This document discusses issues with interpreting Article 22 of the Warsaw Convention, which limits carriers' liability for lost or damaged cargo to 250 currency units consisting of a specified amount of gold. The key issues are:
1) There is no currency that matches this specified amount of gold, as the Convention intended to reference gold's value internationally rather than a specific currency.
2) National currencies no longer have a defined value in gold, as the Convention language requires.
3) The document proposes interpreting Article 22's intent as referring to the current market value of gold in the relevant national currency, to maintain the Article's purpose in a way that reflects modern economic conditions.
This document outlines methods for assessing the efficiency of securing arrangements for non-standardized cargo. It describes:
1) Determining the strength of securing equipment using maximum securing load values.
2) Applying a safety factor of 1.5 to account for uneven force distribution.
3) A basic "rule of thumb" method requiring total securing device strength equal cargo weight.
4) A more advanced calculation method involving balancing external forces from acceleration with friction and securing device strength. Transverse sliding, tipping and longitudinal sliding are evaluated.
This document discusses issues with interpreting Article 22 of the Warsaw Convention, which limits carriers' liability for lost or damaged cargo to 250 currency units consisting of a specified amount of gold. The key issues are:
1) There is no currency that matches this specified amount of gold, as the Convention intended to reference gold's value internationally rather than a specific currency.
2) National currencies no longer have a defined value in gold, as the Convention language requires.
3) The document proposes interpreting Article 22's intent as referring to the current market value of gold in the relevant national currency, to maintain the Article's purpose in a way that reflects modern economic conditions.
This document outlines methods for assessing the efficiency of securing arrangements for non-standardized cargo. It describes:
1) Determining the strength of securing equipment using maximum securing load values.
2) Applying a safety factor of 1.5 to account for uneven force distribution.
3) A basic "rule of thumb" method requiring total securing device strength equal cargo weight.
4) A more advanced calculation method involving balancing external forces from acceleration with friction and securing device strength. Transverse sliding, tipping and longitudinal sliding are evaluated.