"Python Dictionary: The Key to Efficient Data Storage, Manipulation, and Versatile Programming in Python - Unleash the Power of Key-Value Pairs for Dynamic Mapping and Streamlined Coding"
A Python dictionary is a powerful data structure that stores key-value pairs. It's versatile, efficient, and widely used in Python programming for its simplicity and flexibility. Let's delve into a comprehensive description of Python dictionaries, covering their definition, syntax, operations, methods, use cases, and more.
### Definition:
A dictionary in Python is an unordered collection of items. Each item is a pair of a key and its corresponding value. Unlike sequences such as lists or tuples, dictionaries are indexed by keys, not by a range of numbers.
### Syntax:
Dictionaries are defined using curly braces `{}`. Each item in a dictionary is written as a key-value pair separated by a colon `:`. Keys are unique within a dictionary, while values can be of any data type, including integers, strings, lists, tuples, other dictionaries, or even functions.
Example:
```python
my_dict = {'name': 'John', 'age': 30, 'city': 'New York'}
```
### Operations:
1. **Accessing Values:** You can access the value associated with a key using square brackets `[]`.
Example:
```python
print(my_dict['name']) # Output: John
```
2. **Updating Values:** You can update the value associated with a key by assigning a new value to that key.
Example:
```python
my_dict['age'] = 31
```
3. **Adding New Items:** You can add new key-value pairs to a dictionary by assigning a value to a new key.
Example:
```python
my_dict['gender'] = 'Male'
```
4. **Removing Items:** You can remove key-value pairs from a dictionary using the `del` keyword or the `pop()` method.
Example:
```python
del my_dict['city']
my_dict.pop('age')
```
### Methods:
Python provides several built-in methods to perform various operations on dictionaries:
1. `clear()`: Removes all items from the dictionary.
2. `copy()`: Returns a shallow copy of the dictionary.
3. `get(key[, default])`: Returns the value associated with the specified key, or a default value if the key is not found.
4. `items()`: Returns a view object that displays a list of a dictionary's key-value pairs.
5. `keys()`: Returns a view object that displays a list of the dictionary's keys.
6. `values()`: Returns a view object that displays a list of the dictionary's values.
7. `pop(key[, default])`: Removes the item with the specified key and returns its value. If the key is not found, it returns the default value.
8. `popitem()`: Removes and returns the last inserted key-value pair.
9. `update()`: Updates the dictionary with the key-value pairs from another dictionary or an iterable of key-value pairs.
### Use Cases:
1. **Storing Data:** Dictionaries are commonly used to store data in a structured format, especially when the data has associated labels or categories.
2. **Configuration Settings:** Dictionaries are useful for storing configuration settings in Python applications.
3. **Caching:** Dictionaries can be used to cache the results of expensive function calls for improved performance.
The document discusses Python dictionaries. Some key points:
- A dictionary in Python is an unordered collection of key-value pairs where keys must be unique and immutable, while values can be any data type.
- Dictionaries are created using curly braces {} and keys are separated from values with colons.
- Elements can be accessed, added, updated, and deleted using keys. Nested dictionaries are also supported.
- Common operations include creating, accessing, modifying dictionaries as well as nested dictionaries. User input can also be used to update dictionary values.
Here is a program to create a dictionary storing employee names and salaries and access them:
```python
# Create a dictionary to store employee data
employees = {}
# Add employee data to the dictionary
employees['e1'] = {'name': 'John', 'salary': 25000}
employees['e2'] = {'name': 'Steve', 'salary': 28000}
employees['e3'] = {'name': 'Mary', 'salary': 27000}
# Print dictionary
print(employees)
# Access employee data by key
print(employees['e1'])
# Print salary of 'Steve'
print(employees['e2']['salary'])
#
This document discusses Python dictionaries. It defines dictionaries as mappings between keys and values, where keys can be any immutable type like strings or numbers. It provides examples of creating empty dictionaries, adding items, accessing values by key, and built-in functions like len(), get(), pop(), keys(), update(), and del. It also discusses using dictionaries to count letter frequencies in strings and to parse text files. Advanced topics covered include translating strings using maketrans() and translate(), ignoring punctuation, and converting dictionaries to lists.
This document provides information about dictionaries in Python. It defines dictionaries as unordered collections of key-value pairs that provide fast lookup by key. Various dictionary methods like dict(), clear(), copy(), get(), items(), keys(), setdefault(), update(), values(), pop(), and popitem() are explained with examples. Finally, homework problems are provided involving sorting dictionaries, adding/merging keys, checking for keys, iterating with loops, generating dictionaries from numbers, and summing dictionary items.
Python dictionaries allow storing data as key-value pairs. Keys must be unique and can only contain one component, while values can be of any type including integers, lists, and tuples. Dictionaries are created using curly brackets or the dict() function. Values can be accessed and modified using their keys, and elements deleted with the del keyword. Dictionary methods like cmp(), len(), and items() allow comparing dictionaries, getting the length, and accessing items as tuples. Errors occur due to syntax or logical issues, and exceptions should be handled using try/except blocks to catch errors and continue execution.
The document provides an introduction to dictionaries in Python. It defines dictionaries as a data structure that maps keys to values, similar to a real-world dictionary. It describes that dictionaries use curly brackets, with keys and values separated by colons and elements separated by commas. Keys must be immutable types like strings or numbers, while values can be any type, including lists. The document also explains how to access and print values, update and add new key-value pairs, delete elements, clear the entire dictionary, and delete the dictionary entirely.
A dictionary is an unordered collection of key-value pairs where keys must be unique but values can change. Dictionaries are optimized to retrieve values quickly when the key is known. They are represented using curly braces with key-value pairs separated by commas. Dictionaries can be created using the built-in dict() function or by direct assignment and allow mutable values. Keys must be an immutable data type and dictionaries themselves are mutable.
This document discusses dictionaries in Python. It describes dictionaries as mappings between keys and values where keys can be any immutable data type and values can be any data type. It covers creating dictionaries using the dict() function and literal notation, accessing values using keys or getting default values, and various dictionary methods like keys(), values(), and items(). Examples demonstrate using dictionaries to count word frequencies and invert a dictionary to map values to a list of keys. The document also discusses using tuples as dictionary keys.
The document discusses Python dictionaries. Some key points:
- A dictionary in Python is an unordered collection of key-value pairs where keys must be unique and immutable, while values can be any data type.
- Dictionaries are created using curly braces {} and keys are separated from values with colons.
- Elements can be accessed, added, updated, and deleted using keys. Nested dictionaries are also supported.
- Common operations include creating, accessing, modifying dictionaries as well as nested dictionaries. User input can also be used to update dictionary values.
Here is a program to create a dictionary storing employee names and salaries and access them:
```python
# Create a dictionary to store employee data
employees = {}
# Add employee data to the dictionary
employees['e1'] = {'name': 'John', 'salary': 25000}
employees['e2'] = {'name': 'Steve', 'salary': 28000}
employees['e3'] = {'name': 'Mary', 'salary': 27000}
# Print dictionary
print(employees)
# Access employee data by key
print(employees['e1'])
# Print salary of 'Steve'
print(employees['e2']['salary'])
#
This document discusses Python dictionaries. It defines dictionaries as mappings between keys and values, where keys can be any immutable type like strings or numbers. It provides examples of creating empty dictionaries, adding items, accessing values by key, and built-in functions like len(), get(), pop(), keys(), update(), and del. It also discusses using dictionaries to count letter frequencies in strings and to parse text files. Advanced topics covered include translating strings using maketrans() and translate(), ignoring punctuation, and converting dictionaries to lists.
This document provides information about dictionaries in Python. It defines dictionaries as unordered collections of key-value pairs that provide fast lookup by key. Various dictionary methods like dict(), clear(), copy(), get(), items(), keys(), setdefault(), update(), values(), pop(), and popitem() are explained with examples. Finally, homework problems are provided involving sorting dictionaries, adding/merging keys, checking for keys, iterating with loops, generating dictionaries from numbers, and summing dictionary items.
Python dictionaries allow storing data as key-value pairs. Keys must be unique and can only contain one component, while values can be of any type including integers, lists, and tuples. Dictionaries are created using curly brackets or the dict() function. Values can be accessed and modified using their keys, and elements deleted with the del keyword. Dictionary methods like cmp(), len(), and items() allow comparing dictionaries, getting the length, and accessing items as tuples. Errors occur due to syntax or logical issues, and exceptions should be handled using try/except blocks to catch errors and continue execution.
The document provides an introduction to dictionaries in Python. It defines dictionaries as a data structure that maps keys to values, similar to a real-world dictionary. It describes that dictionaries use curly brackets, with keys and values separated by colons and elements separated by commas. Keys must be immutable types like strings or numbers, while values can be any type, including lists. The document also explains how to access and print values, update and add new key-value pairs, delete elements, clear the entire dictionary, and delete the dictionary entirely.
A dictionary is an unordered collection of key-value pairs where keys must be unique but values can change. Dictionaries are optimized to retrieve values quickly when the key is known. They are represented using curly braces with key-value pairs separated by commas. Dictionaries can be created using the built-in dict() function or by direct assignment and allow mutable values. Keys must be an immutable data type and dictionaries themselves are mutable.
This document discusses dictionaries in Python. It describes dictionaries as mappings between keys and values where keys can be any immutable data type and values can be any data type. It covers creating dictionaries using the dict() function and literal notation, accessing values using keys or getting default values, and various dictionary methods like keys(), values(), and items(). Examples demonstrate using dictionaries to count word frequencies and invert a dictionary to map values to a list of keys. The document also discusses using tuples as dictionary keys.
This document discusses dictionaries in Python. It defines dictionaries as unordered collections of key-value pairs that are indexed by keys rather than integers. It covers how to create, access, modify, traverse, and delete dictionary elements as well as built-in functions like len(), keys(), values(), items(), get(), update(), pop(), and more. Examples are provided to demonstrate counting character frequencies in a string and storing employee names and salaries in a dictionary.
This document discusses dictionaries in Python. It begins by defining a dictionary as an unordered collection of key-value pairs that provides fast lookup by key. Keys must be immutable data types. It then explains how to create dictionaries using curly brackets or the dict() function. Several built-in dictionary methods like get(), items(), keys(), update(), and values() are described along with their functions. The document ends with examples of class work and a practice test on dictionaries.
A dictionary is used to store player details like name, age, height and experience for a cricket team. Players under 19 are extracted to a new dictionary. 11 players are selected from the under 19 dictionary based on experience. The tallest player is chosen as the captain. The team and captain details are displayed.
This document provides an overview of functions and dictionaries in Python. It defines a function as reusable block of code that takes arguments, performs computations, and returns a result. Functions provide modularity and code reusability. The document outlines how to define functions using the def keyword, pass arguments, return values, and call functions. It also discusses function scopes, default argument values, and that functions without a return statement return None. The document then defines dictionaries as mutable containers that store key-value pairs, and describes how to access, update, and delete dictionary elements. It notes some properties of dictionary keys including no duplicate keys and that keys must be immutable. Finally, it lists some built-in functions and methods for working with dictionaries
The document discusses dictionaries in Python. It explains that a dictionary is a collection of unordered key-value pairs where keys must be unique. Keys can be strings, numbers, or tuples, while values can be any data type. Dictionaries allow accessing values using keys. Common dictionary operations include adding/updating items, checking if a key exists, getting values, and looping through keys and key-value pairs. The document also provides examples of using dictionaries to count word frequencies in a text file by parsing and removing punctuation.
The dictionary is a built-in Python data type that maps keys to values. It allows storing related data in key-value pairs. An example dictionary stores information about a college course with keys like 'branch', 'year', and values like 'aero', 'second'. Dictionaries have built-in methods like dict.keys() to access just the keys, dict.values() to access just the values, and dict.items() to access both in tuple pairs. The split() and join() string methods allow splitting or joining strings on a specified delimiter like a space, comma, or colon.
Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive, and object-oriented scripting language. It can be used as both a scripting language and for object-oriented programming. Python code is automatically compiled to byte code and executed. It supports data types like numbers, strings, lists, tuples, dictionaries, booleans, and sets. Common operations include concatenation, slicing, repetition, indexing, and more. User input can be obtained using functions like input() and raw_input().
This document provides an introduction to Python programming concepts such as keywords, identifiers, comments, variables, data types, and literals. It defines keywords as reserved words in Python that have special meanings. Identifiers are names given to variables and other objects. Comments are notes for making code more readable. Variables are containers that hold data values. Literals represent fixed values like numbers and strings. The document also discusses Python data types like integers, floats, booleans, lists, tuples, dictionaries and sets.
The document discusses tuples, lists, and dictionaries in Python. Tuples are immutable sequences that are created using parentheses. Lists are mutable sequences that can be modified using methods like append(). Dictionaries are collections of key-value pairs that are indexed by keys and allow for adding, updating and deleting elements. Both lists and tuples can be traversed using for loops, while dictionaries are traversed by their keys.
The document discusses arrays and functions in C programming. It defines arrays as collections of similar data items stored under a common name. It describes one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays, and how they are declared and initialized. It also discusses strings as arrays of characters. The document then defines functions as sets of instructions to perform tasks. It differentiates between user-defined and built-in functions, and describes the elements of functions including declaration, definition, and calling.
- Dictionaries in Python are mutable and contain key-value pairs, with keys being unique and immutable.
- Common dictionary methods include keys(), values(), items(), get(), update(), pop(), popitem() etc.
- Dictionaries can be iterated over using for loops and sorted. Operations like merging, concatenation, checking presence of keys are also possible on dictionaries.
A dictionary in Python is a collection of key-value pairs where keys must be unique and immutable. It allows looking up values by their associated keys similar to a real-world dictionary. Keys are used as indexes to retrieve their corresponding values. Dictionaries are mutable and unordered collections that can hold elements of different data types. Common operations on dictionaries include adding, updating, and removing key-value pairs as well as accessing elements by their keys.
This document is a Python cheat sheet created by Mosh Hamedani to summarize the core concepts covered in his Python tutorial. It includes sections on variables, data types, operators, control flow, functions, classes, modules and the standard library. The author encourages readers to enroll in his Complete Python Programming Course if they want to become a Python expert.
The document discusses dictionaries in Python. It explains that dictionaries are a mapping type that store key-value pairs, with keys being immutable types and values being any type. It provides examples of creating, accessing, updating, removing entries from, and accessing properties of dictionaries. It also covers functions, control flow statements like if/else and while loops, and list comprehensions.
Python is a simple yet powerful programming language that can be used across many platforms. It has an elegant syntax that is easy to read and write. Key features of Python include being open source, object-oriented, and having automatic memory management. Python code is portable and Python has a large standard library and community. Common data types in Python include strings, lists, tuples, and dictionaries. Python also supports functions, conditional statements, loops, and defines operators for comparisons and arithmetic.
Dictionaries in Python are used to store data as key-value pairs. Keys must be unique and immutable, like strings or numbers. Values can be any data type. Dictionaries are created using curly brackets {} and keys are separated from values with a colon. Values can be accessed using their key and dictionaries can be iterated over using a for loop. Dictionaries are mutable and allow adding, updating, and deleting key-value pairs.
A Python dictionary is an unordered collection of key-value pairs where keys must be unique and immutable. It allows fast lookup of values using keys. Dictionaries can be created using curly braces and keys are used to access values using indexing or the get() method. Dictionaries are mutable and support various methods like clear(), copy(), pop(), update() etc to modify or retrieve data.
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This document discusses dictionaries in Python. It defines dictionaries as unordered collections of key-value pairs that are indexed by keys rather than integers. It covers how to create, access, modify, traverse, and delete dictionary elements as well as built-in functions like len(), keys(), values(), items(), get(), update(), pop(), and more. Examples are provided to demonstrate counting character frequencies in a string and storing employee names and salaries in a dictionary.
This document discusses dictionaries in Python. It begins by defining a dictionary as an unordered collection of key-value pairs that provides fast lookup by key. Keys must be immutable data types. It then explains how to create dictionaries using curly brackets or the dict() function. Several built-in dictionary methods like get(), items(), keys(), update(), and values() are described along with their functions. The document ends with examples of class work and a practice test on dictionaries.
A dictionary is used to store player details like name, age, height and experience for a cricket team. Players under 19 are extracted to a new dictionary. 11 players are selected from the under 19 dictionary based on experience. The tallest player is chosen as the captain. The team and captain details are displayed.
This document provides an overview of functions and dictionaries in Python. It defines a function as reusable block of code that takes arguments, performs computations, and returns a result. Functions provide modularity and code reusability. The document outlines how to define functions using the def keyword, pass arguments, return values, and call functions. It also discusses function scopes, default argument values, and that functions without a return statement return None. The document then defines dictionaries as mutable containers that store key-value pairs, and describes how to access, update, and delete dictionary elements. It notes some properties of dictionary keys including no duplicate keys and that keys must be immutable. Finally, it lists some built-in functions and methods for working with dictionaries
The document discusses dictionaries in Python. It explains that a dictionary is a collection of unordered key-value pairs where keys must be unique. Keys can be strings, numbers, or tuples, while values can be any data type. Dictionaries allow accessing values using keys. Common dictionary operations include adding/updating items, checking if a key exists, getting values, and looping through keys and key-value pairs. The document also provides examples of using dictionaries to count word frequencies in a text file by parsing and removing punctuation.
The dictionary is a built-in Python data type that maps keys to values. It allows storing related data in key-value pairs. An example dictionary stores information about a college course with keys like 'branch', 'year', and values like 'aero', 'second'. Dictionaries have built-in methods like dict.keys() to access just the keys, dict.values() to access just the values, and dict.items() to access both in tuple pairs. The split() and join() string methods allow splitting or joining strings on a specified delimiter like a space, comma, or colon.
Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive, and object-oriented scripting language. It can be used as both a scripting language and for object-oriented programming. Python code is automatically compiled to byte code and executed. It supports data types like numbers, strings, lists, tuples, dictionaries, booleans, and sets. Common operations include concatenation, slicing, repetition, indexing, and more. User input can be obtained using functions like input() and raw_input().
This document provides an introduction to Python programming concepts such as keywords, identifiers, comments, variables, data types, and literals. It defines keywords as reserved words in Python that have special meanings. Identifiers are names given to variables and other objects. Comments are notes for making code more readable. Variables are containers that hold data values. Literals represent fixed values like numbers and strings. The document also discusses Python data types like integers, floats, booleans, lists, tuples, dictionaries and sets.
The document discusses tuples, lists, and dictionaries in Python. Tuples are immutable sequences that are created using parentheses. Lists are mutable sequences that can be modified using methods like append(). Dictionaries are collections of key-value pairs that are indexed by keys and allow for adding, updating and deleting elements. Both lists and tuples can be traversed using for loops, while dictionaries are traversed by their keys.
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- Dictionaries in Python are mutable and contain key-value pairs, with keys being unique and immutable.
- Common dictionary methods include keys(), values(), items(), get(), update(), pop(), popitem() etc.
- Dictionaries can be iterated over using for loops and sorted. Operations like merging, concatenation, checking presence of keys are also possible on dictionaries.
A dictionary in Python is a collection of key-value pairs where keys must be unique and immutable. It allows looking up values by their associated keys similar to a real-world dictionary. Keys are used as indexes to retrieve their corresponding values. Dictionaries are mutable and unordered collections that can hold elements of different data types. Common operations on dictionaries include adding, updating, and removing key-value pairs as well as accessing elements by their keys.
This document is a Python cheat sheet created by Mosh Hamedani to summarize the core concepts covered in his Python tutorial. It includes sections on variables, data types, operators, control flow, functions, classes, modules and the standard library. The author encourages readers to enroll in his Complete Python Programming Course if they want to become a Python expert.
The document discusses dictionaries in Python. It explains that dictionaries are a mapping type that store key-value pairs, with keys being immutable types and values being any type. It provides examples of creating, accessing, updating, removing entries from, and accessing properties of dictionaries. It also covers functions, control flow statements like if/else and while loops, and list comprehensions.
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A Python dictionary is an unordered collection of key-value pairs where keys must be unique and immutable. It allows fast lookup of values using keys. Dictionaries can be created using curly braces and keys are used to access values using indexing or the get() method. Dictionaries are mutable and support various methods like clear(), copy(), pop(), update() etc to modify or retrieve data.
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"Python Dictionary: The Key to Efficient Data Storage, Manipulation, and Versatile Programming in Python - Unleash the Power of Key-Value Pairs for Dynamic Mapping and Streamlined Coding"
2. Dictionaries
Dictionary is a built-in Python Data
Structure and are used to store data
values in key:value pairs. Each key is
separated from its value by a colon ( : ).
Dictionaries are not indexed by a
sequence of numbers but indexed
based on keys
3. Creating a Dictionary
• The syntax for defining a dictionary is:
• dictionary_name = {key_1: value_1, key_2: value2, key_3: value_3}
• Or it can also be written as :
• dictionary_name = { key_1: value_1,
key_2: value_2,
key_3: value_3,
}
4. Points to
remember
The keys in the dictionary must be unique and
of immutable data type i.e. strings, numbers or
tuples.
The value doesn't have any such restrictions.
Dictionary are case-sensitive i.e. two keys with
similar name but different case will be treated
differently.
The elements within the dictionary are
accessed with the help of the keys rather than
its relative position.
5. """Write a program to create a dictionary to convert values from
meters to centimeters
"""
mtocm={m:m*100 for m in range(1,11) }
print("Meters:Centimeters",mtocm)
6. """
Write a program that creates a dictionary of cubes of odd numbers in
the range (1-10)
"""
cubes={c:c**3 for c in range(10) if c%2==1}
print(cubes)
7. """
To count the number of occurrences of each character of a message
entered by the user.
"""
def cnt(msg):
lc={} #empty dictionary
for l in msg:
lc[l]=lc.get(l,0)+1
print(lc)
msg=input("Enter a message ")
cnt(msg)
8. """
Create a dictionary with names of studenst and marks in two papers.Create a dictionaryfinal which has names and total marks and also find the
topper.
"""
result={'Rahul':[78,89],
'Pranamika':[89,87],
'Ashish':[79,88],
'Anshul':[90,67]}
total=0
final=result.copy()
for key,val in result.items():
total=sum(val)
final[key]=total
print(final)
hig=0
Topper=''
for key,val in final.items():
if val>hig:
hig=val
Topper=key
print("Topper is :" , Topper, "securing ", hig, "marks")
9. """
To get the minimum and maximum value from a dictionary
"""
dict = {
'Physics': 90,
'Chemistry':75,
'Maths': 85,
'English':87,
'Computer Sc.':96
}
print('Minimummarks in:', min(dict,key=dict.get))
print('Maximummarks in:', max(dict,key=dict.get))
10. """
Change value of a key in a nested dictionary
"""
dict = {
'emp1': {'name': 'Akash', 'salary': 15500},
'emp2': {'name': 'Ajay', 'salary': 18000},
'emp3': {'name': 'Vijay', 'salary': 16500}
}
dict['emp2']['salary'] = 15500
print(dict)
11. # Program to print sum of key-value # pairs in dictionary
dict = {1: 34, 2: 29, 3: 49}
sumval = []
# Traverse the dictionary
for keys in dict:
sumval.append(keys + dict[keys])
# Print the list
print("Key-value sum =",sumval)
12. # Program for handling missing keys in the dictionary using get() method in Python
# Crating the dictionary
names = {'Sharma' : 'CEO' , 'Saikia' : 'Manager' , 'Ali' : 'Executive'}
# Getting user input for the key
search_key = input("Enter the key to be searched:=> ")
# Logic to handle missing keys in dictionary
print(names.get(search_key, "Search key not present"))
13. # Python program to compare two dictionaries using == operator
emp1 = {'eid': 101, 'ename': 'Rajib', 'eAge': 24}
emp2 = {'eid': 101, 'ename': 'Rajib', 'eAge': 24}
emp3 = {'eid': 102, 'ename': 'Kumar', 'eAge': 25}
if emp1 == emp2:
print("emp1and emp2 are same dictionaries")
else:
print("emp1and emp2 are not same dictionaries")
if emp2 == emp3:
print("emp2and emp3 are same dictionaries")
else:
print("emp2and emp3 are not same dictionaries")
14. # Program to remove a key from dictionary using del in Python
empage = {"Ravi" : 24, "Ashok" : 22, "Vijay" : 25 }
print("The dictionary is :", empage)
del_k = input("Enter the key to be deleted: ")
# Removing the key from dictionary
del empage[del_k]
# Printing the dictionary
print("The dictionary after deletion is : ")
print(empage)
15. # Python program to sort dictionary key and values list
# Creating a list with list as values
result = {'Raju' : [88, 45, 75], 'ram' : [98, 79, 68]}
print("Initially the dictionary is " + str(result))
# Sorting dictionary
sort_res = dict()
for key in sorted(result):
sort_res[key]= sorted(result[key])
# Printing sorted dictionary
print("Dictionary aftersort of key and list value : ")
print(str(sort_res))
