Scientific management aimed to improve economic efficiency in production processes. It analyzed jobs into their basic motions and standardized tasks and workflows. Taylor introduced concepts like time study, motion study, and differential piece-rate wages. While his methods increased productivity, they also faced criticism for exploiting workers and reducing autonomy. Meanwhile, Fayol focused more on general management functions and principles across different levels and industries. Both pioneers emphasized cooperation between managers and employees, but had different perspectives and areas of emphasis in developing early theories of scientific management.
Frederick Winslow Taylor developed scientific management theory which aimed to improve productivity through precise procedures and high managerial control. The principles included replacing rule-of-thumb work with scientific time and motion studies, scientifically selecting and training workers, cooperation between management and workers, and separating planning from task execution. Taylor believed this approach would maximize prosperity for both employers and employees through higher wages and profits.
Scientific management aims to maximize efficiency in the workplace. It was developed by F.W. Taylor based on observations in factories. Key principles include using science over intuition for each job, scientifically selecting and training workers, cooperation between management and workers, and dividing work equally. Techniques include separating planning and production, standardizing work, studying fatigue/methods/time/motion, paying piece rates, and changing mental attitudes. While Taylor's techniques increased efficiency, they also treated humans as machines and exploited workers.
Frederick Taylor is considered the father of scientific management. He sought to improve industrial efficiency through analyzing jobs, setting standards for tasks, and separating planning from implementation. Some of his contributions include time and motion studies, functional foremanship, rate setting, and advocating harmony between managers and workers. However, critics argue his methods dehumanized workers and reduced complexity of jobs. While some techniques like time studies are still used today, managers now focus more on both efficiency and employee satisfaction.
FW Taylor Principles of Scientific Managementuma reur
FW Taylor Principles of Scientific Management - Principles of Scientific Management by Taylor:
F.W. Taylor or Fredrick Winslow Taylor is also known as the ‘father of scientific management’ proved with his practical theories that a scientific method can be implemented to management. Taylor gave much concentration on the supervisory level of management and performance of managers and workers at an operational level. Let’s discuss in detail the five(5) principles of management by F.W Taylor.
The document summarizes Taylor's scientific management techniques, which include:
1) Scientific study of work through methods like time study and motion study to optimize efficiency.
2) Standardization of tools and equipment to reduce costs and waste.
3) Setting scientific standards for tasks to maximize productivity.
4) Scientific selection and training of employees to match the right people to the right jobs.
5) Functional organization that separates planning from implementation using roles like managers and foremen.
6) A differential piece-rate wage plan to incentivize efficient work.
Scientific Management aims to improve industrial efficiency through applying scientific principles to management. Frederick Taylor is considered the father of Scientific Management. Some key principles of Scientific Management include basing decisions on science rather than intuition, promoting harmony between workers and management, encouraging mental revolution and cooperation over individualism, and developing workers' greatest efficiency. Techniques of Scientific Management include functional foremanship, standardization and simplification of work, work study including method study, motion study and time study, and implementing a differential piece wage system. Modern approaches drawing from Scientific Management principles include Just-in-Time manufacturing, Lean Manufacturing, Kaizen, Six Sigma, and Operations Research.
Frederick Winslow Taylor is considered the father of scientific management. He developed principles and techniques to optimize workflows and improve labor productivity, including time and motion studies to determine the most efficient ways to perform tasks. Some key principles of Taylor's scientific management were replacing rules-of-thumb with data-driven methods, cooperation between workers and management, and developing each individual to their greatest potential through training.
This document discusses Frederick Taylor's scientific management theory. It provides an overview of Taylor's contributions and principles of scientific management, including time and motion studies, standardization of work methods, and the separation of planning and worker tasks. The document also notes some criticisms of scientific management, such as that it dehumanizes workers, and discusses how some of its tools and techniques are still used in modern management, such as setting productivity goals.
Frederick Winslow Taylor developed scientific management theory which aimed to improve productivity through precise procedures and high managerial control. The principles included replacing rule-of-thumb work with scientific time and motion studies, scientifically selecting and training workers, cooperation between management and workers, and separating planning from task execution. Taylor believed this approach would maximize prosperity for both employers and employees through higher wages and profits.
Scientific management aims to maximize efficiency in the workplace. It was developed by F.W. Taylor based on observations in factories. Key principles include using science over intuition for each job, scientifically selecting and training workers, cooperation between management and workers, and dividing work equally. Techniques include separating planning and production, standardizing work, studying fatigue/methods/time/motion, paying piece rates, and changing mental attitudes. While Taylor's techniques increased efficiency, they also treated humans as machines and exploited workers.
Frederick Taylor is considered the father of scientific management. He sought to improve industrial efficiency through analyzing jobs, setting standards for tasks, and separating planning from implementation. Some of his contributions include time and motion studies, functional foremanship, rate setting, and advocating harmony between managers and workers. However, critics argue his methods dehumanized workers and reduced complexity of jobs. While some techniques like time studies are still used today, managers now focus more on both efficiency and employee satisfaction.
FW Taylor Principles of Scientific Managementuma reur
FW Taylor Principles of Scientific Management - Principles of Scientific Management by Taylor:
F.W. Taylor or Fredrick Winslow Taylor is also known as the ‘father of scientific management’ proved with his practical theories that a scientific method can be implemented to management. Taylor gave much concentration on the supervisory level of management and performance of managers and workers at an operational level. Let’s discuss in detail the five(5) principles of management by F.W Taylor.
The document summarizes Taylor's scientific management techniques, which include:
1) Scientific study of work through methods like time study and motion study to optimize efficiency.
2) Standardization of tools and equipment to reduce costs and waste.
3) Setting scientific standards for tasks to maximize productivity.
4) Scientific selection and training of employees to match the right people to the right jobs.
5) Functional organization that separates planning from implementation using roles like managers and foremen.
6) A differential piece-rate wage plan to incentivize efficient work.
Scientific Management aims to improve industrial efficiency through applying scientific principles to management. Frederick Taylor is considered the father of Scientific Management. Some key principles of Scientific Management include basing decisions on science rather than intuition, promoting harmony between workers and management, encouraging mental revolution and cooperation over individualism, and developing workers' greatest efficiency. Techniques of Scientific Management include functional foremanship, standardization and simplification of work, work study including method study, motion study and time study, and implementing a differential piece wage system. Modern approaches drawing from Scientific Management principles include Just-in-Time manufacturing, Lean Manufacturing, Kaizen, Six Sigma, and Operations Research.
Frederick Winslow Taylor is considered the father of scientific management. He developed principles and techniques to optimize workflows and improve labor productivity, including time and motion studies to determine the most efficient ways to perform tasks. Some key principles of Taylor's scientific management were replacing rules-of-thumb with data-driven methods, cooperation between workers and management, and developing each individual to their greatest potential through training.
This document discusses Frederick Taylor's scientific management theory. It provides an overview of Taylor's contributions and principles of scientific management, including time and motion studies, standardization of work methods, and the separation of planning and worker tasks. The document also notes some criticisms of scientific management, such as that it dehumanizes workers, and discusses how some of its tools and techniques are still used in modern management, such as setting productivity goals.
The document discusses the principles of management. It defines principles as fundamental guidelines for management decision making derived from experience. It outlines several nature and characteristics of principles, including their universal applicability, flexibility, and contingency on situations. The significance of principles is that they provide insights for managers, optimize resource use, lead to scientific decisions, help adapt to changes, and fulfill social responsibility. Several classic principles are explained, including Fayol's and scientific management principles. Scientific management principles emphasize finding the best way to perform jobs scientifically rather than relying on rules of thumb.
Frederick Winslow Taylor is considered the father of scientific management. He developed principles and techniques to optimize workflows and improve labor productivity, including time and motion studies to determine the most efficient ways to perform tasks. His scientific management approach focused on optimizing worker and machine relationships through standardization, differential piece-rate wages, and separating planning and execution functions. While his methods increased efficiency, they were also criticized for being too focused on production and ignoring other management areas.
Frederick Winslow Taylor was an American engineer and inventor known as the father of scientific management. He developed theories and techniques focused on improving worker productivity and efficiency through time and motion studies, standardized work processes, and differential piece-rate wages. His scientific management principles aimed to replace rule-of-thumb work methods with standardized processes based on scientific study and analysis of workflows. Taylor emphasized cooperation between workers and management to maximize output rather than restricting it. While his theories significantly improved production efficiency, they were also criticized for being too focused on production at the expense of other management functions.
Scientific management was an approach to management that focused on improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. It was advocated by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the late 19th/early 20th century. Taylor preached analyzing each job scientifically to determine the most efficient way to do it. He emphasized breaking jobs down into small, simple tasks and establishing strict procedures for each worker. This aimed to maximize productivity. Henry Gantt further contributed to scientific management through his development of Gantt charts to schedule tasks over time. While it improved productivity, scientific management was criticized for exploiting workers and ignoring human/psychological factors.
Piece rate system & shop management, principles of Scientific management theoryErTARUNKASHNI
INTRODUCTION TO PIECE RATE SYSTEM
IMPLEMENTATION OF PIECE RATE SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF PIECE RATE SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION TO SHOP MANAGEMENT
IMPLEMENTATION OF SHOP MANAGEMENT
PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT THEORY
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT THEORY
The document provides an introduction to management concepts and theories. It discusses the evolution of management thought and contributions from Taylor, Weber, and Fayol. It describes the key processes of management as planning, decision making, delegation, and controlling resources. Taylor's scientific management theory emphasized separating planning from doing work, functional foremanship, job analysis, work standardization, financial incentives, differential rates, scientific selection and training, and task setting. The principles of scientific management were applying science rather than rules of thumb, achieving harmony between workers and management, achieving a mental revolution in attitudes, and developing each person's greatest efficiency and prosperity through cooperation rather than individualism.
Principles of manahdhdurrirjjhfhffjideiiNaveenAntony9
The document provides an overview of management concepts including definitions of management, nature and characteristics of management, objectives of management, functions of management, management vs administration, principles of management, scientific management, and behavioral approach. It discusses management thinkers like Mary Parker Follett, Henry Fayol, F.W. Taylor, Elton Mayo and concepts like Hawthorne experiments. The steps in the planning process are also outlined.
Frederick Taylor developed the theory of scientific management in the late 19th/early 20th century based on his experiences as an engineer seeking to improve industrial efficiency. The key aspects of scientific management include standardized work tasks based on time and motion studies, scientific selection and training of workers, functional foremanship with separate planning and implementation roles, and incentive-based differential piece rate wages. The goal is to maximize productivity through eliminating inefficiencies and creating harmony between workers and managers with shared goals of increased efficiency and prosperity.
1. The document outlines key principles of management proposed by theorists like Taylor and Fayol. Taylor's scientific principles focused on science over rules of thumb, harmony between workers and management, and cooperation over individualism. Fayol's principles covered areas like the division of work, authority and responsibility, and discipline.
2. The techniques of scientific management proposed by Taylor are also summarized, including functional foremanship, standardization, method study, and time study.
3. The importance of management principles is highlighted as providing guidance to managers and optimizing the utilization of resources.
Management - Meaning and Definition – Nature and Scope - Importance –Functions of
Management – Management as an Art, Science and Profession – Scientific Management –
Fayol’s Principles of Management – Management By Objectives (MBO) – Management By Exception (MBE)Planning - Meaning and Definition – Nature – Objectives – Advantages and Disadvantages –
Process – Types - Decision Making – Traditional and Modern Techniques – Steps involved in
Decision Making
This document provides an overview of chapter 2 from a class on principles of management. It begins by stating the learning objectives which are to explain the meaning of principles of management, discuss Taylor's scientific management principles and techniques, and explain Fayol's management principles. It then defines key terms and discusses the nature, significance and various theorists' contributions to management principles, including Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's 14 principles. It compares Taylor and Fayol's views and provides additional learning materials and an activity.
- Management has evolved since ancient civilizations, as seen in large construction projects like the Egyptian pyramids that required organizing thousands of workers.
- Scientific management emerged during the industrial revolution to address low productivity, worker dissatisfaction, and labor unrest. It aimed to apply scientific principles to management.
- Frederick Taylor is considered the father of scientific management. He emphasized applying scientific methods to solve management problems rather than relying on trial and error. This included principles like job specialization, scientific worker selection and training, harmony between managers and workers, and maximizing output.
While the principles of scientific management unfold its basic philosophy, the important question is how to implement these principles in practicality. Below are discussed the techniques as proposed by Taylor for implementing the principles of scientific management.
MBA PRESENTATIION MCOB OF MBA CLASS IFRSTrajadubey6969
Fictional Fact: The study reveals a noteworthy trend in demographic engagement, with individuals aged 25-34 showing the highest click-through rates across various digital advertising platforms.
Finding: Demographic targeting within this age group could be a strategic focus for optimizing ad content and placement.
2. Platform Preferences:
Fictional Fact: Contrary to expectations, the study finds that Instagram outperforms Facebook in terms of user engagement with digital ads, with a 15% higher click-through rate.
Finding: Businesses targeting younger demographics may consider reallocating ad budgets toward Instagram for increased visibility.
3. Time-of-Day Impact:
Fictional Fact: Analysis indicates a substantial increase in user interaction with digital ads during the evening hours (6 PM to 9 PM), suggesting a prime time for campaign launches.
Finding: Timing campaigns to coincide with the evening could optimize user engagement and enhance advertising effectiveness.
4. Content Format Effectiveness:
Fictional Fact: Video content consistently outperforms static images, with a 25% higher conversion rate observed in video ad campaigns.
Finding: Businesses should prioritize the creation and promotion of video content for more impactful digital advertising.
5. Seasonal Variations:
Fictional Fact: The study identifies seasonal variations in customer behavior, with a 20% increase in engagement during the holiday season compared to other periods.
Finding: Tailoring ad content to align with seasonal themes could capitalize on heightened user engagement during specific times of the year.
6. Mobile vs. Desktop Engagement:
Fictional Fact: Mobile devices dominate digital ad engagement, contributing to 75% of total clicks, while desktop interactions show a decline.
Finding: Optimizing ad content for mobile platforms is crucial to align with shifting user behaviors and preferences.
7. Cross-Platform Interactions:
Fictional Fact: Users who interact with ads on one platform (e.g., Facebook) are 30% more likely to engage with ads on other platforms (e.g., Google Ads) within the same week.
Finding: Implementing cross-platform advertising strategies could enhance overall campaign effectiveness and user retention.
8. Ad Fatigue Impact:
Fictional Fact: Analysis indicates a 10% decrease in engagement after users have been exposed to the same ad three times within a week.
Finding: Implementing ad rotation strategies and varied content can mitigate ad fatigue, sustaining user interest over prolonged campaigns.
9. Geographical Influences:
Fictional Fact: Regional analysis highlights a higher propensity for engagement in urban areas compared to rural settings, with a 12% difference in click-through rates.
Finding: Tailoring ad content to resonate with urban lifestyles may be advantageous for businesses targeting metropolitan audiences.
10. Predictive Modeling Insights:
HBBASBO CAK ABIAA IACIA CACAIUBCI ASIC A CAICCIABCBCABCBCACBCBCBACBCBAICICBABCBABCCBACBIACACBICACB
This document discusses several key principles of management. It begins by explaining the meaning and nature of principles of management, noting that they are general guidelines derived from experimentation and observation that can guide managerial decisions. It then outlines several principles, including their universal application, flexibility, role in optimal resource utilization, and ability to adapt to changing environments. The document also summarizes Taylor's scientific management approach and its emphasis on standards, harmony, and worker efficiency. It discusses Fayol's 14 principles of management and the importance of mental revolution among managers and workers for successful implementation of scientific principles.
This document provides an overview of principles of management and techniques of scientific management. It discusses principles formulated by Fayol including division of work, unity of command, and subordination of individual interests. It also outlines Taylor's scientific management principles like science over rule of thumb and his techniques like functional foremanship and differential piece wage system. The document is intended to provide student support material for class 12 business studies.
- Taylor observed that factory owners knew little about workshop operations and workers' methods.
- He proposed scientific management which scientifically plans work methods, selects and trains workers, and sets efficient speeds.
- Key principles included replacing rule-of-thumb with science, cooperation between managers and workers, and maximizing output. This required a "mental revolution" changing attitudes towards productivity.
1. The document discusses the evolution of management theories from early periods of management awakening during the Industrial Revolution to modern theories of scientific management proposed by Taylor and Fayol's principles of administrative management.
2. Taylor introduced the theory of scientific management which emphasized separating planning from execution of work and standardizing tasks through time and motion studies to maximize efficiency.
3. Fayol identified managerial activities and proposed 14 general principles of management including division of work, authority and responsibility, and unity of command.
The document discusses training needs analysis which consists of three types of analysis: organizational analysis, task analysis, and person analysis. Organizational analysis examines factors like the environment, objectives, human resources, and climate. Task analysis identifies the tasks, knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a job. Person analysis assesses employee performance through methods like behavioral measures and tests, and diagnoses training needs. The purpose is to systematically determine where training is needed within the organization.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Contenu connexe
Similaire à principle of scientific management - finished - 9 X 24.pdf
The document discusses the principles of management. It defines principles as fundamental guidelines for management decision making derived from experience. It outlines several nature and characteristics of principles, including their universal applicability, flexibility, and contingency on situations. The significance of principles is that they provide insights for managers, optimize resource use, lead to scientific decisions, help adapt to changes, and fulfill social responsibility. Several classic principles are explained, including Fayol's and scientific management principles. Scientific management principles emphasize finding the best way to perform jobs scientifically rather than relying on rules of thumb.
Frederick Winslow Taylor is considered the father of scientific management. He developed principles and techniques to optimize workflows and improve labor productivity, including time and motion studies to determine the most efficient ways to perform tasks. His scientific management approach focused on optimizing worker and machine relationships through standardization, differential piece-rate wages, and separating planning and execution functions. While his methods increased efficiency, they were also criticized for being too focused on production and ignoring other management areas.
Frederick Winslow Taylor was an American engineer and inventor known as the father of scientific management. He developed theories and techniques focused on improving worker productivity and efficiency through time and motion studies, standardized work processes, and differential piece-rate wages. His scientific management principles aimed to replace rule-of-thumb work methods with standardized processes based on scientific study and analysis of workflows. Taylor emphasized cooperation between workers and management to maximize output rather than restricting it. While his theories significantly improved production efficiency, they were also criticized for being too focused on production at the expense of other management functions.
Scientific management was an approach to management that focused on improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. It was advocated by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the late 19th/early 20th century. Taylor preached analyzing each job scientifically to determine the most efficient way to do it. He emphasized breaking jobs down into small, simple tasks and establishing strict procedures for each worker. This aimed to maximize productivity. Henry Gantt further contributed to scientific management through his development of Gantt charts to schedule tasks over time. While it improved productivity, scientific management was criticized for exploiting workers and ignoring human/psychological factors.
Piece rate system & shop management, principles of Scientific management theoryErTARUNKASHNI
INTRODUCTION TO PIECE RATE SYSTEM
IMPLEMENTATION OF PIECE RATE SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF PIECE RATE SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION TO SHOP MANAGEMENT
IMPLEMENTATION OF SHOP MANAGEMENT
PRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT THEORY
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT THEORY
The document provides an introduction to management concepts and theories. It discusses the evolution of management thought and contributions from Taylor, Weber, and Fayol. It describes the key processes of management as planning, decision making, delegation, and controlling resources. Taylor's scientific management theory emphasized separating planning from doing work, functional foremanship, job analysis, work standardization, financial incentives, differential rates, scientific selection and training, and task setting. The principles of scientific management were applying science rather than rules of thumb, achieving harmony between workers and management, achieving a mental revolution in attitudes, and developing each person's greatest efficiency and prosperity through cooperation rather than individualism.
Principles of manahdhdurrirjjhfhffjideiiNaveenAntony9
The document provides an overview of management concepts including definitions of management, nature and characteristics of management, objectives of management, functions of management, management vs administration, principles of management, scientific management, and behavioral approach. It discusses management thinkers like Mary Parker Follett, Henry Fayol, F.W. Taylor, Elton Mayo and concepts like Hawthorne experiments. The steps in the planning process are also outlined.
Frederick Taylor developed the theory of scientific management in the late 19th/early 20th century based on his experiences as an engineer seeking to improve industrial efficiency. The key aspects of scientific management include standardized work tasks based on time and motion studies, scientific selection and training of workers, functional foremanship with separate planning and implementation roles, and incentive-based differential piece rate wages. The goal is to maximize productivity through eliminating inefficiencies and creating harmony between workers and managers with shared goals of increased efficiency and prosperity.
1. The document outlines key principles of management proposed by theorists like Taylor and Fayol. Taylor's scientific principles focused on science over rules of thumb, harmony between workers and management, and cooperation over individualism. Fayol's principles covered areas like the division of work, authority and responsibility, and discipline.
2. The techniques of scientific management proposed by Taylor are also summarized, including functional foremanship, standardization, method study, and time study.
3. The importance of management principles is highlighted as providing guidance to managers and optimizing the utilization of resources.
Management - Meaning and Definition – Nature and Scope - Importance –Functions of
Management – Management as an Art, Science and Profession – Scientific Management –
Fayol’s Principles of Management – Management By Objectives (MBO) – Management By Exception (MBE)Planning - Meaning and Definition – Nature – Objectives – Advantages and Disadvantages –
Process – Types - Decision Making – Traditional and Modern Techniques – Steps involved in
Decision Making
This document provides an overview of chapter 2 from a class on principles of management. It begins by stating the learning objectives which are to explain the meaning of principles of management, discuss Taylor's scientific management principles and techniques, and explain Fayol's management principles. It then defines key terms and discusses the nature, significance and various theorists' contributions to management principles, including Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's 14 principles. It compares Taylor and Fayol's views and provides additional learning materials and an activity.
- Management has evolved since ancient civilizations, as seen in large construction projects like the Egyptian pyramids that required organizing thousands of workers.
- Scientific management emerged during the industrial revolution to address low productivity, worker dissatisfaction, and labor unrest. It aimed to apply scientific principles to management.
- Frederick Taylor is considered the father of scientific management. He emphasized applying scientific methods to solve management problems rather than relying on trial and error. This included principles like job specialization, scientific worker selection and training, harmony between managers and workers, and maximizing output.
While the principles of scientific management unfold its basic philosophy, the important question is how to implement these principles in practicality. Below are discussed the techniques as proposed by Taylor for implementing the principles of scientific management.
MBA PRESENTATIION MCOB OF MBA CLASS IFRSTrajadubey6969
Fictional Fact: The study reveals a noteworthy trend in demographic engagement, with individuals aged 25-34 showing the highest click-through rates across various digital advertising platforms.
Finding: Demographic targeting within this age group could be a strategic focus for optimizing ad content and placement.
2. Platform Preferences:
Fictional Fact: Contrary to expectations, the study finds that Instagram outperforms Facebook in terms of user engagement with digital ads, with a 15% higher click-through rate.
Finding: Businesses targeting younger demographics may consider reallocating ad budgets toward Instagram for increased visibility.
3. Time-of-Day Impact:
Fictional Fact: Analysis indicates a substantial increase in user interaction with digital ads during the evening hours (6 PM to 9 PM), suggesting a prime time for campaign launches.
Finding: Timing campaigns to coincide with the evening could optimize user engagement and enhance advertising effectiveness.
4. Content Format Effectiveness:
Fictional Fact: Video content consistently outperforms static images, with a 25% higher conversion rate observed in video ad campaigns.
Finding: Businesses should prioritize the creation and promotion of video content for more impactful digital advertising.
5. Seasonal Variations:
Fictional Fact: The study identifies seasonal variations in customer behavior, with a 20% increase in engagement during the holiday season compared to other periods.
Finding: Tailoring ad content to align with seasonal themes could capitalize on heightened user engagement during specific times of the year.
6. Mobile vs. Desktop Engagement:
Fictional Fact: Mobile devices dominate digital ad engagement, contributing to 75% of total clicks, while desktop interactions show a decline.
Finding: Optimizing ad content for mobile platforms is crucial to align with shifting user behaviors and preferences.
7. Cross-Platform Interactions:
Fictional Fact: Users who interact with ads on one platform (e.g., Facebook) are 30% more likely to engage with ads on other platforms (e.g., Google Ads) within the same week.
Finding: Implementing cross-platform advertising strategies could enhance overall campaign effectiveness and user retention.
8. Ad Fatigue Impact:
Fictional Fact: Analysis indicates a 10% decrease in engagement after users have been exposed to the same ad three times within a week.
Finding: Implementing ad rotation strategies and varied content can mitigate ad fatigue, sustaining user interest over prolonged campaigns.
9. Geographical Influences:
Fictional Fact: Regional analysis highlights a higher propensity for engagement in urban areas compared to rural settings, with a 12% difference in click-through rates.
Finding: Tailoring ad content to resonate with urban lifestyles may be advantageous for businesses targeting metropolitan audiences.
10. Predictive Modeling Insights:
HBBASBO CAK ABIAA IACIA CACAIUBCI ASIC A CAICCIABCBCABCBCACBCBCBACBCBAICICBABCBABCCBACBIACACBICACB
This document discusses several key principles of management. It begins by explaining the meaning and nature of principles of management, noting that they are general guidelines derived from experimentation and observation that can guide managerial decisions. It then outlines several principles, including their universal application, flexibility, role in optimal resource utilization, and ability to adapt to changing environments. The document also summarizes Taylor's scientific management approach and its emphasis on standards, harmony, and worker efficiency. It discusses Fayol's 14 principles of management and the importance of mental revolution among managers and workers for successful implementation of scientific principles.
This document provides an overview of principles of management and techniques of scientific management. It discusses principles formulated by Fayol including division of work, unity of command, and subordination of individual interests. It also outlines Taylor's scientific management principles like science over rule of thumb and his techniques like functional foremanship and differential piece wage system. The document is intended to provide student support material for class 12 business studies.
- Taylor observed that factory owners knew little about workshop operations and workers' methods.
- He proposed scientific management which scientifically plans work methods, selects and trains workers, and sets efficient speeds.
- Key principles included replacing rule-of-thumb with science, cooperation between managers and workers, and maximizing output. This required a "mental revolution" changing attitudes towards productivity.
1. The document discusses the evolution of management theories from early periods of management awakening during the Industrial Revolution to modern theories of scientific management proposed by Taylor and Fayol's principles of administrative management.
2. Taylor introduced the theory of scientific management which emphasized separating planning from execution of work and standardizing tasks through time and motion studies to maximize efficiency.
3. Fayol identified managerial activities and proposed 14 general principles of management including division of work, authority and responsibility, and unity of command.
The document discusses training needs analysis which consists of three types of analysis: organizational analysis, task analysis, and person analysis. Organizational analysis examines factors like the environment, objectives, human resources, and climate. Task analysis identifies the tasks, knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a job. Person analysis assesses employee performance through methods like behavioral measures and tests, and diagnoses training needs. The purpose is to systematically determine where training is needed within the organization.
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The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
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principle of scientific management - finished - 9 X 24.pdf
1. 1
CONTENTS
SL
NO
TOPICS Page No.
1 Scientific management by taylor 2
2 Principles of scientific management 3-4
2 Techniques of Scientific Management 4-6
3 Criticism of Scientific Management 6-7
4 Study of Fayol and Taylor 8
5 Bibliography 9
2. 2
Scientific Management by Taylor
Fredrick Winslow Taylor ( March 20, 1856 - March 21, 1915) commonly known as ’Father
of Scientific Management’ started his career as an operator and rose to the position of chief
engineer. He conducted various experiments during this process which forms the basis of
scientific management. It implies application of scientific principles for studying &
identifying management problems.
According to Taylor, “Scientific Management is an art of knowing exactly what you want
your men to do and seeing that they do it in the best and cheapest way”. In Taylors view, if a
work is analysed scientifically it will be possible to find one best way to do it.
Hence scientific management is a thoughtful, organized, dual approach towards the job of
management against hit or miss or Rule of Thumb.
3. 3
According to Drucker, “The cost of scientific management is the organized study of work,
the analysis of work into simplest element & systematic management of worker’s
performance of each element”.
Principles of Scientific Management
1. Development of Science for each part of men’s job (replacement of rule of
thumb)
a. This principle suggests that work assigned to any employee should be
observed, analyzed with respect to each and every element and part and time
involved in it.
b. This means replacement of odd rule of thumb by the use of method of enquiry,
investigation, data collection, analysis and framing of rules.
c. Under scientific management, decisions are made on the basis of facts and by
the application of scientific decisions.
2. Scientific Selection, Training & Development of Workers
a. There should be scientifically designed procedure for the selection of workers.
b. Physical, mental & other requirement should be specified for each and every
job.
c. Workers should be selected & trained to make them fit for the job.
d. The management has to provide opportunities for development of workers
having better capabilities.
e. According to Taylor efforts should be made to develop each employee to his
greatest level and efficiency & prosperity.
3. Co-operation between Management & workers or Harmony not discord
a. Taylor believed in co-operation and not individualism.
b. It is only through co-operation that the goals of the enterprise can be achieved
efficiently.
c. There should be no conflict between managers & workers.
d. Taylor believed that interest of employer & employees should be fully
harmonized so as to secure mutually understanding relations between them.
4. Division of Responsibility
a. This principle determines the concrete nature of roles to be played by different
level of managers & workers.
b. The management should assume the responsibility of planning the work
whereas workers should be concerned with execution of task.
c. Thus planning is to be separated from execution.
5. Mental Revolution
a. The workers and managers should have a complete change of outlook towards
their mutual relation and work effort.
b. It requires that management should create suitable working condition and
solve all problems scientifically.
c. Similarly workers should attend their jobs with utmost attention, devotion and
carefulness. They should not waste the resources of enterprise.
d. Handsome remuneration should be provided to workers to boost up their
moral.
e. It will create a sense of belongingness among worker.
f. They will be disciplined, loyal and sincere in fulfilling the task assigned to
them.
g. There will be more production and economical growth at a faster rate.
h.
4. 4
6. Maximum Prosperity for Employer & Employees
a. The aim of scientific management is to see maximum prosperity for employer
and employees.
b. It is important only when there is opportunity for each worker to attain his
highest efficiency.
c. Maximum output & optimum utilization of resources will bring higher profits
for the employer & better wages for the workers.
d. There should be maximum output in place of restricted output.
e. Both managers & workers should be paid handsomely.
Techniques of Scientific Management
1. Time Study
a. It is a technique which enables the manager to ascertain standard time taken for
performing a specified job.
b. Every job or every part of it is studied in detail.
c. This technique is based on the study of an average worker having reasonable skill and
ability.
d. Average worker is selected and assigned the job and then with the help of a stop
watch, time is ascertained for performing that particular job.
e. Taylor maintained that Fair day’s work should be determined through observations,
experiment and analysis by keeping in view an average worker.
Standard Time × Working Hours = Fair Day’s Work
2. Motion Study
a. In this study, movement of body and limbs required to perform a job are closely
observed.
b. In other words, it refers to the study of movement of an operator on machine involved
in a particular task.
c. The purpose of motion study is to eliminate useless motions and determine the bet
way of doing the job.
d. By undertaking motion study an attempt is made to know whether some elements of a
job can be eliminated combined or their sequence can be changed to achieve necessary
rhythm.
e. Motion study increases the efficiency and productivity of workers by cutting down all
wasteful motions.
5. 5
3. Functional Foremanship
a. Taylor advocated functional foremanship for achieving ultimate specification.
b. This technique was developed to improve the quality of work as single supervisor may not
be an expert in all the aspects of the work.
c.Therefore workers are to be supervised by specialist foreman.
d.The scheme of functional foremanship is an extension of principle pf specialization at the
supervisory level.
e.Taylor advocated appointment of 8 foramen, 4 at the planning level & other 4 at
implementation level.
f. The names & function of these specialist foremen are: -
Instruction card clerk concerned with tagging down of instructions according to which
workers are required to perform their job
Time & cost clerk is concerned with setting a time table for doing a job & specifying the
material and labor cost involved in it.
Route clerk determines the route through which raw materials has to be passed.
Shop Disciplinarians are concerned with making rules and regulations to ensure discipline
in the organization.
Gang boss makes the arrangement of workers, machines, tools, workers etc.
Speed boss concerned with maintaining the speed and to remove delays in the production
process.
Repair boss concerned with maintenance of machine, tools and equipments.
Inspector is concerned with maintaining the quality of product.
4. Standardization
a.It implies the physical attitude of products should be such that it meets the requirements &
needs of customers.
b.Taylor advocated that tools & equipments as well as working conditions should be
standardized to achieve standard output from workers.
c.Standardization is a means of achieving economics of production.
d.It seems to ensure -
The line of product is restricted to predetermined type, form, design, size, weight, quality.
Etc
There is manufacture of identical parts and components.
Quality & standards have been maintained.
Standard of performance are established for workers at all levels.
6. 6
5. Differential Piece Wage Plan
a.This tech of wage payment is based on efficiency of worker.
b.The efficient workers are paid more wages than inefficient one.
c.On the other hand, those workers who produce less than standard no. of pieces are paid
wages at lower rate than prevailing rate i.e. worker is penalized for his inefficiency.
d.This system is a source of incentive to workers who improving their efficiency in order to
get more wages.
e.It also encourages inefficient workers to improve their performance and achieve their
standards.
f. It leads to mass production which minimizes cost and maximizes profits.
6. Other Techniques
a.Various other techniques have been developed to create ordeal relationship between
management and workers and also to create better understanding on part of works.
b.Those includes use of instruction cards, strict rules & regulations, graphs, slides, charts etc,
so as to increase efficiency of workers.
Criticism of Scientific Management
Although it is accepted that the scientific management enables the management to put
resources to its best possible use and manner, yet it has not been spared of severe criticism.
Workers Viewpoint
1. Unemployment - Workers feel that management reduces employment opportunities
from them through replacement of men by machines and by increasing human
productivity less workers are needed to do work leading to chucking out from their
jobs.
2. Exploitation - Workers feel they are exploited as they are not given due share in
increasing profits which is due to their increased productivity. Wages do not rise in
proportion as rise in production. Wage payment creates uncertainty & insecurity
(beyond a standard output, there is no increase in wage rate).
3. Monotony - Due to excessive specialization the workers are not able to take initiative
on their own. Their status is reduced to being mere cogs in wheel. Jobs become dull.
Workers loose interest in jobs and derive little pleasure from work.
4. Weakening of Trade Union - To everything is fixed & predetermined by
management. So it leaves no room for trade unions to bargain as everything is
standardized, standard output, standard working conditions, standard time etc. This
further weakens trade unions, creates a rift between efficient & in efficient workers
according to their wages.
5. Over speeding - the scientific management lays standard output, time so they have to
rush up and finish the work in time. These have adverse effect on health of workers.
The workers speed up to that standard output, so scientific management drives the
workers to rush towards output and finish work in standard time.
Employer’s Viewpoint
1. Expensive - Scientific management is a costly system and a huge investment is
required in establishment of planning dept., standardization, work study, training of
workers. It may be beyond reach of small firms. Heavy food investment leads to
increase in overhead costs.
7. 7
2. Time Consuming - Scientific management requires mental revision and complete
reorganizing of organization. A lot of time is required for work, study, standardization
& specialization. During this overhauling of organization, the work suffers.
Study of Fayol and Taylor
Both the persons have contributed to development of science of management. The
contribution of these two pioneers in the field of science of management has been reviewed
as “The work of Taylor & Fayol was, of course, especially complementary. They both
realized that problem of personnel & its management at all levels is the key to individual
success. Both applied scientific method to this problem that Taylor worked primarily from
operative level, from bottom to upward, while Fayol concentrated on managing director and
work downwards, was merely a reflection of their very different careers”. They both differ
from each other in following aspects: -
1. Taylor looked at management from supervisory viewpoint & tried to improve
efficiency at operating level. He moved upwards while formulating theory. On the
other hand, Fayol analyzed management from level of top management downward.
Thus, Fayol could afford a broader vision than Taylor.
2. Taylor called his philosophy “Scientific Management” while Fayol described his
approach as “A general theory of administration”.
3. Main aim of Taylor - to improve labor productivity & to eliminate all type of waste
through standardization of work & tools. Fayol attempted to develop a universal
theory of management and stressed upon need for teaching the theory of management.
4. Taylor focused his attention on fact by management and his principles are applicable
on shop floor. But Fayol concentrated on function of managers and on general
principles of management wheel could be equally applied in all.
Similarity - Both emphasized mutual co-operation between employment and employees.
Psychologists View Point
According to Psychologists, Taylor’s study had following drawbacks: -
1. Ignores human factors - Considers them as machines. Ignores human requirements,
want and aspirations.
2. Separation of Planning and Doing.
3. Dissatisfaction - Comparing performance with others.
4. No best way - Scientific management does not give one best way for solving
problems.
8. 8
Basis Taylor Fayol
Human aspect Taylor disregards human
elements and there is more
stress on improving men,
materials and methods
Fayol pays due regards on human
element. E.g. Principle of initiative,
Espirit De’ Corps and Equity recognizes
a need for human relations
Status Father of scientific
management
Father of management principles
Efficiency &
administration
Stressed on efficiency Stressed on general administration
Approach It has micro-approach because
it is restricted to factory only
It has macro-approach and discuses
general principles of management which
are applicable in every field of
management.
Scope of
principles
These principles are restricted
to production activities
These are applicable in all kinds of
organization regarding their management
affairs
Achievement Scientific management Administrative management
9. 9
Bibilography
Business studies : By Poonam Gandhi
Publisher- Dhanpat Rai & co
Business Studies & Management: By R.K. Sharma & Sashi K. Gupta
Publisher- Kalyani Publisher
Business studies & Management : By R.K. Singla
Publisher-VK Global Publication Ltd