface with the same space. It is toothed members used for the turning and transmitting of power and/or motion by meshing a pair of elements with no-slip from the driving shaft to the driven shaft. Therefore, gear drives are called positive drives. The smaller one is called pinion in any pair of gears and the larger one is called the immaterial gear that drives the other. The smaller gear is called pinion in any pair of gears and the larger one is called the immaterial gear that drives the other. If the pinion is the driver, the speed is decreased and the torque increases. If the pinion (the smaller one) is the driver, the speed is decreased and the torque increases, vice versa. The gears may be classified according to their shape into spiral, cycloid, and trochoid gears. Depending on the direction of the shaft, it can be categorized as Parallel, non-parallel, transverse, and non-transverse shaft gear.
Geodesy - Definition, Types, Uses and Applications
literature review speaks about the geodesy and its relation to the figure of the earth. The definition of geodesy and the imagining of the earth's shape evolution throughout history, it passed at many important developments. We will discuss that geodesy almost interferes with all Geo- and Space sciences, by clarifying some of its uses and applications.
Geology - rocks | جيولوجيا - الصخور
تُعرف الصخور بأنّها تشكيلات طبيعيّة صلبة تتكوّن من معدن واحد أو أكثر، وهي جزء أساسيّ في تركيب القشرة الأرضيّة. تُقسَم الصّخور تبعاَ لطريقة تكونّها إلى ثلاثة أنواع رئيسيّة، وهي: الصّخور النّاريّة، والصّخور المُتحوّلة، والصّخور الرّسوبيّة، ولكل نوع من الصّخور خصائص فريدة يمكن من خلالها تمييزه عن النَّوعَين الآخَرين.
Geology - earthquakes | جيولوجيا - الزلازل
تعرّف الزلازل على أنّها اهتزاز مفاجئ للأرض، ينتج عن مرور الموجات الزلزاليّة خلال صخور الأرض، بسبب الطاقة المخزّنة في القشرة، فتضغط كتل الصخور على بعضها البعض بشكل كبير ممّا يتسبّب في انزلاقها، لذلك تحدث الزلازل في أغلب الأحيان بسبب عوامل جيولوجية، أو بسبب مناطق ضيقة تتحرّك فيها كتل الصخور.
Photogrammetry - Space Resection by Collinearity Equations
Space resection is commonly used to determine the exterior orientation parameters (which refers to position and orientation related to an exterior coordinate system) associated with one or more photos based on measurements of ground control points (GCPs). space resection is a nonlinear problem, existing methods involve linearization of the collinearity condition and the use of an iterative process to determine the final solution using the least-squares method. The process also requires initial approximate values of the unknown parameters, some of which must be estimated by another least-squares solution.
Geodetic Astronomy - MOTION IN THE HEAVENS - EARTH, SUN AND STARS
Geodetic Astronomy
MOTION IN THE HEAVENS
EARTH, SUN AND STARS
Motion of Earth
Earth’s Rotation
Earth’s Revolution
Motion of Sun
Equinoxes
Solstices
Motion of Stars
Proper Motion
Transverse Velocity
Radial Velocity
PHOTOGRAMMETRY: GROUND CONTROL FOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY نقاط الضبط الأرضي في...
GROUND CONTROL FOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY
نقاط الضبط الأرضي في أعمال التصوير الجوي
الضبط الأرضي يتكون من أي نقاط موقعها معروف في نظام احداثي مرجعي (object space) حيث من الممكن ان تتعرف الصورة إيجابيا في الصور الفوتوغرافية.
او هي نقاط يتم اختيارها كمرجع من سطح الأرض بمعلومية موقعها الأفقي والرأسي معاً او فرادي، ويتم تحديدها عن طريق أدوات المساحة التقليدية او المتقدمة.
TOTAL STATION: THEORY, USES AND APPLICATIONS.
TOTAL STATION: THEORY, USES AND APPLICATIONS.
The total station, (also known as electronic tacheometer) is an instrument that can measure horizontal and vertical angles together with slope distance and can be considered as combined EDM plus electronic theodolite. In common with other electronic surveying equipment, total stations are operated using a multi-function keyboard which is connected to a microprocessor built into the instrument. The microprocessor not only controls both the angle and distance measuring systems but is also used as a small computer that can calculate slope corrections, vertical components, rectangular coordinates and, in some cases, can also store observations directly using an internal memory. Nowadays surveying systems are available which can be use in an integrated manner with Global Positioning System (GPS). so, future total stations may have integrated GPS receivers as part of the measurement unit.
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DETERMINATION OF THE EARTH’S RADIUS, MASS, AND GRAVITIONAL CONSTANT - PHYSIC...
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22CYT12-Unit-V-E Waste and its Management.ppt
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
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Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
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of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
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A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
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Photogrammetry - Stereoscopic Parallax
- 1. Benha University Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra Surveying Department Photogrammetry 1B Page | 1 REPORT PARALLEX BY AHMED YASSER AHMED MOHAMED NASSAR SECTION: 1
- 2. Benha University Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra Surveying Department Photogrammetry 1B Page | 2 • • • • • •
- 3. Benha University Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra Surveying Department Photogrammetry 1B Page | 3 • • • • • •
- 4. Benha University Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra Surveying Department Photogrammetry 1B Page | 4 • 𝑥 𝑥′ • • 𝑂1𝑂2 𝑂1′𝑂2′ • 𝑃𝑏 = 𝐷 − 𝑑𝑏 • • • • • 𝑃𝑎 = 𝑋𝑎′ − 𝑋𝑎 = 𝐷 − (𝐾 − 𝑟𝑎) = (𝐷 − 𝐾) + 𝑟𝑎