Programming

1. RECOGNIZING
STRUCTURES

2. Recognizing Structures
 When you are beginning to learn about
structured program design, it is difficult to
detect whether a flowchart of a program’s logic
is structured.
 In recognizing structure, the three basic
structures must be taken into consideration.
 By recognizing its structure we can identify if
there are tangled or unstructured flowchart
segments.

3. Example 1:
 Does the flowchart
segment
structured?
 How many
structures does
the flowchart
segment have?
 What structures do
you recognize
from the flowchart
segment?
Sequence
Selection
Figure 1

4. Example 2:
 Does the flowchart
segment
structured?
 How many
structures does
the flowchart
segment have?
 What structures do
you recognize
from the flowchart
segment?
Loop
Selection
Figure 2

5. Example 3:
 Does the
flowchart
segment
structured?
 No, it is not built
from the three
basic structures.
Figure 3
This part of
the segment
is not
structured

6. Spaghetti Bowl Method
 One way to straighten out an unstructured
flowchart segment is to use the “spaghetti
bowl” method.
 That is, picture the flowchart as a bowl of
spaghetti that you must untangle. Imagine you
can grab one piece of pasta at the top of the
bowl and start pulling. As you “pull” each
symbol out of the tangled mess, you can
untangle the separate paths until the entire
segment is structured.

7. Spaghetti Bowl Method (cont’d.)
 Use the Spaghetti Bowl Method to structure
the flowchart segment
 Start pulling at Figure 3 top
 Encounter procedure box Labeled A (Figure 3-1)
Figure 3-1 Untangling Example 3, first step

8. Spaghetti Bowl Method (cont’d.)
 Next item is a question
 Testing condition labeled B (Figure 3-2)
 Now know sequence starting with A ended
Figure 3-2 Untangling Example 3, second step

9. Spaghetti Bowl Method (cont’d.)
 Pull flowline from “No” side of Question B
 Encounter C (Figure 3-3)
Figure 3-3 Untangling Example 3, third step

10. Spaghetti Bowl Method (cont’d.)
 Pull flowline from “Yes” side of Question B
 Encounter D (Figure 3-4)
Figure 3-4 Untangling Example 3, fourth step

11. Spaghetti Bowl Method (cont’d.)
 Follow line on left side of Question D
 If line attached somewhere, untangle by repeating
tangled step
 Continue pulling flowline emerging from Step
C
 Reach end of program segment (Figure 3-5)
Figure 3-5 Untangling Example 3, fifth step

12. Spaghetti Bowl Method (cont’d.)
 Pull right side of Question D
 Process E pops up (Figure 2-6)
 Reached the end
Figure 2-6 Untangling Example 3, sixth step

13. Spaghetti Bowl Method (cont’d.)
 Question D brought together: selection
structure
 Question B loose ends brought together:
selection structure
Figure 3 Finished flowchart and
pseudo code for untangling
Example 3

14. Describing Three Special
Structures –
Case, While and Do-Until
 Three more forms of basic structures
 Case
 Alternative decision-making structure
 Do-while
 Alternative to while loop
 Do-until loops
 Alternative to while loop
 Sometimes convenient
 All acceptable, legal structures

15. The Case Structure
 Several possible values exists for single
variable being tested
 Each value requires different course of action
 Flow passes through only one alternative
 Flowchart, pseudo code, program code
convenience
 Easier to understand at first glance
 Examples
 Figure 4-1: series of decisions
 Figure 4-2: case structure implementing decisions

16. The Case Structure (cont’d.)
Figure 4-1 Flowchart and pseudo code of tuition
decisions

17. The Case Structure (cont’d.)
Figure 4-2 Flowchart
and pseudo code of
case structure

18. The While Loop
 while loop
 Condition tested at structure beginning
 Condition not met at first test
 Code in while structure body never executed
 Also called a pretest loop
Figure 4-3 The while loop

19. The Do-While or Do-Until Loops
 do-while loop
 Condition tested at structure end
 Body has executed at least once
 Expressed as a sequence followed by a loop
 Also called a posttest loop
Figure 4-4 The do-while or do-until loop