Baroque sculpture featured highly realistic figures that showed intense emotions and complex compositions. Sculptors like Bernini captured detailed personal features, natural movements, and effects of light through clothing folds and gestures. In Spain, the church commissioned expressive altarpieces and holy week images by sculptors such as Pedro de Mena, whose Saint Francis of Assissi statue displayed deep feelings. The document recommends choosing a masterpiece by one of these Spanish sculptors - Alonso Cano, Juan Martínez Montañés, or Pedro de Mena - to research further.
The document summarizes Renaissance sculpture in 3 periods - Early Renaissance from 1400-1500 featuring artists like Ghiberti and Donatello who developed realism and classical styles. The High Renaissance from 1500-1525 saw Michelangelo's masterpieces like Pieta and David reach the peak of balance and restraint. The Late Renaissance from 1525-1600 introduced mannerism with elongated limbs and complex poses by Giambologna and a relaxing of classicism.
The document provides a list of notable Baroque sculptures and sculptors including Bernini's Apollo and Daphne and Ecstasy of Saint Theresa located in the Cornaro Chapel. It also mentions portraits of Bernini, works by Gregorio Fernández including La Sexta Angustia, sculptures of the Immaculate Conception by Juan Martínez Montañés and Alonso Cano, and Pedro Mena's Magdalene Penitent.
Gothic sculpture and painting used stone and wood as materials and featured religious reliefs on church façades and columns depicting themes from the Bible like Christ and the Virgin Mary. While initially stylized, Gothic figures in sculpture and painting became more realistic over time and expanded from solely religious themes to also portray daily life and portraits.
During the Renaissance, sculpture evolved from imitating antiquity to prioritizing the discovery of the human body and nature. Sculptors sought to create idealized and naturalistic representations of the human form. Tomb sculpture became a major genre, often featuring the deceased in the center with saints or virtues on the sides. Portraiture developed to capture individual physiognomy. Male nudes were common, following Gothic tradition, while female nudes appeared more in bronze works. Mannerism saw exaggerated and sometimes bizarre forms as artists experimented with new styles and effects. Materials included bronze, marble, stucco, and sculptures were often polychrome or incorporated into fountains. Major sculptors included Ghiberti,
The document discusses Gothic sculpture at Chartres Cathedral, focusing on how it evolved towards greater naturalism from the Early Gothic to High Gothic periods. The west portal from 1134 shows the earliest Gothic sculpture, with elongated figures dressed in drapery resembling Greek Archaic statues. Later portals featured more animated figures, like those on the south portal completed last. The increasing naturalism and human qualities reflected new ideas from Chartres University influenced by Aristotle and classical learning, known as Gothic Humanism.
Romanesque sculpture from 1000-1200 AD served to convey religious teachings through dramatic biblical scenes. As most people were illiterate, sculpture brought stories from the bible to life in an accessible way. Figures were elongated with simplified features and exaggerated expressions to depict important theological concepts like the themes of life and death. One example is the tympanum of the Last Judgement at the Church of Saint Lazare in Autun, France, carved by Gislebertus.
Baroque sculpture featured highly realistic figures that showed intense emotions and complex compositions. Sculptors like Bernini captured detailed personal features, natural movements, and effects of light through clothing folds and gestures. In Spain, the church commissioned expressive altarpieces and holy week images by sculptors such as Pedro de Mena, whose Saint Francis of Assissi statue displayed deep feelings. The document recommends choosing a masterpiece by one of these Spanish sculptors - Alonso Cano, Juan Martínez Montañés, or Pedro de Mena - to research further.
The document summarizes Renaissance sculpture in 3 periods - Early Renaissance from 1400-1500 featuring artists like Ghiberti and Donatello who developed realism and classical styles. The High Renaissance from 1500-1525 saw Michelangelo's masterpieces like Pieta and David reach the peak of balance and restraint. The Late Renaissance from 1525-1600 introduced mannerism with elongated limbs and complex poses by Giambologna and a relaxing of classicism.
The document provides a list of notable Baroque sculptures and sculptors including Bernini's Apollo and Daphne and Ecstasy of Saint Theresa located in the Cornaro Chapel. It also mentions portraits of Bernini, works by Gregorio Fernández including La Sexta Angustia, sculptures of the Immaculate Conception by Juan Martínez Montañés and Alonso Cano, and Pedro Mena's Magdalene Penitent.
Gothic sculpture and painting used stone and wood as materials and featured religious reliefs on church façades and columns depicting themes from the Bible like Christ and the Virgin Mary. While initially stylized, Gothic figures in sculpture and painting became more realistic over time and expanded from solely religious themes to also portray daily life and portraits.
During the Renaissance, sculpture evolved from imitating antiquity to prioritizing the discovery of the human body and nature. Sculptors sought to create idealized and naturalistic representations of the human form. Tomb sculpture became a major genre, often featuring the deceased in the center with saints or virtues on the sides. Portraiture developed to capture individual physiognomy. Male nudes were common, following Gothic tradition, while female nudes appeared more in bronze works. Mannerism saw exaggerated and sometimes bizarre forms as artists experimented with new styles and effects. Materials included bronze, marble, stucco, and sculptures were often polychrome or incorporated into fountains. Major sculptors included Ghiberti,
The document discusses Gothic sculpture at Chartres Cathedral, focusing on how it evolved towards greater naturalism from the Early Gothic to High Gothic periods. The west portal from 1134 shows the earliest Gothic sculpture, with elongated figures dressed in drapery resembling Greek Archaic statues. Later portals featured more animated figures, like those on the south portal completed last. The increasing naturalism and human qualities reflected new ideas from Chartres University influenced by Aristotle and classical learning, known as Gothic Humanism.
Romanesque sculpture from 1000-1200 AD served to convey religious teachings through dramatic biblical scenes. As most people were illiterate, sculpture brought stories from the bible to life in an accessible way. Figures were elongated with simplified features and exaggerated expressions to depict important theological concepts like the themes of life and death. One example is the tympanum of the Last Judgement at the Church of Saint Lazare in Autun, France, carved by Gislebertus.
The document appears to be a collection of descriptions and images of artworks depicting St. George and the Dragon from several prominent European artists and collections between the 15th and 20th centuries. Each entry includes the artist's name, title, date, medium, dimensions and collection location. A variety of styles and periods are represented including works by Bellini, Carpaccio, Raphael, Rubens, Tintoretto, Cranach, Signorelli and others.
Developed by María Jesús Campos Fernández, Geography and History teacher in a bilingual section in Alcorcon, Madrid (Spain)
learningfromhistory.wikispaces.com
learningfromgeography.wikispaces.com
The document summarizes characteristics of Rococo art from the 18th century, including emphasis on irregularity, asymmetry, movement and curvature. It lists several prominent Rococo artists such as Watteau, Boucher, Gainsborough, Vigée-Le Brun, Chardin and Fragonard, and provides examples of works depicting intimate scenes, portraits and pastoral paintings from each artist.
Gothic sculpture moved away from the geometric shapes and lack of temporality of Romanesque sculpture towards a more naturalistic depiction of figures. Sculptures began to show realistic human emotion and physicality rather than idealization, with the Virgin and Christ depicted in human rather than symbolic ways. Gothic sculpture was found in locations like church façades, sepulchers, and other religious contexts, commonly depicting subjects from the lives of Christ and the Virgin as well as saints. Naturalism, emotion, and realistic volume were emphasized.
Baroque sculpture was often commissioned by the church and nobility for public spaces like courtyards and fountains. It had characteristics like complicated diagonal lines, dramatic lighting effects, and grand gestures. Famous sculptors included Bernini in Italy, known for capturing motion in stone, Girardon in France who worked for Louis XIV, and Gregorio Fernandez in Spain, renowned for his realistic depictions of human anatomy and emotion in religious works. Rococo sculpture became more decorative and emphasized technical skill, with allegorical works and portraits of great men placed in gardens and parks.
The document provides an overview of Baroque and Rococo architecture and art in Europe between the 17th and 18th centuries. It discusses the spread of European colonization and the wealth this brought monarchies. The Protestant Reformation led Catholic churches to use elaborate ceremonies and art to attract followers. The Baroque and Rococo styles featured complex geometric forms, use of light and shadow, and ornate decor. Examples are given of churches, palaces and other buildings built in these styles in Italy, Austria, Germany and France by architects like Bernini, Borromini, Neumann and Mansart.
The document provides an overview of Baroque period music from 1600-1750. It describes the ornate and elaborate characteristics of Baroque arts and music. The period was known for grandeur and flamboyance in architecture, painting, orchestra, and the growing popularity of opera. Key composers during this era included Monteverdi, Handel, Bach, and Vivaldi. Their major works incorporated elements of unity, rhythm, melody, dynamics, and new forms like opera, cantata, oratorio, concerto grosso, and Baroque suite.
The Baroque period in art spanned from 1600-1750. It saw developments in motion, drama, light and color. In Italy, artists like Bernini and Caravaggio used these techniques. Their works emphasized emotion, movement and light/shadow effects. Outside Italy, Spanish artist Velazquez and Flemish artist Rubens incorporated Italian Baroque styles. In Holland, Vermeer and Rembrandt captured Dutch interests in genre scenes and psychology. French art under Louis XIV favored classicism as seen in Poussin's works. Major architectural works included St. Peter's Basilica and the Palace of Versailles. The Rococo style developed ornate, lighthearted works later in the Baroque period.
Rococo art originated in 18th century France and was derived from the French word "rocaille", meaning stone or rubble. It was characterized by asymmetrical designs with soft curves, light colors, and motifs of nature. Rococo art emphasized grace, wit, and playfulness over the grandeur of Baroque. It was expressed through sculpture, painting, furniture, fashion, and interior design featuring shells, scrolls, flowers and other natural forms. Rococo architecture was lightly decorated and asymmetrical.
This very short document appears to be in an unfamiliar language and does not provide much contextual information to summarize. It contains a few words that are unclear in meaning along with references to place names that are not well known out of context. The document leaves off with an ambiguous ending of "The end? To be continued".
This presentation maps demographic changes in St. Louis County, MO, between 2000 and 2010, using ModelBuilder to apportion block and tract data to the county's unincorporated areas and its 90 municipalities. Various socioeconomic changes are mapped in the 28 municipalities that lost population and saw declines in median household income.
The document is a project by Nancy Cole for a GEOG3950 class at the University of Texas. It contains maps and census data showing the distribution of the indigenous Maori people of New Zealand according to the 2006 census. The census found that 565,329 Maori lived in New Zealand, accounting for 14.1% of the total population of 4,027,947. The maps display the Maori population breakdown by regional council boundaries.
Fracking and Earthquakes: An Arkansas Case StudyNancy Cole
This presentation employs map animation to display three years of earthquakes (March 2009-February 2011) in north-central Arkansas, and uses spatial-analysis buffers to identify the number of people and the critical facilities at risk.
This document contains a map of Missouri with place names of towns and cities. It also lists dates and locations of robberies committed by the outlaw Jesse James between 1866 and 1881, including the amounts stolen and victims killed. Accompanying the list are short biographical details about Jesse James, born in Missouri in 1847 and killed there in 1882, who committed at least 25 robberies across 9 states, stealing over $169,000 and killing 12 victims. The map shows the locations of these robberies and major cities in Missouri in 1880 with their populations.
Great Rivers Greenway is a metropolitan park and recreation district in St. Louis, Missouri that was created in 2000 by voters to improve the region through connecting communities to nature and each other via greenways. The district is funded by a 1/10 cent sales tax and works on projects like developing bike lanes and installing bike racks. The document discusses four GIS tasks completed for Great Rivers Greenway, including editing bike lane data, preparing bike rack data, facilitating ongoing data updates, and developing a model for selecting new bike rack locations based on destinations popular with cyclists.
Public Sector GIS: Transit-Oriented DevelopmentNancy Cole
The document analyzes suitability for transit-oriented development (TOD) in St. Louis County, MO using geospatial analysis. It identifies 1,836 potential TOD sites across 263,010 acres based on 10 criteria including transit access, community features, and land use. Six high-scoring example sites are described in detail. The document recommends public policies to encourage TOD, such as coordinating agencies, modifying zoning, and creating development incentives near transit.
The document appears to be a collection of descriptions and images of artworks depicting St. George and the Dragon from several prominent European artists and collections between the 15th and 20th centuries. Each entry includes the artist's name, title, date, medium, dimensions and collection location. A variety of styles and periods are represented including works by Bellini, Carpaccio, Raphael, Rubens, Tintoretto, Cranach, Signorelli and others.
Developed by María Jesús Campos Fernández, Geography and History teacher in a bilingual section in Alcorcon, Madrid (Spain)
learningfromhistory.wikispaces.com
learningfromgeography.wikispaces.com
The document summarizes characteristics of Rococo art from the 18th century, including emphasis on irregularity, asymmetry, movement and curvature. It lists several prominent Rococo artists such as Watteau, Boucher, Gainsborough, Vigée-Le Brun, Chardin and Fragonard, and provides examples of works depicting intimate scenes, portraits and pastoral paintings from each artist.
Gothic sculpture moved away from the geometric shapes and lack of temporality of Romanesque sculpture towards a more naturalistic depiction of figures. Sculptures began to show realistic human emotion and physicality rather than idealization, with the Virgin and Christ depicted in human rather than symbolic ways. Gothic sculpture was found in locations like church façades, sepulchers, and other religious contexts, commonly depicting subjects from the lives of Christ and the Virgin as well as saints. Naturalism, emotion, and realistic volume were emphasized.
Baroque sculpture was often commissioned by the church and nobility for public spaces like courtyards and fountains. It had characteristics like complicated diagonal lines, dramatic lighting effects, and grand gestures. Famous sculptors included Bernini in Italy, known for capturing motion in stone, Girardon in France who worked for Louis XIV, and Gregorio Fernandez in Spain, renowned for his realistic depictions of human anatomy and emotion in religious works. Rococo sculpture became more decorative and emphasized technical skill, with allegorical works and portraits of great men placed in gardens and parks.
The document provides an overview of Baroque and Rococo architecture and art in Europe between the 17th and 18th centuries. It discusses the spread of European colonization and the wealth this brought monarchies. The Protestant Reformation led Catholic churches to use elaborate ceremonies and art to attract followers. The Baroque and Rococo styles featured complex geometric forms, use of light and shadow, and ornate decor. Examples are given of churches, palaces and other buildings built in these styles in Italy, Austria, Germany and France by architects like Bernini, Borromini, Neumann and Mansart.
The document provides an overview of Baroque period music from 1600-1750. It describes the ornate and elaborate characteristics of Baroque arts and music. The period was known for grandeur and flamboyance in architecture, painting, orchestra, and the growing popularity of opera. Key composers during this era included Monteverdi, Handel, Bach, and Vivaldi. Their major works incorporated elements of unity, rhythm, melody, dynamics, and new forms like opera, cantata, oratorio, concerto grosso, and Baroque suite.
The Baroque period in art spanned from 1600-1750. It saw developments in motion, drama, light and color. In Italy, artists like Bernini and Caravaggio used these techniques. Their works emphasized emotion, movement and light/shadow effects. Outside Italy, Spanish artist Velazquez and Flemish artist Rubens incorporated Italian Baroque styles. In Holland, Vermeer and Rembrandt captured Dutch interests in genre scenes and psychology. French art under Louis XIV favored classicism as seen in Poussin's works. Major architectural works included St. Peter's Basilica and the Palace of Versailles. The Rococo style developed ornate, lighthearted works later in the Baroque period.
Rococo art originated in 18th century France and was derived from the French word "rocaille", meaning stone or rubble. It was characterized by asymmetrical designs with soft curves, light colors, and motifs of nature. Rococo art emphasized grace, wit, and playfulness over the grandeur of Baroque. It was expressed through sculpture, painting, furniture, fashion, and interior design featuring shells, scrolls, flowers and other natural forms. Rococo architecture was lightly decorated and asymmetrical.
This very short document appears to be in an unfamiliar language and does not provide much contextual information to summarize. It contains a few words that are unclear in meaning along with references to place names that are not well known out of context. The document leaves off with an ambiguous ending of "The end? To be continued".
This presentation maps demographic changes in St. Louis County, MO, between 2000 and 2010, using ModelBuilder to apportion block and tract data to the county's unincorporated areas and its 90 municipalities. Various socioeconomic changes are mapped in the 28 municipalities that lost population and saw declines in median household income.
The document is a project by Nancy Cole for a GEOG3950 class at the University of Texas. It contains maps and census data showing the distribution of the indigenous Maori people of New Zealand according to the 2006 census. The census found that 565,329 Maori lived in New Zealand, accounting for 14.1% of the total population of 4,027,947. The maps display the Maori population breakdown by regional council boundaries.
Fracking and Earthquakes: An Arkansas Case StudyNancy Cole
This presentation employs map animation to display three years of earthquakes (March 2009-February 2011) in north-central Arkansas, and uses spatial-analysis buffers to identify the number of people and the critical facilities at risk.
This document contains a map of Missouri with place names of towns and cities. It also lists dates and locations of robberies committed by the outlaw Jesse James between 1866 and 1881, including the amounts stolen and victims killed. Accompanying the list are short biographical details about Jesse James, born in Missouri in 1847 and killed there in 1882, who committed at least 25 robberies across 9 states, stealing over $169,000 and killing 12 victims. The map shows the locations of these robberies and major cities in Missouri in 1880 with their populations.
Great Rivers Greenway is a metropolitan park and recreation district in St. Louis, Missouri that was created in 2000 by voters to improve the region through connecting communities to nature and each other via greenways. The district is funded by a 1/10 cent sales tax and works on projects like developing bike lanes and installing bike racks. The document discusses four GIS tasks completed for Great Rivers Greenway, including editing bike lane data, preparing bike rack data, facilitating ongoing data updates, and developing a model for selecting new bike rack locations based on destinations popular with cyclists.
Public Sector GIS: Transit-Oriented DevelopmentNancy Cole
The document analyzes suitability for transit-oriented development (TOD) in St. Louis County, MO using geospatial analysis. It identifies 1,836 potential TOD sites across 263,010 acres based on 10 criteria including transit access, community features, and land use. Six high-scoring example sites are described in detail. The document recommends public policies to encourage TOD, such as coordinating agencies, modifying zoning, and creating development incentives near transit.
3. noyau de
Deutérium 2H
noyau de
Tritium 3H
neutron
libéré
noyau d’
Hélium 4He
Chaleur
Réaction de Fusion Nucléaire
Énergie
4. Le plasma
Le quatrième état du matière, tout comme :
le solide
le liquide, ou
le gaz
Est constitué de particules chargées, d’ions, et d’électrons:
un plasma naturel = le soleil
un plasma artificiel = la fusion nucléaire
5. Tokamak
un acronyme russe :
« Toroidal’naya Kamera s Magnitnymi Katushkami »
laquelle veut dire :
« une chambre toroïdal avec des bobines magnétiques »
12. F4E
Fusion pour l’énergie
« Portant la puissance du soleil à la terre »
Source: http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/euratom/index_en.cfm?pg=fusion§ion=f4e
2006
18. Nous présente:
Son recherche
Source: http://www.cea.fr/jeunes/mediatheque/videos/metiers/physique-fusion-nucleaire-controlee/(offset)/60
Département de recherche sur
la fusion contrôlée
CEA Cadarache
Gloria Falchetto
23. Source: https://www.iter.org/fr/proj/itermission
Creusement des fondations du Complexe Tokamak
Construction du Complexe Tokamak
Arrivée sur site des premiers éléments de la machine
Début du montage du tokamak
Fin du montage du tokamak, tests des systèmes
Premier plasma
Début d’opération deutérium-tritium
Les phases d’ITER
Terrassement du site
27. Nous présente:
Un résumé d'ITER
Source: http://www.cea.fr/jeunes/mediatheque/videos/metiers/physique-fusion-nucleaire-controlee/(offset)/60
Chef du Département de recherche
sur la fusion contrôlée
CEA Cadarache
Michel Chatelier
31. Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1932-2007)
Prix Nobel de physique 1991
« Je n’y crois
malheureusement plus,
même si j’ai connu les
débuts enthousiastes de
la fusion. »
Sources: http://www.developpementdurable.com/technologie/2011/10/A6256/la-fusion-nucleaire-principe-atouts-et-limites-dune-
technologie-ambitieuse.html
http://lci.tf1.fr/science/nouvelles-technologies/2007-05/pierre-gilles-gennes-isaac-newton-aujourd-hui-5520525.html
Certains scientifiques s’opposent
à ITER
Face au besoin croissant d’énergie de la planète, les dirigeants de plusieurs nations du monde ont été travaillent depuis 1985 dans un grand projet collaboratif expérimental destiné à tester la viabilité de la fusion nucléaire comme une source d’énergie. Les travaux de construction pour le projet sont aujourd’hui en cours dans le sud de la France.
En 1920, Arthur Eddington, un astronome anglais, posait comme principe que la fusion nucléaire était la source d’énergie du soleil. Pour plus de 80 ans, les scientifiques ont eu un rêve d’imiter le soleil afin de produire de l’énergie. L’avantage de la fusion est que s’utilise une ressource universelle, inépuisable, sans aucun déchet dangereux, et sans risque d’emballement de la réaction en chaîne.
La fusion nucléaire qui se produit au cœur du soleil est la réunion de deux noyaux des atomes légers pour former un noyau plus lourd avec la libération d’énergie. Dans ce schéma – et sur le gâteau(!), se voit deux isotopes de l’hydrogène. L’un est deutérium, avec un neutron (en bleu) et un proton (en rouge). L’autre est tritium, avec deux neutrons (en bleu) et un proton (en rouge). Dans une réaction de fusion nucléaire, ces deux isotopes se fusionner en créant un noyau plus lourd de hélium, un neutron libéré, et beaucoup d’énergie. Mais la réaction ne peut se produire qu’à une température énorme de l’ordre d’une centaine de millions de degrés.
Pour domestiquer l’énergie de la fusion, le problème est de créer cette haute température et de contenir « le plasma » obtenu. Le plasma est le quatrième état de la matière, tout comme: le solide, le liquide ou le gaz. Le plasma n’existe sur la planète Terre qu’à haute température, quand l’énergie est telle qu’elle réussit à arracher des électrons aux atomes. On observe alors une sorte de « soupe » d’électrons extrêmement actifs dans laquelle « baignent » des noyaux d’atomes. Le plasma a des propriétés très différentes que celles d’autres états.
Pour domestiquer la fusion nucléaire, les russes ont conçu en 1960 une machine appelée « Tokamak ». Tokamak est un acronyme russe qui désigne une chambre à vide torique (ou en forme d’anneau) destinée à confiner et contrôler un plasma de deutérium et de tritium avec plusieurs champs magnétiques.
Comme le plasma est constitué de particules chargées, on peut confiner leur trajectoire de déplacement à l’intérieur d’un tore au moyen de champs magnétiques. C’est en quelque sorte un « boite aux parois immatérielle ». D’énormes bobines verticales et circulaires (en orange sur le schéma), créent un champ toroïdal qui confine le plasma à l’écart des parois et fait circuler à l’intérieur un très fort courant. D’autres bobines horizontales et circulaires (en vert) permettent de mieux contrôler la forme du plasma.
Un problème de ces réacteurs Tokamak est de générer un champ magnétique suffisamment puissant. Pour cela, les bobines sont réalisées en matériaux supraconducteurs, dont la résistance est pratiquement nulle à une température proche du zéro absolu, -273 degrés Celsius. Finalement, pour chauffer le plasma à 150 millions degrés Celsius, il est nécessaire ajouter des ondes hautes fréquences et l’injection de particules par chocs augmentent la température.
ITER, ou Réacteur Expérimental Thermonucléaire International, est le nom de l’expérience scientifique à très grande échelle qui doit démontrer la faisabilité scientifique et technologique de l’énergie de fusion. Plus de 200 tokamaks ont été construits dans le monde. La machine ITER sera deux fois plus grande que le tokamak le plus puissant actuellement en service.
En latin, ITER signifie « le chemin ».
Le programme ITER était né en 1985 avec de l’Accord à Genève, concerté par la France, le Royaume-Uni, la Russie, et les États-Unis. En 2006, l’accord ITER a été officiellement signé à Paris. Il y a 35 pays membres d’ITER: 28 pays de l’Union européenne, un pays associé à Euratom – la Suisse, et 6 autres pays – la Chine, la Corée du Sud, les États-Unis, l’Inde, le Japon, et la Russie.
L’Euratom, ou la Communauté européenne de l’énergie atomique, a été établi en 1958 par les six pays membres originels de la Communauté européenne.
F4E, la Fusion pour l’énergie, a été établie en 2006. Cette organisation est chargée de fournir la contribution européenne à ITER.
En 2005, un site dans la sud de la France était choisi pour le réacteur expérimental ITER. Dans cette époque, peu de gens comprenaient ITER. Jacques Chirac était le Président de la République française, et Dominique de Villepin était le Premier Ministre.
En France, le CEA, ou la Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives, a étudié les énergies bas carbone – comme nucléaire et renouvelables – depuis 1945.
Le CEA est implanté sur 10 centres répartis dans toute la France. La recherche française sur l’énergie de la fusion nucléaire a commencé dans le centre Fontenay-aux-Roses, près de Paris. Mais aujourd’hui, le centre plus important pour cette recherche est le centre de Cadarache.
Cadarache est une ville située dans la région Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur, dans le département Bouches-du-Rhône, et dans la commune Saint-Paul-lez-Durance. Cadarache est 40 kilomètres d’Aix-en-Provence et 70 kilomètres de Marseille.
CEA Cadarache a été établi en 1959. C’est le siège de la recherche française sur la fusion nucléaire, particulièrement L’Institut de recherche sur la fusion magnétique. Christian Bonnet est le directeur du centre.
Dans cette vidéo Gloria Falchetto, qui travaille à Cadarache CEA, nous présente le Département de recherche sur la fusion contrôlée.
Laurent est un ingénieur chercheur en mécanique dans l’Institute de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique au centre CEA Cadarache.
Annie-Laure Pecquet travaille aussi dans le même institut de recherche à CEA Cadarache.
Jean-Luc Sida aussi est ingénieur recherche à CEA Cadarache.
ITER est implanté sur un terrain de 180 hectares, à côté du CEA Cadarache. Les recherches pour la fusion impliquent des nombreux domaines de recherche, comme les matériaux, le magnétisme, la cryogénie, la robotique, et l’optique.
Les bâtiments d’ITER sont en cours de construction sur une plateforme de 42 hectares, une surface totale équivalente à soixante terrains de football. La première phase de travaux - le défrichement de 90 hectares – a commencé en 2007. Maintenant, les premiers éléments de la Tokamak sont arrivées des plusieurs pays membres. Le chantier de construction d’ITER devrait s’achever en 2019. Viendra ensuite une phase de tests pour réaliser le premier plasma en novembre 2020.
L'équation, Q est supérieur ou égal à 10, symbolise l’objectif scientifique du programme ITER: produire dix fois plus d’énergie que la machine n’en aura reçu. ITER est conçu pour produire 500 MW d’énergie de fusion à partir d’un apport externe de 50 MW. Les 15 minutes et l’autre objectif d’ITER: maintenir le plasma pour une quinzaine de minutes.
ITER n’est pas une fin en soi mais une étape vers une installation préindustrielle qui démontrera la faisabilité de la production d’électricité et de l’autosuffisance en tritium. Le réacteur de démonstration DEMO, dont la conception pourrait être achevée d’ici 2017, succédera immédiatement à ITER. L’exploitation devrait commencer au début des années 2030. La commercialisation d’électricité est prévue dès 2040, avec PROTO, le premier prototype d’un réacteur à fusion industriel.
Le Directeur-Général d’ITER depuis 2010 a été le Japonais Osamu Motojima. À partir de juin de cette année, le directeur sera le Français Bernard Bigot. Le budget d’ITER, originellement évalué à 5,8 milliards d’euros, est aujourd’hui estimé à 12.8 milliards d’euros – repartis entre les différents pays membres.
Dans cette vidéo Michel Chatelier, Chef du Département de recherche sur la fusion contrôlée à Cadarache CEA, nous présente un résumé d’ITER.
Il y a beaucoup de gens contre ITER et beaucoup de manifestations contre la construction du réacteur en France. Il y a une « Collectif Stop-ITER », avec un site Web: http://www.stop-iter.org.
Le « Réseau sortir du nucléaire » dénonce ITER comme un risque pour l’environnement, parce que les matériaux en contact avec la réaction produiraient notamment quelque 40 000 tonnes de déchets radioactifs. Le Réseau rappelle aussi que la Provence est connue pour sa haute sismicité.
Les critiques d’ITER disent que le projet est devenu une arnaque, un gouffre financier. Selon Europe Ecologie-les Verts (EELV), ITER « n’apporterait, dans le meilleur des cas, que des réponses sur le très long terme, vers le milieu du 21ème siècle. » Les critiques disent que « La fusion est l’énergie du futur … mais elle sera toujours ! »
Même les scientifiques disent que le résultat d’ITER est encore inconnu. Et le physicien français Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, qui a gagné le prix Nobel en 1991, a perdu confiance en ITER.
ITER est le sujet de beaucoup de dessins humoristiques.
Voici une liste des mieux sites Web sur ITER.
Voici un article récent du magazine sur ITER.
Pour apprendre plus de la énergie nucléaire, je recommande le livre, « A Piece of the Sun », écrit en 2013 par Daniel Clery.
On peut voyager à Cadarache à voir la construction d’ITER.
En septembre, un groupe de la Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), une centre américaine du recherche sur la fusion nucléaire, va a visiter à ITER. Le voyage organisé va aussi a CERN (le Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire) près de Genève, Suisse, qui est une laboratoire européen pour la physique des particules. Et le voyage va aussi à ESRF (Européen Synchrotron Radiation Facility) ou Installation européenne de rayonnement synchrotron, à Grenoble, France, qui est une source de rayons X, l’une des plus intenses au monde.