The respiratory system of insects involves a network of tubular structures called trachea that distribute oxygen throughout the body. Trachea branch into very fine tracheoles that penetrate tissues and supply oxygen. Trachea are composed of a spiral thickening called taenidia that provides support. They open to the outside through spiracles located on the thorax and abdomen. Spiracles allow gas exchange and can close to prevent water loss. Trachea branch and connect to form a dorsal, ventral and two lateral trunks that supply different body regions. Respiration is classified based on the number and location of functional spiracles. Some insects respire through other structures like gills or cuticular surfaces in the absence of
Lec. 10 Structure and modifications of insect legs.pptRajuPanse
1. Insect legs are adapted for various functions through modifications of their basic five-segmented structure.
2. The major leg segments - coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus - each have specific attachments and roles in functions like walking, running, jumping, climbing, digging, grasping, swimming, and more.
3. Examples are given of different types of leg modifications - such as saltatorial, scansorial, fossorial, raptorial - and how insects use these to fulfill tasks like leaping, climbing, digging, and holding prey.
This document discusses the appendages of the thorax (legs and wings) and abdomen (male and female genitalia) in insects. It describes the typical structure of insect legs, and various modifications including cursorial, saltatorial, raptorial, fossorial, natatorial, clinging, silk secreting, antenna cleaner, pollen collecting, and basket-like legs. Wing structures are also summarized, including typical wings, wing modifications like elytra and hemelytra, and wing coupling apparatuses. Finally, the document provides an overview of male and female genitalia in insects.
Insect Leg: Structure and ModificationsVikas Kashyap
This document describes the different types of modifications that insect legs can undergo. It begins by explaining the basic structure of a typical insect leg, which consists of six segments: the coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, and pretarsus. It then outlines 15 different types of leg modifications, including walking, running, jumping, clinging, digging, grasping, swimming, pollen collecting, sound producing, sticking, clasping, sucking, antenna cleaning, wax picking, and prehensile legs. Each modification type is adapted for a specific purpose and locomotion style. Examples are provided for each leg modification type to illustrate insects that exhibit that trait.
Antennae are paired appendages on the head of insects that serve sensory functions. They are segmented and consist of three parts: the scape, pedicel, and flagellum. Antennae detect smells, tastes, sounds, and help with tasks like finding food and mates. Their structure varies between insect orders and species, with different types including setaceous, filiform, moniliform, and clavate antennae. Antennae have adaptations for their specific habitats and behaviors.
This document contains a list of group members for a project on data collection and arrangement led by Muhammad Kamran. It also contains 17 examples of different antenna shapes in various insects. Each example includes an insect name, brief description of the antenna segments, and an image. The examples cover a range of antenna shapes that taper, are of same thickness, globular, have tooth-like projections, stiff projections, whorls of hairs, gradually broaden, suddenly thicken, are leaf-like plates, tong-like projections, a sharp bend, arista-like structure, a long hair, and gradually taper to a leaf-blade structure.
Lec. 9 Structure and modifications of mouth parts.pptRajuPanse
1. Insects have a variety of mouthpart structures adapted for different feeding behaviors. These include chewing and biting parts, chewing and lapping parts, piercing and sucking parts, rasping and sucking parts, and siphoning parts.
2. Chewing and biting mouthparts consist of labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium, and hypopharynx and are found in insects like cockroaches and grasshoppers. Siphoning mouthparts form a tubular proboscis from elongated galeae of the maxillae for sucking nectar, as in butterflies.
3. Piercing and sucking mouthparts are adapted for feeding on blood or plant sap
The respiratory system of insects involves a network of tubular structures called trachea that distribute oxygen throughout the body. Trachea branch into very fine tracheoles that penetrate tissues and supply oxygen. Trachea are composed of a spiral thickening called taenidia that provides support. They open to the outside through spiracles located on the thorax and abdomen. Spiracles allow gas exchange and can close to prevent water loss. Trachea branch and connect to form a dorsal, ventral and two lateral trunks that supply different body regions. Respiration is classified based on the number and location of functional spiracles. Some insects respire through other structures like gills or cuticular surfaces in the absence of
Lec. 10 Structure and modifications of insect legs.pptRajuPanse
1. Insect legs are adapted for various functions through modifications of their basic five-segmented structure.
2. The major leg segments - coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus - each have specific attachments and roles in functions like walking, running, jumping, climbing, digging, grasping, swimming, and more.
3. Examples are given of different types of leg modifications - such as saltatorial, scansorial, fossorial, raptorial - and how insects use these to fulfill tasks like leaping, climbing, digging, and holding prey.
This document discusses the appendages of the thorax (legs and wings) and abdomen (male and female genitalia) in insects. It describes the typical structure of insect legs, and various modifications including cursorial, saltatorial, raptorial, fossorial, natatorial, clinging, silk secreting, antenna cleaner, pollen collecting, and basket-like legs. Wing structures are also summarized, including typical wings, wing modifications like elytra and hemelytra, and wing coupling apparatuses. Finally, the document provides an overview of male and female genitalia in insects.
Insect Leg: Structure and ModificationsVikas Kashyap
This document describes the different types of modifications that insect legs can undergo. It begins by explaining the basic structure of a typical insect leg, which consists of six segments: the coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, and pretarsus. It then outlines 15 different types of leg modifications, including walking, running, jumping, clinging, digging, grasping, swimming, pollen collecting, sound producing, sticking, clasping, sucking, antenna cleaning, wax picking, and prehensile legs. Each modification type is adapted for a specific purpose and locomotion style. Examples are provided for each leg modification type to illustrate insects that exhibit that trait.
Antennae are paired appendages on the head of insects that serve sensory functions. They are segmented and consist of three parts: the scape, pedicel, and flagellum. Antennae detect smells, tastes, sounds, and help with tasks like finding food and mates. Their structure varies between insect orders and species, with different types including setaceous, filiform, moniliform, and clavate antennae. Antennae have adaptations for their specific habitats and behaviors.
This document contains a list of group members for a project on data collection and arrangement led by Muhammad Kamran. It also contains 17 examples of different antenna shapes in various insects. Each example includes an insect name, brief description of the antenna segments, and an image. The examples cover a range of antenna shapes that taper, are of same thickness, globular, have tooth-like projections, stiff projections, whorls of hairs, gradually broaden, suddenly thicken, are leaf-like plates, tong-like projections, a sharp bend, arista-like structure, a long hair, and gradually taper to a leaf-blade structure.
Lec. 9 Structure and modifications of mouth parts.pptRajuPanse
1. Insects have a variety of mouthpart structures adapted for different feeding behaviors. These include chewing and biting parts, chewing and lapping parts, piercing and sucking parts, rasping and sucking parts, and siphoning parts.
2. Chewing and biting mouthparts consist of labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium, and hypopharynx and are found in insects like cockroaches and grasshoppers. Siphoning mouthparts form a tubular proboscis from elongated galeae of the maxillae for sucking nectar, as in butterflies.
3. Piercing and sucking mouthparts are adapted for feeding on blood or plant sap
Mantises are insects that come in over 2400 species and generally range from 5 to 8 centimeters long. They have large compound eyes, two pairs of wings, and long front legs for grasping prey. Mantises live on every continent except Antarctica and ambush other insects as predators, though larger species may also eat small animals. They are important ecologically as both pest control and a garden-friendly pesticide alternative. Female mantises may bite the heads off males during mating if hungry.
Filiform antennae are the most common type, appearing thread-like with uniform elongated segments. Other key types include aristate antennae which are pouch-like with a lateral bristle, capitate antennae which have distinctly enlarged terminal segments forming a knob, and clavate antennae where the segments gradually or abruptly widen towards the tip to form a club. Geniculate antennae have a distinct elbow partway down, while moniliform antennae resemble beads on a string.
The document discusses the anatomy and structures of insect abdomens. It describes the segmentation of the abdomen into primary and secondary segments. The primary appendages of the abdomen include cerci, which are modified in males of some orders to function as claspers during mating. Secondary appendages include abdominal gills in aquatic larvae and prolegs in lepidopteran larvae. The document outlines the generalized structures of female and male insect genitalia, and variations in female structures related to oviposition in different orders.
1. There are three main types of insect heads: prognathous, hypognathous, and opisthognathous. Prognathous insects have a horizontal head axis with forward-facing mouthparts. Hypognathous insects have a vertical head axis perpendicular to the body with downward-facing mouthparts. Opisthognathous insects have a deflexed head with backward-facing mouthparts held between the forelegs.
The document discusses the structure, function, and classification of insect antennae. It notes that antennae are segmented appendages located near the eyes that serve sensory functions. There are three main segments: the scape, pedicel, and flagellum. The flagellum contains many sensory receptors. Antennae can detect chemicals, smells, sounds, temperature, and vibrations. They help with functions like hearing, communication, grasping mates and prey. The document classifies 15 different types of insect antennae based on their structure, such as filiform, pectinate, and geniculate types.
This document provides information on the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). It describes their key physical characteristics including scales covering the body and wings. It also summarizes the characteristics of common moth and butterfly families, including their larvae. Key families described are Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Satyridae, Arctiidae, Bombycidae, Noctuidae, and Hesperiidae.
The document describes four different types of insect mouthparts: chewing and lapping, siphoning, mask, and degenerate. It provides details on the characteristics of each type. Chewing and lapping mouthparts include labrum and mandibles for biting. Siphoning mouthparts form a sucking proboscis from the maxillae, labium, and hypopharynx, seen in honey bees. Mask mouthparts modify the labium into an elongated mask-like structure used for catching prey, as in dragonfly naiads. Degenerate mouthparts are highly reduced with no head, represented by mouth hooks in fly maggots.
1. Insects have different types of mouthparts depending on their feeding habits. The two main types are mandibulate, for feeding on solid food, and haustellate, for feeding on liquid food.
2. Examples of different mouthpart types include: biting and chewing (cockroaches, grasshoppers), piercing and sucking (plant bugs, mosquitoes), chewing and lapping (honey bees), rasping and sucking (thrips), mandibulosuctorial (antlion grubs), sponging (house flies), and siphoning (moths, butterflies).
3. Each mouthpart type is adapted to the insect's method of feeding, such as having
Compound eyes are found in most adult insects and hemimetabolous insect larvae. They are constructed from many light-sensing units called ommatidia, each containing photoreceptor cells that form images. Ocelli are simple light-detecting organs that detect movement, with most insects possessing 3 dorsal ocelli on the head. Both compound eyes and ocelli transmit light signals to the brain via photoreceptor cells, interneurons, and neural connections, allowing insects to process visual information.
Sensory organs and nutritive requirement of insectsMuzna Kashaf
This document discusses the sense organs, sound and light producing organs, nutritive requirements, and pheromones of insects. It describes the main types of sense organs - mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. It also outlines the different exocrine and endocrine glands, including their functions. Finally, it classifies and describes the main types of pheromones used by insects, including sex, aggregation, trail, and alarm pheromones.
This document provides an overview of insects. It notes that insects are the most abundant animals on Earth and can adapt to various situations. There are over 1 million identified insect species. The document then discusses insect classification, anatomy, life cycles, orders such as Orthoptera and Hemiptera, and mouthparts. It concludes by thanking the audience and providing contact information for the presenter.
The document discusses insect respiration through tracheal systems. It describes the main organs involved - trachea, tracheoles, and spiracles. Trachea are a network of tubular structures that branch throughout the body, allowing gas exchange. They derive from ectoderm. Tracheoles are the finest branches of trachea that directly supply tissues with oxygen. Spiracles are openings on the exoskeleton through which air enters and leaves the tracheal system. There are generally 10 pairs of spiracles. The document provides details on the structure and function of these respiratory organs in insects.
Evolutionary relationship of phylum Arthropda and class insectaنوشی نایاب
The document discusses the evolutionary relationships within the phylum Arthropoda, including insects. Key points include:
- Arthropoda are characterized by jointed legs, a segmented and hardened exoskeleton, and metameric segmentation.
- Insects have three distinct body regions (head, thorax, abdomen), while other arthropods like spiders have two regions.
- Molecular evidence links arthropods with other moulting invertebrates like nematodes and velvet worms in the clade Ecdysozoa.
- Fossil evidence suggests Onychophora and Tardigrada shared traits with early arthropods like paired nerve cords and striated muscles.
- There are
The document discusses the order Apterygota within the class Insecta. It notes that Apterygota has 4 orders: Thysanura, Collembola, Protura, and Diplura. For each order, it provides key characteristics such as body structure, presence of eyes and antennae, mouthpart type, wing presence, abdominal segmentation, and reproductive features.
Helicoverpa armigera, commonly known as the gram pod borer, was reared on both natural Bengal gram food and artificial diet. When reared on Bengal gram, the larval period was 25 days and pupal period was 11 days, while on artificial diet the larval period was 22.1 days and pupal period was 14.1 days. Fecundity (number of eggs per family) was higher at 300 when reared on Bengal gram versus 130 on artificial diet. Precautions for mass rearing included rearing second instar larvae individually to avoid cannibalism, not placing more than 5 pairs per jar for oviposition, and sterilizing diet and cotton plugs in an
This document discusses the different types of modifications to insect legs. It begins by describing the basic structure of insect legs, which generally consist of five segments from proximal to distal: coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. The document then describes seven main types of leg modifications: saltatorial (jumping), raptorial (seizing), fossorial (digging), natatorial (swimming), cursorial (running), scansorial (climbing), and ambulatorial (walking). Each modification type is adapted for a different locomotive function and examples are provided of insects that exhibit each leg type.
The document summarizes the structure of the insect cuticle. It has three main layers:
1. The epicuticle is the outermost layer and consists of wax and cement layers that provide waterproofing and structural integrity.
2. The procuticle underneath contains chitin fibers and proteins and is divided into the softer exocuticle and thicker, harder endocuticle.
3. Moulting is controlled by hormones and allows the insect to shed its old cuticle and grow a new one, proceeding through different developmental stages.
This document summarizes recent advances in insect taxonomy techniques. It outlines 9 different approaches: 1) image-based recognition using feature extraction and classification, 2) colour histogram and grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) analysis of wing images, 3) pattern recognition techniques, 4) extension theory using matter-element matrices of image features, 5) stacked spatial-pyramid kernels to boost classifier performance, 6) ontology-based recognition using visual and taxonomic ontologies, 7) K-nearest neighbors spectral regression and linear discriminant analysis of face-like features, 8) histogram of local appearances features using bag-of-words models, and 9) a hybrid approach using discriminative local soft coding and multiple kernel learning.
The insect circulatory system consists of a dorsal vessel (heart and aorta), hemocoel (body cavity), and pulsatile organs. The dorsal vessel runs longitudinally and pumps hemolymph (blood). It has two parts - the anterior aorta which extends into the thorax, and the posterior heart located in the abdomen with 9 chambers and ostia (lateral openings). The hemocoel facilitates circulation and contains hemolymph, a watery fluid composed of plasma, ions, sugars, proteins, lipids, waste products, and hemocytes (immune cells). Circulatory functions include transport, storage, providing hydraulic pressure for molting and movements, temperature regulation, and defense.
Order Lepidoptera includes butterflies, moths, and skippers. It is one of the largest insect orders, with over 180,000 described species worldwide. Lepidoptera undergo a complete life cycle of egg, caterpillar, pupa, and adult. As caterpillars, they are herbivorous, while adults feed on nectar and pollen. Some species are major agricultural pests, while others play important roles in ecosystems through pollination and nutrient cycling. Economically, silkworm moths produce silk, while other moths have been used for biological control. Major families include Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, and Noctuidae.
Structure and types of insect legs and identification of insect legs, Modification in insect legs - Cursorial leg(running leg), Ambulatorial leg(walking leg), Saltatorial leg(jumping leg), Scansorial leg(climbing leg), Fossorial leg(digging leg), Natatorial leg(swimming leg), Raptorial leg(grasping leg), Basket – like leg, Sticking leg, Foragial leg, Prolegs or False legs or Pseudolegs
This document describes the different types of insect legs. It states that insects have three pairs of legs, one pair attached to each thoracic segment. Each leg is segmented and consists of the coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. It then describes each leg segment. The rest of the document discusses various modifications to insect legs for different functions like running, walking, jumping, climbing, digging, swimming, grasping prey, and collecting pollen or food. It provides examples for each type of leg modification.
Mantises are insects that come in over 2400 species and generally range from 5 to 8 centimeters long. They have large compound eyes, two pairs of wings, and long front legs for grasping prey. Mantises live on every continent except Antarctica and ambush other insects as predators, though larger species may also eat small animals. They are important ecologically as both pest control and a garden-friendly pesticide alternative. Female mantises may bite the heads off males during mating if hungry.
Filiform antennae are the most common type, appearing thread-like with uniform elongated segments. Other key types include aristate antennae which are pouch-like with a lateral bristle, capitate antennae which have distinctly enlarged terminal segments forming a knob, and clavate antennae where the segments gradually or abruptly widen towards the tip to form a club. Geniculate antennae have a distinct elbow partway down, while moniliform antennae resemble beads on a string.
The document discusses the anatomy and structures of insect abdomens. It describes the segmentation of the abdomen into primary and secondary segments. The primary appendages of the abdomen include cerci, which are modified in males of some orders to function as claspers during mating. Secondary appendages include abdominal gills in aquatic larvae and prolegs in lepidopteran larvae. The document outlines the generalized structures of female and male insect genitalia, and variations in female structures related to oviposition in different orders.
1. There are three main types of insect heads: prognathous, hypognathous, and opisthognathous. Prognathous insects have a horizontal head axis with forward-facing mouthparts. Hypognathous insects have a vertical head axis perpendicular to the body with downward-facing mouthparts. Opisthognathous insects have a deflexed head with backward-facing mouthparts held between the forelegs.
The document discusses the structure, function, and classification of insect antennae. It notes that antennae are segmented appendages located near the eyes that serve sensory functions. There are three main segments: the scape, pedicel, and flagellum. The flagellum contains many sensory receptors. Antennae can detect chemicals, smells, sounds, temperature, and vibrations. They help with functions like hearing, communication, grasping mates and prey. The document classifies 15 different types of insect antennae based on their structure, such as filiform, pectinate, and geniculate types.
This document provides information on the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). It describes their key physical characteristics including scales covering the body and wings. It also summarizes the characteristics of common moth and butterfly families, including their larvae. Key families described are Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Satyridae, Arctiidae, Bombycidae, Noctuidae, and Hesperiidae.
The document describes four different types of insect mouthparts: chewing and lapping, siphoning, mask, and degenerate. It provides details on the characteristics of each type. Chewing and lapping mouthparts include labrum and mandibles for biting. Siphoning mouthparts form a sucking proboscis from the maxillae, labium, and hypopharynx, seen in honey bees. Mask mouthparts modify the labium into an elongated mask-like structure used for catching prey, as in dragonfly naiads. Degenerate mouthparts are highly reduced with no head, represented by mouth hooks in fly maggots.
1. Insects have different types of mouthparts depending on their feeding habits. The two main types are mandibulate, for feeding on solid food, and haustellate, for feeding on liquid food.
2. Examples of different mouthpart types include: biting and chewing (cockroaches, grasshoppers), piercing and sucking (plant bugs, mosquitoes), chewing and lapping (honey bees), rasping and sucking (thrips), mandibulosuctorial (antlion grubs), sponging (house flies), and siphoning (moths, butterflies).
3. Each mouthpart type is adapted to the insect's method of feeding, such as having
Compound eyes are found in most adult insects and hemimetabolous insect larvae. They are constructed from many light-sensing units called ommatidia, each containing photoreceptor cells that form images. Ocelli are simple light-detecting organs that detect movement, with most insects possessing 3 dorsal ocelli on the head. Both compound eyes and ocelli transmit light signals to the brain via photoreceptor cells, interneurons, and neural connections, allowing insects to process visual information.
Sensory organs and nutritive requirement of insectsMuzna Kashaf
This document discusses the sense organs, sound and light producing organs, nutritive requirements, and pheromones of insects. It describes the main types of sense organs - mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. It also outlines the different exocrine and endocrine glands, including their functions. Finally, it classifies and describes the main types of pheromones used by insects, including sex, aggregation, trail, and alarm pheromones.
This document provides an overview of insects. It notes that insects are the most abundant animals on Earth and can adapt to various situations. There are over 1 million identified insect species. The document then discusses insect classification, anatomy, life cycles, orders such as Orthoptera and Hemiptera, and mouthparts. It concludes by thanking the audience and providing contact information for the presenter.
The document discusses insect respiration through tracheal systems. It describes the main organs involved - trachea, tracheoles, and spiracles. Trachea are a network of tubular structures that branch throughout the body, allowing gas exchange. They derive from ectoderm. Tracheoles are the finest branches of trachea that directly supply tissues with oxygen. Spiracles are openings on the exoskeleton through which air enters and leaves the tracheal system. There are generally 10 pairs of spiracles. The document provides details on the structure and function of these respiratory organs in insects.
Evolutionary relationship of phylum Arthropda and class insectaنوشی نایاب
The document discusses the evolutionary relationships within the phylum Arthropoda, including insects. Key points include:
- Arthropoda are characterized by jointed legs, a segmented and hardened exoskeleton, and metameric segmentation.
- Insects have three distinct body regions (head, thorax, abdomen), while other arthropods like spiders have two regions.
- Molecular evidence links arthropods with other moulting invertebrates like nematodes and velvet worms in the clade Ecdysozoa.
- Fossil evidence suggests Onychophora and Tardigrada shared traits with early arthropods like paired nerve cords and striated muscles.
- There are
The document discusses the order Apterygota within the class Insecta. It notes that Apterygota has 4 orders: Thysanura, Collembola, Protura, and Diplura. For each order, it provides key characteristics such as body structure, presence of eyes and antennae, mouthpart type, wing presence, abdominal segmentation, and reproductive features.
Helicoverpa armigera, commonly known as the gram pod borer, was reared on both natural Bengal gram food and artificial diet. When reared on Bengal gram, the larval period was 25 days and pupal period was 11 days, while on artificial diet the larval period was 22.1 days and pupal period was 14.1 days. Fecundity (number of eggs per family) was higher at 300 when reared on Bengal gram versus 130 on artificial diet. Precautions for mass rearing included rearing second instar larvae individually to avoid cannibalism, not placing more than 5 pairs per jar for oviposition, and sterilizing diet and cotton plugs in an
This document discusses the different types of modifications to insect legs. It begins by describing the basic structure of insect legs, which generally consist of five segments from proximal to distal: coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. The document then describes seven main types of leg modifications: saltatorial (jumping), raptorial (seizing), fossorial (digging), natatorial (swimming), cursorial (running), scansorial (climbing), and ambulatorial (walking). Each modification type is adapted for a different locomotive function and examples are provided of insects that exhibit each leg type.
The document summarizes the structure of the insect cuticle. It has three main layers:
1. The epicuticle is the outermost layer and consists of wax and cement layers that provide waterproofing and structural integrity.
2. The procuticle underneath contains chitin fibers and proteins and is divided into the softer exocuticle and thicker, harder endocuticle.
3. Moulting is controlled by hormones and allows the insect to shed its old cuticle and grow a new one, proceeding through different developmental stages.
This document summarizes recent advances in insect taxonomy techniques. It outlines 9 different approaches: 1) image-based recognition using feature extraction and classification, 2) colour histogram and grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) analysis of wing images, 3) pattern recognition techniques, 4) extension theory using matter-element matrices of image features, 5) stacked spatial-pyramid kernels to boost classifier performance, 6) ontology-based recognition using visual and taxonomic ontologies, 7) K-nearest neighbors spectral regression and linear discriminant analysis of face-like features, 8) histogram of local appearances features using bag-of-words models, and 9) a hybrid approach using discriminative local soft coding and multiple kernel learning.
The insect circulatory system consists of a dorsal vessel (heart and aorta), hemocoel (body cavity), and pulsatile organs. The dorsal vessel runs longitudinally and pumps hemolymph (blood). It has two parts - the anterior aorta which extends into the thorax, and the posterior heart located in the abdomen with 9 chambers and ostia (lateral openings). The hemocoel facilitates circulation and contains hemolymph, a watery fluid composed of plasma, ions, sugars, proteins, lipids, waste products, and hemocytes (immune cells). Circulatory functions include transport, storage, providing hydraulic pressure for molting and movements, temperature regulation, and defense.
Order Lepidoptera includes butterflies, moths, and skippers. It is one of the largest insect orders, with over 180,000 described species worldwide. Lepidoptera undergo a complete life cycle of egg, caterpillar, pupa, and adult. As caterpillars, they are herbivorous, while adults feed on nectar and pollen. Some species are major agricultural pests, while others play important roles in ecosystems through pollination and nutrient cycling. Economically, silkworm moths produce silk, while other moths have been used for biological control. Major families include Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, and Noctuidae.
Structure and types of insect legs and identification of insect legs, Modification in insect legs - Cursorial leg(running leg), Ambulatorial leg(walking leg), Saltatorial leg(jumping leg), Scansorial leg(climbing leg), Fossorial leg(digging leg), Natatorial leg(swimming leg), Raptorial leg(grasping leg), Basket – like leg, Sticking leg, Foragial leg, Prolegs or False legs or Pseudolegs
This document describes the different types of insect legs. It states that insects have three pairs of legs, one pair attached to each thoracic segment. Each leg is segmented and consists of the coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. It then describes each leg segment. The rest of the document discusses various modifications to insect legs for different functions like running, walking, jumping, climbing, digging, swimming, grasping prey, and collecting pollen or food. It provides examples for each type of leg modification.
The document discusses the structure and modifications of insect antennae. It describes the basic parts of insect antennae including the scape, pedicel, and flagellum. It then outlines 15 different types of modifications that insect antennae can have, including setaceous, filiform, moniliform, clavate, pectinate, geniculate, aristate, and plumose antennae. The types of modifications often relate to the antennae's function and differ between insect orders and species.
INSECT ANTENNA Its origin, structure, function and modification in different ...N.m.c.a
The document discusses insect antennae, including their origin, structure, function, and modifications across insect orders. It notes that antennae originate from the head and are composed of three parts: the scape, pedicel, and flagellum. The main function of antennae is sensory, detecting smell, taste, sound, touch, and more. Antennae are modified in different orders for these sensory functions and can take forms like filiform, moniliform, pectinate, and geniculate. Examples of antenna modifications are provided for many insect orders.
The document discusses the locomotory organs (legs and wings) of insects. It describes the basic body plan of insects, which consists of 3 main body regions - head, thorax, and abdomen. The thorax contains 3 segments that each bear a pair of legs. The legs are typically segmented into 5 parts - coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. The document outlines different types of leg modifications including saltatorial (jumping), raptorial (seizing), fossorial (digging), cursorial (running), and natatorial (swimming) legs. Each modification is adapted to specific insect behaviors and environments.
The thorax is composed of three segments - the prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax. The mesothorax and metathorax are enlarged and bear wings and associated musculature. Wings occur on the mesothorax and metathorax. The thorax contains nota (dorsal plates), sterna (ventral plates), and pleura (lateral plates) that form a box-like structure and play an important role in locomotion. Legs occur on each thoracic segment and have six segments - coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, and pretarsus. Leg segments can be modified for different functions like
Diptera is an order of insects comprising flies, mosquitoes, and gnats. They are characterized by having one pair of wings, with the hind wings modified into club-like halteres. The order is divided into three suborders - Nematocera, Brachocera, and Cyclorrhapha - based on antennae morphology. Nematocera have many segmented antennae, Brachocera have three segmented antennae shorter than the head and thorax, and Cyclorrhapha have three segmented antennae with an arista. Each suborder contains multiple families of flies exhibiting distinct physical traits and including important disease vectors like mosquitoes.
insects leg structure and modification.pptxSaeedullahSeo
The document summarizes the different types of modifications that insect legs undergo according to the insect's habits and habitats. There are 12 main types of leg modifications described: 1) walking, 2) running, 3) jumping, 4) clinging, 5) digging, 6) grasping, 7) swimming, 8) pollen collecting, 9) sound producing, 10) sticking, 11) antennae cleaning, and 12) prehensile legs. Each modification type is accompanied by an example insect to illustrate the structure and function of the specialized leg.
This document discusses the anatomy and structures of the insect head and appendages. It begins by describing how the insect body is segmented and then grouped into three main tagmata: the head, thorax, and abdomen. It then focuses on the structures and segmentation of the insect head, including the sclerites, sutures, mouthparts, and types of heads based on mouthpart positioning. The document also discusses the antennae and its various modifications, as well as the structures and modifications of the legs between different insect orders.
The document discusses the phylum Arthropoda and class Insecta. It describes key characteristics of arthropods like segmented bodies, chitinous exoskeletons, and jointed appendages. The phylum contains 7 classes, including insects (Hexapoda). Insects are further described, including their head, thorax, abdomen, and antennae structures. The antennae come in various shapes and are important for sensing chemicals.
Orthoptera is an order of insects that comprises the grasshoppers, locusts and crickets, including closely related insects such as the katydids and wetas. The order is subdivided into two suborders: Caelifera – grasshoppers, locusts and close relatives; and Ensifera – crickets and close relatives.
This document provides an overview of insects, including:
- There are over 1.1 million known insect species, with many more still undiscovered, making insects the most successful and widespread animal group.
- Insects were one of the first terrestrial animal groups, adapting to land over 390 million years ago before most other animals.
- Insects have small bodies, typically under 2.5 cm, but range in size from under 1 mm to over 25 cm. They are found in nearly all habitats on Earth.
Antennae are paired appendages on the head of insects that serve important sensory functions. They are multi-segmented and composed of three parts: the scape, pedicel, and flagellum. Antennae function as organs of smell, taste, hearing, and sexual recognition in different insect species. Their structure varies between species and can take forms like setaceous, filiform, moniliform, pectinate, and others. Antennae help insects identify food, mates, and detect threats through specialized sensory structures adapted to their environment and behaviors.
The document summarizes the structure of the thorax and appendages of insects. It discusses that the thorax is comprised of three segments - prothorax, mesothorax, and metathorax. Each segment contains a pair of legs and the mesothorax and metathorax together form the pterothorax which contains the fore and hind wings. It also describes the different types of wing coupling mechanisms seen in insects like hamulate, amplexiform, frenate and jugate.
This document provides information on the external features of insects including the head, antennae, thorax and abdomen. It discusses the three main body segments or tagmata of insects: the head, thorax, and abdomen. The head contains features like compound eyes, simple eyes, antennae and mouthparts. There are three types of insect heads: hypognathous, prognathous and opisthognathous. Antennae have different structures and serve sensory functions. The thorax contains the wings and legs. The abdomen contains structures like the tympanum, spiracles, anus and genitalia.
The document describes the structure and segmentation of insect legs. It notes that insect legs typically consist of 6 segments - the coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, and pretarsus. The coxa attaches to the thorax and can allow either rotary or back-and-forth movement. The femur and tibia are usually the longest segments. The tarsus is often divided into tarsomeres. The pretarsus includes claws and adhesive pads or structures. Insect legs show many adaptations for different functions like walking, running, digging, grasping prey, leaping, swimming, and climbing. Examples are given of modifications in different groups of insects.
The document discusses the structure and modifications of insect legs. It notes that insect legs consist of six segments - coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, and pretarsus. The legs can be modified for different functions like walking, running, digging, grasping prey, leaping, swimming, and climbing. Examples are given of cursorial legs for running and natatorial legs for swimming. Leg segments can also be modified for tasks like pollen collection in bees or sound production in grasshoppers. Reduction or loss of legs occurs in some sedentary or specialized insects.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
3. General Structure of an Insect Antenna
• Insect antennae are segmented appendages.
•Antennae are generally borne on between and behind the two compound eyes.
•Insects generally have one pair of antennae.
•All insects except Protura have antennae.
•A typical insect antenna constitutes of following segments ̶
i. Scape: first proximal segment which is connected with head sclerite.
ii. Pedicel: second antennal segment.
iii. Flagellum: third and longest segment of antenna. Flagellum is also many
segmented. The sub-segments of flagellum are called Flagellomeres or Annuli.
5. 1. Setaceous (Bristle like):
Size of the segments decreases from base to apex. e.g.
Leafhopper, Dragonfly, Damselfly.
2. Filiform (Thread like):
Segments are usually cylindrical. Thickness of segments
remains same throughout. e.g. Grasshopper.
3. Moniliform (Beaded):
Segments are either globular or spherical with prominent
constriction in between e.g. Termite.
4. Serrate (Saw like):
Segments have short triangular projections on one side.
e.g. Longicorn bettle.
5. Unipectinate (Comb like):
Segments with long slender processes on one side. e.g.
Sawfly.
6. 6. Bipectinate (Double comb like):
Segments with long slender lateral processes on both
the sides e.g. Silkworm moth.
7. Clavate (Clubbed):
Antenna enlarges gradually towards the tip. e.g. Blister
beetle.
8. Capitate (Knobbed):
Terminal segments become enlarged suddenly. e.g.
Butterfly.
9. Lamellate (Plate like):
Antennal tip is expanded laterally on one side to form flat
plates. e.g. Lamellicorn beetle.
10. Aristate:
The terminal segment is enlarged. It bears a
conspicuous dorsal bristle called arista. e.g. House
fly.
7. 11. Stylate:
Terminal segment bear a style like process. e.g.
Horse fly, Robber fly.
12. Plumose (Feathery):
Segments with long whorls of hairs e.g. Male
mosquito.
13. Pilose (Hairy):
Antenna is less feathery with few hairs at the
junction of flagellomeres. e.g. Female mosquito.
14. Geniculate (Elbowed):
Scape is long; remaining segments are small and are
arranged at an angle to the first resembling an elbow
joint. e.g. Ant, weevil and honey bee.
15. Flabellate (Fan like):
Very small, third and subsequent segments with side
processes giving a fan like arrangements. e.g.
Strepsipterans/ stylopids, cedar beetles.
9. Coxa
Trochanter
Tarsus
Tarsal
Claw
Pre-tarsus
Tarsomer
e
General Structure of an Insect Leg
• Insect legs are segmented appendages.
•Legs are generally borne on both sides of the three thoracic segments (viz.
prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax).
•Insects have three pairs of leg.
•A typical insect leg constitutes of following
segments ̶
i. Coxa: first proximal leg segment which
is connected with thoracic pleuron.
ii. Trochanter: second leg segment b/w.
coxa and femur.
iii. Femur: third and stoutest segment of
leg.
iv. Tibia: fourth segment of leg which is
usually long and provided with
longitudinal spines.
v. Tarsus: fifth segment of leg which is
furthermore divided into 3-5 sub-
segments termed as ‘tarsomeres’.
vi. Pre-tarsus: the terminal segment of leg,
comprises of tarsal claws and leg pads.
11. 2. Cursorial (Running Leg):
Leg suited for running. Femur is not swollen. Legs are
long and slender.
Ex. All three pairs of legs of cockroach.
3. Saltatorial (Jumping Leg):
Femur is swollen and provided with strong muscles for
jumping. Trochanter is fused with femur.
Ex. Hind legs of grasshopper.
1. Ambulatorial (Walking Leg):
Simple type of leg, no modifications. Femur and tibia are long.
Ex. Fore leg and middle legs of grasshopper.
4. Scansorial (Clinging Leg):
Tibia is stout and modified into a thumb-like process,
suited for clinging.
Ex. All three pairs of legs of head louse.
5. Natatorial (Swimming Leg):
Femur, tibia and first four tarsomeres are broad and
flattened, provided with long hairs/setae. Legs are
suited for swimming.
Ex. Hind legs of water beetle.
12. 6. Fossorial (Digging Legs):
Femur is stout, tibia and tarsus provided with strongly
pointed tines. Leg suited for digging.
Ex. Fore legs of mole cricket.
7. Raptorial (Grasping Leg):
Coxae elongated. Femur stout and grooved, tibia fits inside
the femoral groove. Both femur and tibia are provided with
spines. Leg suited for capturing prey, no use in locomotion.
Ex. Fore legs of Preying Mantis.
8. Foragial Leg:
Fore and middle legs provided with long hairs for pollen
collection. Hind tibia has a shallow cavity for storing pollen. It
is known as ‘Pollen Basket’ or ‘Corbicula’.
Ex. Legs of worker honeybees.
9. Sticking Leg:
Pre-tarsus provided with a pair of pads/‘Pulvilli’ and a
median spine like ‘empodium’. Legs suited for sticking to
smooth surfaces.
Ex. All three pairs of legs of housefly.
10. Prolegs or Abdominal Legs:
2-5 pairs of short, fleshy, non-segmented legs are found
in the abdomen of caterpillars. Prolegs are provided
with small circlets of hooks at the tip, known as
‘crochets’.