This document discusses different types of slabs used in construction. It defines slabs as structural members that provide flat horizontal surfaces. The main types discussed are one-way slabs, which are supported by beams on two sides, and two-way slabs, which are supported on all four sides. The document provides details on the load transfer and reinforcement of each type of slab, and compares the key differences between one-way and two-way slabs. It also briefly discusses grid slabs and defines mechanisms of load transfer in slabs.
The document discusses different types of beams used in building construction. It defines a beam as a long structural member used to provide support to upper parts of a building while transferring imposed loads to supports at its ends. The document then describes various types of beams including cantilever beams, simply supported beams, continuous beams, and overhanging beams. It notes that beams can vary in their shape, dimensions, reinforcement details, and support conditions.
This document discusses different types of reinforced concrete slabs, including one-way slabs, two-way slabs, flat slabs, and ribbed slabs. One-way slabs are supported on two sides and bend in one direction, while two-way slabs are supported on all four sides and bend in both directions. Flat slabs do not have beams and loads are transferred directly to columns, providing a plain ceiling. Ribbed slabs contain reinforced concrete ribs spaced no more than 1 meter apart between which the slab spans.
Manish Raj gave a seminar on beams for his civil engineering class. He began by defining a beam as a structural element that resists lateral loads, causing bending. Beams are characterized by their support, cross-section profile, length, and material. Manish then classified beams based on their geometry, equilibrium conditions, and support type. Key support types discussed included simply supported beams, cantilever beams, overhanging beams, continuous beams, and fixed beams.
Beam and column and its types in detailBilal Rahman
The document discusses different types of beams and columns. It describes beams based on their end support (simply supported, continuous, overhanging, cantilevered, fixed), cross-section shape (I-beam, T-beam, C-beam), and equilibrium condition (statically determinate, statically indeterminate). It also describes columns based on their shape (rectangular, L-shaped), type of reinforcement, loading conditions, and slenderness ratio. Columns can also serve decorative purposes by carrying sculpture or commemorating events.
OUTLINE
introduction
classification
loads
materials used
Type of reinforcement
RCC
construction methods in RCC
Analysis and design
Detailing
Basic Rules
Site visit
video
This document discusses the design of two-way floor slabs and footings. It covers the direct design method for two-way slabs without beams, examples of slab design, shear failure mechanisms, design for two-way shear, and shear reinforcement options. For footings, it defines footing types, soil pressure distribution, design considerations including bearing capacity and reinforcement, sizing footings based on soil pressure, and design for one-way and two-way shear as well as flexural strength. It also addresses bearing capacity at the column base and dowel requirements.
What Is A Beam? And What Are The Different Types Of Beam? (https://civiltech-...PoojaGurnule
The article or blog is related to the beam and different types of beam depending on different conditions. Based on Support Conditions, Based on Construction Materials, Based on Cross-Section Shapes, Based on Geometry, Based on Equilibrium Conditions, Based on Method Of Construction
The document discusses different types of beams used in building construction. It defines a beam as a long structural member used to provide support to upper parts of a building while transferring imposed loads to supports at its ends. The document then describes various types of beams including cantilever beams, simply supported beams, continuous beams, and overhanging beams. It notes that beams can vary in their shape, dimensions, reinforcement details, and support conditions.
This document discusses different types of reinforced concrete slabs, including one-way slabs, two-way slabs, flat slabs, and ribbed slabs. One-way slabs are supported on two sides and bend in one direction, while two-way slabs are supported on all four sides and bend in both directions. Flat slabs do not have beams and loads are transferred directly to columns, providing a plain ceiling. Ribbed slabs contain reinforced concrete ribs spaced no more than 1 meter apart between which the slab spans.
Manish Raj gave a seminar on beams for his civil engineering class. He began by defining a beam as a structural element that resists lateral loads, causing bending. Beams are characterized by their support, cross-section profile, length, and material. Manish then classified beams based on their geometry, equilibrium conditions, and support type. Key support types discussed included simply supported beams, cantilever beams, overhanging beams, continuous beams, and fixed beams.
Beam and column and its types in detailBilal Rahman
The document discusses different types of beams and columns. It describes beams based on their end support (simply supported, continuous, overhanging, cantilevered, fixed), cross-section shape (I-beam, T-beam, C-beam), and equilibrium condition (statically determinate, statically indeterminate). It also describes columns based on their shape (rectangular, L-shaped), type of reinforcement, loading conditions, and slenderness ratio. Columns can also serve decorative purposes by carrying sculpture or commemorating events.
OUTLINE
introduction
classification
loads
materials used
Type of reinforcement
RCC
construction methods in RCC
Analysis and design
Detailing
Basic Rules
Site visit
video
This document discusses the design of two-way floor slabs and footings. It covers the direct design method for two-way slabs without beams, examples of slab design, shear failure mechanisms, design for two-way shear, and shear reinforcement options. For footings, it defines footing types, soil pressure distribution, design considerations including bearing capacity and reinforcement, sizing footings based on soil pressure, and design for one-way and two-way shear as well as flexural strength. It also addresses bearing capacity at the column base and dowel requirements.
What Is A Beam? And What Are The Different Types Of Beam? (https://civiltech-...PoojaGurnule
The article or blog is related to the beam and different types of beam depending on different conditions. Based on Support Conditions, Based on Construction Materials, Based on Cross-Section Shapes, Based on Geometry, Based on Equilibrium Conditions, Based on Method Of Construction
One way slab and two way slab- Difference betweenCivil Insider
Get PPT here
https://civilinsider.com/difference-between-one-way-slab-and-two-way-slab/
What is a Slab?
Slabs are the one of the most widely used structural elements whose depth is considerably smaller than rest of the dimensions. Basically slabs are used as roofs and floors in buildings, roof and bottom on water tanks, on bridges etc.
Slabs support and transfer load i.e. Dead load and live load, to columns by shear, flexure, and torsion. Slabs also help in reducing the effects of lateral wind loads and earthquake loads.
What is One Way Slab?
One way slabs are the slabs in which most of the loads are carried on the shorter span. The ratio of longer span to shorter span is equal to or greater than two or when the slab is supported by beams only along two opposite sides slab then the slab behaves as a One-way slab.
What is Two Way Slab?
Two-way slabs are the slabs in which loads are carried on both of the spans. The ratio of longer span to shorter span is less than two and when the slab is supported by beams along all the sides then the slab behaves as a two-way slab.
Difference Between One Way Slab and Two Way Slab
Elements of RCC Framed Structure (With Steel Detailing)Uday Mathe
This document describes the typical elements of a reinforced concrete (RCC) framed building. It discusses the major structural elements including the foundation/footing that transfers load to the soil, columns that support beams and transfer load to the footing, beams that transfer load between columns and support slabs, slabs that form floors and roofs, and staircases. It provides details on the reinforcement in each element including main bars and stirrups/lateral ties. Minor elements like lintels and sunshades are also covered.
This document provides an introduction to reinforced concrete (RCC) structures. It defines RCC as cement concrete reinforced with steel to increase its tensile strength. The advantages of RCC include being economical, durable, fire resistant, and able to be cast into any shape with almost no maintenance costs. It describes the key components of RCC structures as beams, columns, staircases, and foundations. It then provides more details on the design of RCC beams, columns, staircases, and foundations.
The document discusses the key components of building superstructure including beams, columns, and lintels. It describes that the superstructure sits above the foundation and provides utility and safety. It then focuses on the different types of beams such as simply supported, fixed, and cantilever beams. It also discusses columns and lintels, how they transmit loads, and common materials used like reinforced concrete.
This document discusses different types of two-way slabs, including edge-supported slabs, column-supported slabs, flat plates, and waffle slabs. It provides details on when a slab is considered a two-way slab and how it is reinforced in two directions to resist bending moments in both directions. The document also discusses analysis methods for two-way slab design.
Reinforced concrete slabs are used in floors, roofs, and walls. They can span in one or two directions and be supported by beams, walls, or columns. This document discusses the design of reinforced concrete slabs, including types of slabs, load analysis, shear design, reinforcement details, and provides examples of designing solid slabs spanning in one direction. The goal is to teach students to properly design and analyze reinforced concrete slabs according to code.
we select cantilever beam having I,C,T section and we select material cast iron, stainless steel, steel and analyze base upon modal and static analysis.we see here deformation,stress ,strain and based upon it we conclude.
The document describes the construction of reinforced concrete structures for a building project. It discusses the layout, foundation, columns, beams, and slabs. The foundation includes isolated and combined rectangular footings. Columns are vertical load bearing members made of M40 concrete with longitudinal and transverse rebar. Beams are horizontal members that include inverted, concealed, and deep beams made of M25 concrete. Slabs are horizontal plates that can be one-way or two-way, 150mm thick made of M20 concrete with rebar arranged for structural action.
This document discusses the different types of beams that can be used in construction. It describes beams based on their support conditions, construction materials, cross-sectional shapes, geometry, equilibrium conditions, and method of construction. The main types discussed are simply supported beams, fixed beams, continuous beams, cantilever beams, reinforced concrete beams, steel beams, I-beams, and prestressed concrete beams.
The superstructure of a building consists of elements above the foundation like beams, columns, lintels, roofing and flooring. Beams are horizontal members that carry loads and transfer them to columns or walls. Reinforced concrete beams are designed to resist both bending moments and shear forces from loads. There are different types of beams like simply supported, fixed, cantilever, continuous and overhanging beams which are designed based on how they are supported. Columns are vertical load bearing members that transfer loads from beams and slabs to the foundation. Common column types include long, short and intermediate columns. Lintels are short horizontal members that span small openings like doors and windows and transfer loads to masonry, steel or reinforced concrete
This document provides information about beams used in structural engineering. It defines beams, discusses their structural characteristics like moment of inertia and stresses, and describes different types of beams including simply supported, fixed, cantilever, and trussed beams. It also covers beam design, applications in bridges and cranes, potential failure modes from plastic hinges, buckling or material failure, and methods to prevent failures like lateral restraints.
This document describes different types of beams based on their end support, cross-section shape, equilibrium condition, and geometry. Beams can be simply supported, continuous, overhanging, cantilever, fixed, or trussed based on their end support. Their cross-section can be I-beams, T-beams, or C-beams. Based on equilibrium, beams are either statically determinate or indeterminate. A beam's geometry can be straight, curved, or tapered.
The document discusses different types of structural elements used in building construction including beams, loads, supports, columns, and trusses. It describes several types of beams such as simply supported beams, continuous beams, overhanging beams, cantilever beams, and fixed beams. It also discusses different types of loads, supports, and how columns and trusses function structurally.
The document discusses L-beams, which are floor beams that have slabs on only one side. L-beams are common in reinforced concrete structures and experience bending moment, shear force, and torsional moment from one-sided loading. The effective width of an L-beam flange is calculated according to code recommendations based on factors like beam spacing and length. Design of L-beams involves determining the flange width, selecting a beam depth, checking moment of resistance, and adding reinforcement as needed to resist bending and shear loads.
Columns serve both structural and decorative purposes in architecture. Structurally, columns are vertical elements that usually have a rounded shaft, capital, and base that support loads. Decoratively, columns can carry sculpture or commemorate events and people. There are three main classical column styles - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian - which vary in ornamentation from plain to fancy. Columns can also be classified based on their shape, reinforcement, loading, or slenderness ratio. Their proper positioning and avoidance of excessive slenderness helps prevent buckling under load.
The document provides information about slabs, beams, and stairs in construction. It defines slabs as flat horizontal elements that take transverse loading and transfer load to beams and columns. It describes various types of slabs and beams based on how they transfer loads and their support structures. It also defines stairs and provides technical terms used in stair construction. It describes different types of stairs based on their shape and materials used.
Lecture01 design of concrete deck slabs ( Highway Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses the design of deck slabs for bridges. It explains how truck loads are distributed across multiple stringers below the deck through load transfer mechanisms like the deck material, spacing of stringers and secondary members, and their relative stiffnesses. While load distribution can be calculated precisely, codes like AASHTO simplify this using distribution factors based on the deck type and stringer spacing. The document also mentions design considerations for reinforced concrete deck slabs, including drainage features and corrosion protection methods.
1. The document discusses slender columns and their behavior under different loading conditions.
2. Slender columns can fail through buckling at a lower load than their critical load, whereas short columns fail through material crushing.
3. The behavior and failure loads of columns depends on their end conditions, whether they are prevented from lateral sway, and whether they experience single or double curvature bending.
4. Additional moments due to axial load effects and minimum eccentricities must be considered in the design of slender columns.
Prsesntation on Commercial building ProjectMD AFROZ ALAM
The document describes the trainee's weekly activities during an industrial training at a construction company. Over 8 weeks, the trainee learned about:
1. Layout plans, column reinforcement, beams, and slab details.
2. Reinforcement techniques like lap joints, development lengths, and tie placement.
3. Radiant cooling pipes installed under slabs to provide cooling without AC units.
4. Construction of shear walls, columns, beams and slabs.
5. Block laying for boundary walls using aerated concrete blocks joined with special mortar.
The document discusses one-way and two-way slabs. A one-way slab bends in only one direction and is supported on two walls parallel to the bending direction. A two-way slab bends in two perpendicular directions and is supported on all four sides. The ratio of the longer span to shorter span, ly/lx, determines if a slab with four-sided support acts as one-way (ly/lx > 2) or two-way. Secondary reinforcement is provided in one-way slabs to resist secondary moments and cracking from shrinkage or concentrated loads.
One way slab and two way slab- Difference betweenCivil Insider
Get PPT here
https://civilinsider.com/difference-between-one-way-slab-and-two-way-slab/
What is a Slab?
Slabs are the one of the most widely used structural elements whose depth is considerably smaller than rest of the dimensions. Basically slabs are used as roofs and floors in buildings, roof and bottom on water tanks, on bridges etc.
Slabs support and transfer load i.e. Dead load and live load, to columns by shear, flexure, and torsion. Slabs also help in reducing the effects of lateral wind loads and earthquake loads.
What is One Way Slab?
One way slabs are the slabs in which most of the loads are carried on the shorter span. The ratio of longer span to shorter span is equal to or greater than two or when the slab is supported by beams only along two opposite sides slab then the slab behaves as a One-way slab.
What is Two Way Slab?
Two-way slabs are the slabs in which loads are carried on both of the spans. The ratio of longer span to shorter span is less than two and when the slab is supported by beams along all the sides then the slab behaves as a two-way slab.
Difference Between One Way Slab and Two Way Slab
Elements of RCC Framed Structure (With Steel Detailing)Uday Mathe
This document describes the typical elements of a reinforced concrete (RCC) framed building. It discusses the major structural elements including the foundation/footing that transfers load to the soil, columns that support beams and transfer load to the footing, beams that transfer load between columns and support slabs, slabs that form floors and roofs, and staircases. It provides details on the reinforcement in each element including main bars and stirrups/lateral ties. Minor elements like lintels and sunshades are also covered.
This document provides an introduction to reinforced concrete (RCC) structures. It defines RCC as cement concrete reinforced with steel to increase its tensile strength. The advantages of RCC include being economical, durable, fire resistant, and able to be cast into any shape with almost no maintenance costs. It describes the key components of RCC structures as beams, columns, staircases, and foundations. It then provides more details on the design of RCC beams, columns, staircases, and foundations.
The document discusses the key components of building superstructure including beams, columns, and lintels. It describes that the superstructure sits above the foundation and provides utility and safety. It then focuses on the different types of beams such as simply supported, fixed, and cantilever beams. It also discusses columns and lintels, how they transmit loads, and common materials used like reinforced concrete.
This document discusses different types of two-way slabs, including edge-supported slabs, column-supported slabs, flat plates, and waffle slabs. It provides details on when a slab is considered a two-way slab and how it is reinforced in two directions to resist bending moments in both directions. The document also discusses analysis methods for two-way slab design.
Reinforced concrete slabs are used in floors, roofs, and walls. They can span in one or two directions and be supported by beams, walls, or columns. This document discusses the design of reinforced concrete slabs, including types of slabs, load analysis, shear design, reinforcement details, and provides examples of designing solid slabs spanning in one direction. The goal is to teach students to properly design and analyze reinforced concrete slabs according to code.
we select cantilever beam having I,C,T section and we select material cast iron, stainless steel, steel and analyze base upon modal and static analysis.we see here deformation,stress ,strain and based upon it we conclude.
The document describes the construction of reinforced concrete structures for a building project. It discusses the layout, foundation, columns, beams, and slabs. The foundation includes isolated and combined rectangular footings. Columns are vertical load bearing members made of M40 concrete with longitudinal and transverse rebar. Beams are horizontal members that include inverted, concealed, and deep beams made of M25 concrete. Slabs are horizontal plates that can be one-way or two-way, 150mm thick made of M20 concrete with rebar arranged for structural action.
This document discusses the different types of beams that can be used in construction. It describes beams based on their support conditions, construction materials, cross-sectional shapes, geometry, equilibrium conditions, and method of construction. The main types discussed are simply supported beams, fixed beams, continuous beams, cantilever beams, reinforced concrete beams, steel beams, I-beams, and prestressed concrete beams.
The superstructure of a building consists of elements above the foundation like beams, columns, lintels, roofing and flooring. Beams are horizontal members that carry loads and transfer them to columns or walls. Reinforced concrete beams are designed to resist both bending moments and shear forces from loads. There are different types of beams like simply supported, fixed, cantilever, continuous and overhanging beams which are designed based on how they are supported. Columns are vertical load bearing members that transfer loads from beams and slabs to the foundation. Common column types include long, short and intermediate columns. Lintels are short horizontal members that span small openings like doors and windows and transfer loads to masonry, steel or reinforced concrete
This document provides information about beams used in structural engineering. It defines beams, discusses their structural characteristics like moment of inertia and stresses, and describes different types of beams including simply supported, fixed, cantilever, and trussed beams. It also covers beam design, applications in bridges and cranes, potential failure modes from plastic hinges, buckling or material failure, and methods to prevent failures like lateral restraints.
This document describes different types of beams based on their end support, cross-section shape, equilibrium condition, and geometry. Beams can be simply supported, continuous, overhanging, cantilever, fixed, or trussed based on their end support. Their cross-section can be I-beams, T-beams, or C-beams. Based on equilibrium, beams are either statically determinate or indeterminate. A beam's geometry can be straight, curved, or tapered.
The document discusses different types of structural elements used in building construction including beams, loads, supports, columns, and trusses. It describes several types of beams such as simply supported beams, continuous beams, overhanging beams, cantilever beams, and fixed beams. It also discusses different types of loads, supports, and how columns and trusses function structurally.
The document discusses L-beams, which are floor beams that have slabs on only one side. L-beams are common in reinforced concrete structures and experience bending moment, shear force, and torsional moment from one-sided loading. The effective width of an L-beam flange is calculated according to code recommendations based on factors like beam spacing and length. Design of L-beams involves determining the flange width, selecting a beam depth, checking moment of resistance, and adding reinforcement as needed to resist bending and shear loads.
Columns serve both structural and decorative purposes in architecture. Structurally, columns are vertical elements that usually have a rounded shaft, capital, and base that support loads. Decoratively, columns can carry sculpture or commemorate events and people. There are three main classical column styles - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian - which vary in ornamentation from plain to fancy. Columns can also be classified based on their shape, reinforcement, loading, or slenderness ratio. Their proper positioning and avoidance of excessive slenderness helps prevent buckling under load.
The document provides information about slabs, beams, and stairs in construction. It defines slabs as flat horizontal elements that take transverse loading and transfer load to beams and columns. It describes various types of slabs and beams based on how they transfer loads and their support structures. It also defines stairs and provides technical terms used in stair construction. It describes different types of stairs based on their shape and materials used.
Lecture01 design of concrete deck slabs ( Highway Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses the design of deck slabs for bridges. It explains how truck loads are distributed across multiple stringers below the deck through load transfer mechanisms like the deck material, spacing of stringers and secondary members, and their relative stiffnesses. While load distribution can be calculated precisely, codes like AASHTO simplify this using distribution factors based on the deck type and stringer spacing. The document also mentions design considerations for reinforced concrete deck slabs, including drainage features and corrosion protection methods.
1. The document discusses slender columns and their behavior under different loading conditions.
2. Slender columns can fail through buckling at a lower load than their critical load, whereas short columns fail through material crushing.
3. The behavior and failure loads of columns depends on their end conditions, whether they are prevented from lateral sway, and whether they experience single or double curvature bending.
4. Additional moments due to axial load effects and minimum eccentricities must be considered in the design of slender columns.
Prsesntation on Commercial building ProjectMD AFROZ ALAM
The document describes the trainee's weekly activities during an industrial training at a construction company. Over 8 weeks, the trainee learned about:
1. Layout plans, column reinforcement, beams, and slab details.
2. Reinforcement techniques like lap joints, development lengths, and tie placement.
3. Radiant cooling pipes installed under slabs to provide cooling without AC units.
4. Construction of shear walls, columns, beams and slabs.
5. Block laying for boundary walls using aerated concrete blocks joined with special mortar.
The document discusses one-way and two-way slabs. A one-way slab bends in only one direction and is supported on two walls parallel to the bending direction. A two-way slab bends in two perpendicular directions and is supported on all four sides. The ratio of the longer span to shorter span, ly/lx, determines if a slab with four-sided support acts as one-way (ly/lx > 2) or two-way. Secondary reinforcement is provided in one-way slabs to resist secondary moments and cracking from shrinkage or concentrated loads.
This document provides information on the design of reinforced concrete slabs. It discusses slab classification, analysis methods, general design guidelines, behavior of one-way and two-way slabs, continuity, and detailing requirements. Two example problems are included to illustrate the design of a simply supported one-way slab and a monolithic two-way restrained slab.
Flat slabs are reinforced concrete slabs that are supported directly by columns without beams. They provide minimum depth, fast construction, and flexible column placement. There are four main types: slabs without drops and with column heads, slabs with drops and without column heads, slabs with both drops and column heads, and typical flat slabs. Column heads increase shear strength while drops increase shear strength and negative moment capacity. Flat slab systems can be either one-way or two-way depending on span ratios and load distribution. Advantages include simple formwork, no beams, and minimum depth, while disadvantages include potential interference from drops.
Skeleton or braced frame works are also called latticed structures or space frames. They are categorized based on their Gaussian curvature as having positive, negative, or zero curvature. Braced barrel vaults are a type of skeletal structure with single curvature. Shell structures are thin curved structures that function as both structure and enclosure. They can have single or double curvature and forms include domes, hyperboloids, conoids, and hyperbolic paraboloids. Centering is required to construct shell structures which adds to the cost but shell structures are aesthetically pleasing and efficient due to their light weight. An example is the Sydney Opera House which used precast concrete shell segments and tensioned steel cables to span over 350km and
1. The document discusses different types of slabs used in construction including conventional slabs, one-way slabs, two-way slabs, flat slabs, and sunken slabs.
2. Conventional slabs are supported by beams and columns and have reinforcement bars provided both horizontally and vertically. One-way slabs are supported on two opposite sides and bend in one direction along their shorter span, while two-way slabs are supported on all four sides and can bend along both directions.
3. Sunken slabs are provided either below or above normal floor level to conceal sewage or sewerage pipes, with the space filled with materials like broken bricks or coal.
This document discusses two-way slabs, which deform in two orthogonal directions and require reinforcement in both directions. It describes different types of two-way slabs and analyzes one-way versus two-way slab action. Methods of analysis including Westergaard's theory and Rankine-Grashoff method are covered. Design procedures are provided for reinforced concrete two-way slabs based on Indian code IS 456, including equations to calculate bending moments and requirements for reinforcement.
Slab is a flat piece of concrete used as a walking surface or load bearing element. It can be supported by walls, beams, or columns. Slabs provide a flat surface and act as insulators while supporting loads. Slabs are classified as one-way, two-way, flat plate, or waffle depending on their reinforcement configuration and load distribution. One-way slabs are reinforced in one direction while two-way slabs carry load in two directions. Flat plate slabs do not use beams but instead rely on slab reinforcement to carry loads. Waffle slabs contain ribs to increase stiffness. Common slab issues include cracking from inadequate design or construction, and dampness from moisture penetration.
Slabs are structural members that support transverse loads and transfer them to supports via bending. They are commonly used as floors and roofs. One-way slabs bend in only one direction across the shorter span like a wide beam, while two-way slabs bend in both directions if the ratio of longer to shorter span is less than or equal to 2. Design of one-way slabs involves calculating bending moment and shear force, selecting reinforcement ratio and bar size, and checking deflection, shear, and development length.
A one-way slab can be defined as a structural reinforced concrete slab supported on two opposite sides so that the bending occurs in one direction only, that is, perpendicular to the supported edges.
Combined footing is used to support two or more columns in a straight line on a single spread footing. There are three main types of combined footing: rectangular, trapezoidal, and tee-shaped. Rectangular combined footings act as upward loaded beams between columns and are designed to resist bending moments and shear forces. Trapezoidal footings are used when one column load is significantly heavier than the others. Combined footings can also be slab-type, slab-beam type, or strap-beam type depending on how the columns are supported and loaded.
Circular slabs are used for roofs that are circular in plan, floors of circular tanks or towers, and roofs over pump houses or traffic control posts. Bending occurs in two perpendicular directions for circular slabs. Reinforcement is provided as a mesh with equal area in both directions, sized for the larger of the radial or circumferential moments. Near edges, radial and circumferential reinforcement may be needed if edge stresses are significant or if the edge is fixed. Circular slabs are commonly used in water tanks, where they deflect into a saucer shape under uniform loads and develop tensile and compressive stresses radially and circumferentially.
1. There are many types of slabs used in construction including conventional slabs, flat slabs, ribbed slabs, waffle slabs, corrugated sheet slabs, timber slabs, and more.
2. Conventional slabs are classified as one-way or two-way slabs depending on their length to width ratio and the direction of load transfer.
3. One-way slabs have a length to width ratio of 2 or greater and transfer load along the shorter span, while two-way slabs have a ratio of less than 2 and transfer load along both spans.
The document discusses different types of slabs used in construction. It defines a slab as a thin concrete structure used for flooring that can be square, rectangular or circular in shape. The main types discussed are:
1. Flat slab - A beamless slab constructed directly on columns for a simpler design.
2. Conventional slab - Supported by beams on columns, which can be one-way or two-way depending on load direction.
3. Sunken slab - Used below washrooms to hide pipes below the floor level.
4. Hallow core slab - A precast slab with voids that requires less concrete and provides service ducts.
Lec11 Continuous Beams and One Way Slabs(1) (Reinforced Concrete Design I & P...Hossam Shafiq II
The document discusses reinforced concrete continuity and analysis methods for continuous beams and one-way slabs. It describes how steel reinforcement must extend through members to provide structural continuity. The ACI/SBC coefficient method of analysis is summarized, which uses coefficient tables to determine maximum shear forces and bending moments for continuous beams and one-way slabs under various loading conditions in a simplified manner compared to elastic analysis. Requirements for applying the coefficient method include having multiple spans with ratios less than 1.2, prismatic member sections, and live loads less than 3 times dead loads.
Slip and twinning are two important deformation mechanisms in crystals. Slip involves the sliding of atomic planes over one another along crystallographic planes called slip planes, and occurs when the critical resolved shear stress is exceeded. It is controlled by dislocations. Twinning involves mirror-image reflections on either side of a twinning plane, where successive atomic planes are displaced by increasing amounts. Twinning accommodates deformation by changing the crystal orientation and is important when slip systems are limited. The key differences between slip and twinning are that slip is a line defect controlled by dislocations while twinning is a grain boundary surface defect.
Circular slabs are commonly used as roofs or floors with a circular plan, such as water tanks. They experience bending stresses in two perpendicular directions - radially and circumferentially. Reinforcement is provided as a mesh of bars with equal cross-sectional area in both directions. Near the edges, additional radial and circumferential reinforcement may be needed if edge stresses are significant. Circular slabs are analyzed based on elastic theory, and deflect into a saucer shape under uniform loads, developing tensile and compressive stresses on the convex and concave surfaces respectively. Reinforcement must be provided in both radial and circumferential directions near the convex surface.
The entire process of structural planning and design requires not only imagination and conceptual thinking but also sound knowledge of practical aspects, such as recent design codes and bye-laws, backed up by ample experience, institution and judgment.
It is emphasized that any structure to be constructed must satisfy the need efficiency for which it is intended and shall be durable for its desired life span. Thus, the design of any structure is categorizes into following two main types:-
1. Functional design
2. Structural design
Once the form of the structure is selected, the structural design process starts. Structural design is an art and science of understanding the behavior of structural members subjected to loads and designing them with economy and elegance to give a safe, serviceable and durable structure.
The document discusses different types of beams based on their end support, shape, and equilibrium conditions. It describes simply supported beams, cantilever beams, fixed beams, continuous beams, and overhanging beams. The cross section shapes discussed include I-beams, C-beams, and T-beams. Determinate beams can be analyzed using basic equilibrium equations to find support reactions, while non-determinate beams require additional information.
Similaire à Presentation P.01 - What is Slab.pdf (20)
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
2. Table Of Contents
P.03:
Figure of Slab in a construction site
P.04:
What is Slab?
P.06:
Types Of Slab
P.07:
What Is a One-way slab?
P.09:
What is a Two-Way Slab?
P.13:
What is Grid Slab?
P.14:
Difference Between One-way Slab and Two-way
Slab
P.15:
Mechanism of load Transfer in Slab
P.16:
Quick FAQ's on each topic
About the Presentation
This Presentation will Explain you
What is slab and difference between
types of slabs. After reading all the
slides I'm definitely sure your slab
concept is fully solved.
In this civil experience, I will explain
the difference between one way slab
and two way slab (One way slabs vs
Two way slabs) in detail also provide
one way slab and two way slab Table.
Before going on a particular type of
slab take an eye on what is slab and
understand its mechanism.
NOTE : Feel free to share with civil engineers,
Structural engineers and follow me for more
important learning.
amirbaloch
3. Fig 1. The above figure is the representation of a slab in construction Site
amirbaloch
4. 1) WHAT IS SLAB?
A slab is a structural member to provide flat horizontal surfaces in luxury building
floors, roofs, bridges, and other types of structures.
Fig 1. Graphical Representation Of Slab. Fig 2. Graphical Representation Of Slab, Column, Beams & Roof.
amirbaloch
5. A) MORE DETAILS ON SLAB
• The slab rest on walls, by reinforced concrete beams normally cast monolithic
ally with the slab, by structural steel beams, either by columns or from the
ground.
• A slab thickness and it is supported by other structural elements like RC
columns, RC beams, walls, or the ground surface.
• The cement concrete slab with top and bottom surfaces are parallel. The depth
of a concrete slab is very small compared to its span or length.
• In the building component, there are two major types of slabs used in building
construction one-way slabs and two-way slabs.
• In the building component, there are two major types of slabs used in building
construction one-way slabs and two-way slabs.
amirbaloch
6. 2) TYPES OF SLABS BASED ON SUPPORT CONDITIONS
1. One-way Slab
2. Two-Way Slab
3. Flat Slab ( Resting Direction on a Column without Beam
4. Grid Slab or waffle Slab
5. Circular Slab and Other Shapes
amirbaloch
7. 3) WHAT IS A ONE-WAY SLAB?
One-way slab is supported by only two parallel beams or walls.
A one way slab is defined as a flexural member with thickness small relative to other slab dimensions, gravity loads applied normal
to and directly above slab surface, a span in one direction between parallel supports, and fortified for flexure in this direction only.
Fig 1. Graphical Representation Of One-Way Slab. Fig 2. Graphical Representation Of One-Way Slab Explained.
EDGE 01
EDGE 02
amirbaloch
8. ONE WAY SLAB DEFINITION:
The one-way slab is a slab, which is supported by parallel walls or beams, and
whose length to breadth ratio is equal to or greater than two and it bends in only
one direction (spanning direction) while it is transferring the loads to the two
supporting walls or beams, because of its geometry. Simply stating it spans and
bends in only one direction.
ONE WAY SLAB REINFORCEMENT DETAILS :
• Commonly a One-Way Slab, as one side is greater than the other one, the
utmost load will be transmitted by the larger side. Accordingly, it is necessary to
contribute sufficient support to the larger side.
• To provide sufficient support to the extended side, the main reinforcement bars
are placed parallel to the shorter side and the distribution bars are placed on
the longer side which does not support transmitting the load.
• So, a one-way slab is chosen where main bars or cranked bars are provided on
the shorter side of the slab due to bending. Distribution bars (straight bars) are
provided on the longest side as shown in the figure.
amirbaloch
9. 4) WHAT IS A TWO-WAY SLAB?
A two-way slab is a street that allows the load to travel in both directions. The design
considerations of wall-supported two-way slabs are similar to one-way slabs.
Fig 1. Graphical Representation Of Two-Way Slab. Fig 2. Graphical Representation Of Two-Way Slab Explained.
EDGE 01
EDGE 02
EDGE 03
EDGE 04
amirbaloch
10. A) DETAILS ON TWO-WAY SLAB
• The thickness of the slab is generally based on deflection control criteria, and
the reinforcements in the two orthogonal directions are designed to resist the
calculated maximum bending moments in the respective directions at the
critical sections.
• Additional reinforcement may be required at the corners of two way slabs in
some cases, as explained later.
• You can recognize the main bars are placed on both sides. The RCC slab is held
up by beams on every four sides and the loads are upheld by structural
components such as beams along with both directions.
• The slab thickness should be sufficient against shear, although shear is usually
not a problem in two way slabs subjected to uniformly distributed loads.
• If the slab is supported at all four edges and if Ly/Lx < 2, (two way slab formula)
• The tendency of the slab is to bend in both directions. Such slab is called two
way slab.
• In two way slabs, main reinforcement is provided along with Lx as well as Ly
direction
amirbaloch
11. A) TWO-WAY SLAB REINFORCEMENT DETAILS
• In the 2 way slab, as the loads are acting in both direction i.e. longer and shorter
directions.
• In this type of slab, the main reinforcement bars are laid in both directions. The
loads held up by two sides in this type of slabs are equal.
• You can recognize the main bars are placed on both sides. The RCC slab is held
up by beams on every four sides and the loads are upheld by structural
components such as beams along with both directions.
• Slab with reinforcement steel in both directions is more practicable and
supportive than one-way reinforcement slabs.
amirbaloch
12. B) TYPES OF TWO-WAY SLAB
1. Interior panel
2. One short edge discontinuous
3. One long edge discontinuous
4. Two adjacent edges discontinuous
5. Two short edges discontinuous
6. Two long edges discontinuous
7. Three edges discontinuous(one long edge continuous)
8. Three edges discontinuous(one Short edge continuous)
9. Four edges discontinuous
amirbaloch
13. 5) WHAT IS GRID SLAB?
• When the slab is supported on beams with column only on the periphery of the
hall, the slab is called a grid slab. Sometimes, in large halls, public places,
marriage halls, auditoriums, etc. a large column free area is required.
• In these cases, large deep beams may be permitted, but the columns are
permitted only on the periphery.
amirbaloch
14. 6) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ONE-WAY SLAB AND TWO-WAY SLAB?
amirbaloch
One Way Slab Two Way Slab
The one way slab is supported
by a beam on two opposite
side only.
The two way slab is supported
by the beam on all four sides.
The utmost load is carried by
the larger side.
The loadings are imposed and
held up in both directions
i.e. longer and shorter
directions.
Ly/Lx ≥ 2 one way slab
spanning.
Ly/Lx < 2 two way slab
spanning
In one way slab, the load is
carried in one direction
perpendicular to the supporting
beam.
In two way slab, the load is
carried in both directions.
If L/b the ratio is greater than or
equal to 2 or then it is
considered a one-way slab.
If L/b the ratio is less than 2
then it is considered a two-way
slab.
One way slab two opposite
side support beam /wall
Two Way Slab four side mins
all side supported beam /wall
One way slab is bent only in
one spanning side direction
while load transfer
In two-way slab, the crank is
provided in four directions.
One Way Slab Two Way Slab
In one-way slab, the load is
carried in one direction
perpendicular to the supporting
beam.
In two-way slab, the load is
carried in both directions.
The deflected shape of the
one-way slab is cylindrical.
Whereas the deflected shape
of the two-way slab is a dish or
saucer-like shape.
In one-way slab quantity of
steel is less.
In two-way slab quantity of
steel is more as compared to
the one-way slab.
Main Reinforcement is in
provide short span due to
banding.
Main Reinforcement is in
provide short span due to
banding
One way slab near about
100mm to 150mm based on
the deflection.
Two way slabs are in the range
of 100mm to 200mm
depending upon
One way slab economical near
about 3.5 m.
Two way slab may be
economical for the panel sizes
near about 6m x 6m.
Chajja and Varandha are
practical examples of the one
way slab.
Whereas two-way slabs are
used in constructive floors of
the Multistorey building.
15. 7) MECHANISM OF LOAD TRANSFER IN SLAB
• The forces transfer from slab to beam occur in one way or two ways. The whole
system completely depends on the geometrical dimensions of the slab.
• If slabs may be supported by columns only, in this case, two-way action will
prevail.
• If the ratio of long side / short side > 2 it is considered as one-way slab, and if
longer side to shorter side ratio < 2 then it is considered as a two-way slab.
• The load transfer mechanism from concrete slab floor to supporting elements
for one-way slab and two-way slab is shown in the figure.
Reinforcement Details In Slab :
Reinforcement arrangement in a slab is the main parameter to understand the system of forces and safely distribute the loads coming
on the slab.
amirbaloch
16. •
Quick FAQ's on Each topic
1) WHAT IS SLAB?
A slab is a structural member to provide flat horizontal surfaces in
luxury building floors, roofs, bridges, and other types of structures.
2) WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF SLABS BASED ON SUPPORT
CONDITIONS?
1. One way Slab
2. Two Way Slab
3. Flat Slab ( Resting Direction on a Column without Beam
4. Grid Slab or waffle Slab
5. Circular Slab and Other Shapes
3) WHAT IS A ONE-WAY SLAB?
One way slab is supported by only two parallel beams or walls.
4) DEFINE ONE-WAY SLAB?
The one-way slab is a slab, which is supported by parallel walls or
beams, and whose length to breadth ratio is equal to or greater than
two and it bends in only one direction (spanning direction) while it is
transferring the loads to the two supporting walls or beams,
because of its geometry. Simply stating it spans and bends in only
one direction.
5) WRITE DOWN THREE REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF ONE-WAY
SLAB?
1) Commonly a One-Way Slab, as one side is greater than the other
one, the utmost load will be transmitted by the larger side.
Accordingly, it is necessary to contribute sufficient support to the
larger side.
2) To provide sufficient support to the extended side, the main
reinforcement bars are placed parallel to the shorter side and the
distribution bars are placed on the longer side which does not
support transmitting the load.
3) So, a one-way slab is chosen where main bars or cranked bars are
provided on the shorter side of the slab due to bending. Distribution
bars (straight bars) are provided on the longest side as shown in the
figure.
6) WHAT IS A TWO-WAY SLAB?
A two-way slab is a street that allows the load to travel in both
directions. The design considerations of wall-supported two-way
slabs are similar to one-way slabs.
7) WRITE DOWN 5 DETAIL POINTS ON TWO-WAY SLAB?
1) The thickness of the slab is generally based on deflection control
criteria, and the reinforcements in the two orthogonal directions are
designed to resist the calculated maximum bending moments in the
respective directions at the critical sections.
2) Additional reinforcement may be required at the corners of two
way slabs in some cases, as explained later.
3) You can recognize the main bars are placed on both sides.
The RCC slab is held up by beams on every four sides and the loads
are upheld by structural components such as beams along with both
directions.
4) The slab thickness should be sufficient against shear, although
shear is usually not a problem in two way slabs subjected to
uniformly distributed loads.
5) If the slab is supported at all four edges and if Ly/Lx < 2, (two way
slab formula)
8) WRITE DOWN 4 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF TWO-WAY SLAB?
1) In the 2 way slab, as the loads are acting in both direction i.e.
longer and shorter directions.
2) In this type of slab, the main reinforcement bars are laid in both
directions. The loads held up by two sides in this type of slabs are
equal.
3) You can recognize the main bars are placed on both sides.
The RCC slab is held up by beams on every four sides and the loads
are upheld by structural components such as beams along with both
directions.
4) Slab with reinforcement steel in both directions is more
practicable and supportive than one-way reinforcement slabs.
9) WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF TWO-WAY SLAB?
1. Interior panel
2. One short edge discontinuous
3. One long edge discontinuous
4. Two adjacent edges discontinuous
5. Two short edges discontinuous
6. Two long edges discontinuous
7. Three edges discontinuous(one long edge continuous)
8. Three edges discontinuous(one Short edge continuous)
9. Four edges discontinuous
10) WHAT IS GRID SLAB?
When the slab is supported on beams with column only on the
periphery of the hall, the slab is called a grid slab. Sometimes, in
large halls, public places, marriage halls, auditoriums, etc. a large
column free area is required.
11) MAKE A TABLE AND WRITE 7 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ONE-WAY
SLAB AND TWO-WAY SLAB?
12) WHAT ARE THE MECHANISM OF LOAD TRANSFER IN SLABS?
1) The forces transfer from slab to beam occur in one way or two
ways. The whole system completely depends on the geometrical
dimensions of the slab.
2) If slabs may be supported by columns only, in this case, two-way
action will prevail.
3) If the ratio of long side / short side > 2 it is considered as one-way
slab, and if longer side to shorter side ratio < 2 then it is considered
as a two-way slab.
4) The load transfer mechanism from concrete slab floor to
supporting elements for one-way slab and two-way slab is shown in
the figure.
THANK YOU NOTE :
Thank you for reading all my slides. I hope you enjoyed my presentation about “What Is slab?” And
understood the topic very well. If you have any questions regarding my slides make sure you write it
down in the comments below. I would love reply there. Most important thing do share this with your
fellow Civil engineers, Structural engineers & architectures.
amirbaloch
One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab
The one way slab is supported by
a beam on two opposite side only.
The two way slab is supported by
the beam on all four sides.
The utmost load is carried by
the larger side.
The loadings are imposed and
held up in both directions
i.e. longer and shorter directions.
Ly/Lx ≥ 2 one way slab spanning. Ly/Lx < 2 two way slab spanning
In one way slab, the load is
carried in one direction
perpendicular to the supporting
beam.
In two way slab, the load is carried
in both directions.
If L/b the ratio is greater than or
equal to 2 or then it is considered
a one-way slab.
If L/b the ratio is less than 2 then it
is considered a two-way slab.
One way slab two opposite side
support beam /wall
Two Way Slab four side mins all
side supported beam /wall
One way slab is bent only in one
spanning side direction while load
transfer
In two-way slab, the crank is
provided in four directions.