The document provides an overview of remote sensing in plant pathology. It discusses the history and fundamentals of remote sensing, including different types of platforms, resolutions, and the objectives and case studies of remote sensing in plant disease management. Key objectives of remote sensing in plant pathology include assessing diseases over large areas, understanding disease-environment relationships, detecting and identifying plant diseases, and aiding disease management. Case studies demonstrate uses of remote sensing for various crop diseases.
This document discusses ear cockle of wheat, caused by the nematode Anguina tritici. Key points:
- A. tritici causes galls to form on wheat ears and seeds, shortening and distorting the ears.
- Symptoms also include stunted, twisted leaves and enlarged stems. The nematode lives and reproduces within the seed galls.
- It can interact with the bacterium Clavibacter tritici to cause yellow ear rot disease. Management includes using clean seed, crop rotation, hot water seed treatment, and nematicide application.
Host plant resistance refers to the inherent ability of a plant to resist insect damage. There are three main types of resistance: antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance. Antixenosis makes the plant an unattractive host for feeding or oviposition. Antibiosis causes adverse effects on the insect such as reduced growth or increased mortality. Tolerance allows the plant to withstand or recover from insect damage through mechanisms like increased tillering. Resistance can be controlled by single genes or polygenes and can be specific to certain insect biotypes or provide more durable, general resistance.
This document summarizes information about ergot of bajra or pearl millet, a disease caused by the fungus Claviceps fusiformis. It affects many countries including India, where it is found in states like Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra. The disease appears at the flowering stage, producing pink honey-like secretions on spikelets that later form hard, brown sclerotia where grains would be. These sclerotia contain harmful alkaloids and can cause losses of up to 70%. Management strategies include using healthy seed, seed treatment, early sowing, crop rotation, removing infected plants, and fungicide sprays. Resistant varieties include RHR-
The document summarizes information about Tea Blister Blight caused by the fungus Exobasidium vexans. It first describes the pathogen and disease, then discusses its history, symptoms, mode of spread and survival, epidemiology, and management recommendations which include pruning infected plant parts and spraying fungicides like copper oxy chloride.
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
Khaira disease of rice is caused by zinc deficiency in the soil. It occurs on calcareous soils that have low zinc availability. Symptoms include dusty brown spots on leaves, stunted growth, and reduced fertility. Yield losses can be up to 25%. Management strategies include using zinc-efficient varieties, applying organic matter and zinc sulfate fertilizer to increase soil zinc levels, and acidifying the soil to improve zinc availability.
The document summarizes key aspects of pest surveillance using remote sensing and GIS techniques. It discusses pest surveillance methods like roving surveys and fixed plot surveys to monitor pest populations. It also describes using remote sensing from different platforms like ground-based, airborne and spaceborne sensors to collect spectral data on crop health and pest stress. GIS is used to store spatial data collected through remote sensing and surveillance that can help with pest management and decision making.
This document discusses ear cockle of wheat, caused by the nematode Anguina tritici. Key points:
- A. tritici causes galls to form on wheat ears and seeds, shortening and distorting the ears.
- Symptoms also include stunted, twisted leaves and enlarged stems. The nematode lives and reproduces within the seed galls.
- It can interact with the bacterium Clavibacter tritici to cause yellow ear rot disease. Management includes using clean seed, crop rotation, hot water seed treatment, and nematicide application.
Host plant resistance refers to the inherent ability of a plant to resist insect damage. There are three main types of resistance: antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance. Antixenosis makes the plant an unattractive host for feeding or oviposition. Antibiosis causes adverse effects on the insect such as reduced growth or increased mortality. Tolerance allows the plant to withstand or recover from insect damage through mechanisms like increased tillering. Resistance can be controlled by single genes or polygenes and can be specific to certain insect biotypes or provide more durable, general resistance.
This document summarizes information about ergot of bajra or pearl millet, a disease caused by the fungus Claviceps fusiformis. It affects many countries including India, where it is found in states like Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra. The disease appears at the flowering stage, producing pink honey-like secretions on spikelets that later form hard, brown sclerotia where grains would be. These sclerotia contain harmful alkaloids and can cause losses of up to 70%. Management strategies include using healthy seed, seed treatment, early sowing, crop rotation, removing infected plants, and fungicide sprays. Resistant varieties include RHR-
The document summarizes information about Tea Blister Blight caused by the fungus Exobasidium vexans. It first describes the pathogen and disease, then discusses its history, symptoms, mode of spread and survival, epidemiology, and management recommendations which include pruning infected plant parts and spraying fungicides like copper oxy chloride.
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
Khaira disease of rice is caused by zinc deficiency in the soil. It occurs on calcareous soils that have low zinc availability. Symptoms include dusty brown spots on leaves, stunted growth, and reduced fertility. Yield losses can be up to 25%. Management strategies include using zinc-efficient varieties, applying organic matter and zinc sulfate fertilizer to increase soil zinc levels, and acidifying the soil to improve zinc availability.
The document summarizes key aspects of pest surveillance using remote sensing and GIS techniques. It discusses pest surveillance methods like roving surveys and fixed plot surveys to monitor pest populations. It also describes using remote sensing from different platforms like ground-based, airborne and spaceborne sensors to collect spectral data on crop health and pest stress. GIS is used to store spatial data collected through remote sensing and surveillance that can help with pest management and decision making.
Sheath blight, caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani, is a major disease of rice. It was first reported in Japan in 1910 and causes significant yield losses, ranging from 5-50% depending on location and cultivar. Symptoms include oval to elliptical greenish-grey lesions on rice sheaths and leaves. Favorable conditions for disease development are high humidity, temperatures between 28-32°C, and frequent rainfall. Integrated management strategies include cultural practices like removing weeds and crop debris, using resistant varieties, and chemical control with fungicides. Biological control with antagonistic microorganisms like Pseudomonas fluorescens can also help reduce sheath blight severity.
This document discusses methods for identifying plant pathogens. Traditional visual examination can only identify damage after it has already occurred. More sensitive early diagnosis methods are needed to treat pathogens before irreparable damage. Modern methods like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serological techniques can identify pathogens before visible symptoms appear, allowing treatment before significant yield losses. These methods help identify the causal agent through DNA analysis and other laboratory techniques.
Implementation and impact of IPM. Safety issues in pesticide use. Political, ...Nikhil Kumar
IPM packages tested at several research centres vis-a-vis the farmers’ practices indicate superiority of the former. IPM practices enabled reduction in the number of chemical sprays. IPM system also resulted in increase of natural enemies by three-fold, reduced the insecticide and environmental pollution (Dhaliwal and Arora, 1996).
An integrated strategy for the management of major pests and diseases is possible by
I. breeding new varieties with built-in resistance,
II. evolving efficient methods of pest control through pest surveys and monitoring, and
III. biological control of pests with the help of conservation and augmentation of natural enemies like parasites, predators and insect pathogens.
The
This document summarizes plant disease management through plant quarantine. It defines plant quarantine as legal restrictions on agricultural commodity movement to prevent the establishment of plants, pests, and diseases in new areas. It provides details on the history and organization of plant quarantine in India, including relevant laws and quarantine stations at airports, seaports, and land frontiers. The document lists some examples of diseases controlled by plant quarantine in India and introduces some foreign diseases introduced to India with the year and originating country.
Variability arises in plant pathogens through various genetic mechanisms such as mutation, hybridization, and recombination. This variability allows pathogens to evolve new races or strains that can infect resistant host varieties and overcome plant resistance. The document discusses several mechanisms that generate variability in fungi, bacteria, and viruses, including mutation, transformation, transduction, conjugation, heterokaryosis, parasexualism, and recombination, which allow pathogens to adapt to new environments and hosts. Understanding pathogen variability is important for breeding disease-resistant crop varieties.
This document summarizes three major diseases that affect gram (chickpea) crops: wilt, grey mould, and ascochyta blight. It describes the symptoms, causal pathogens, and disease cycles. For wilt, the symptoms include yellowing, wilting, and death of plants. It is caused by Fusarium oxysporum and spreads through soil and irrigation water. For grey mould, symptoms include flower and pod rotting. It is caused by Botrytis cineria and spreads rapidly under humid conditions. For ascochyta blight, symptoms include leaf spots and stem lesions. It is caused by Ascochyta rabiei and spreads through infected plant debris and
This power-point provides general knowledge on the major wheat disease as
Common bunt of wheat
Fusarium head blight of wheat
Loose smut of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat
Bacterial streak of wheat
Barley yellow dwarf virus of wheat
Leaf rust of wheat
Stem rust of wheat
Stripe rust of wheat
Powdery mildew of wheat
Septoria tritici blotch of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch
Tan spot
Wheat soilborne mosaic
Wheat spindle streak mosaic
Wheat streak mosaic
Cephalosporium stripe
Common root rot
Fusarium root,
crown, and foot rots
Take-all of wheat
Plant Biosecurity develops quarantine policies to protect plant health from exotic pests based on national and international obligations. The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) aims to prevent the spread and introduction of plant pests through coordinated action. Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) identifies, assesses, and manages risks posed by quarantine pests to determine appropriate phytosanitary measures. The PRA process involves initiation, pest risk assessment, and pest risk management stages. Risk assessment evaluates the probability of entry, establishment, and spread of pests, as well as potential economic consequences. Risk management identifies, evaluates, and selects options to reduce risks to an acceptable level.
This document provides an outline and overview of pest risk analysis (PRA). It discusses the history and development of PRA through international conventions. The key stages and steps of conducting a PRA are described, including pest categorization, assessing the probability of entry, establishment and spread, evaluating economic consequences, and determining overall risk. The document also reviews various international standards and guidelines for PRA and provides examples of case studies and models used in risk assessment.
This document discusses coconut basal stem rot, a destructive disease caused by the fungus Ganoderma lucidum. It first infects the roots and lower stem, causing internal rotting and reddish brown exudation from the stem. Older palms over 10 years are most susceptible. Symptoms also include leaf yellowing and drooping, arrested flower development, and root decay. The disease is managed through removal of infected palms, avoiding flood irrigation near infected trees, root feeding with fungicides, and applying compost amended with Trichoderma fungi or neem cake. Basal stem rot is a major threat to coconut production in southern India.
The document discusses the Vertifolia effect and boom-bust cycle in plant breeding. The Vertifolia effect refers to the loss of horizontal resistance that occurs during breeding for vertical resistance in the presence of fungicides/insecticides. An example is the loss of horizontal resistance to potato blight after the discovery of fungicides. The boom-bust cycle describes how a resistant cultivar with a single resistance gene is widely adopted by farmers, but then virulent pathogens spread and break the resistance, leading farmers to abandon the cultivar. Maintaining horizontal resistance and incorporating resistance genes later in breeding can help reduce these effects.
FUNGICIDE APPLICATION INTRODUCTION
DIFFERENT TYPES OF METHOD OF FUNGICIDE APPLICATION
SEED TREATMENT-SEED DRESSING, SEED DIPPING
SOIL TREATMENT- SOIL DRENCHING
FOLIAR APPLICATION: SPRAYING, DUSTING
POST HARVEST APPLICATION
SPECIAL METHODS
WHAT IS THE NEED
This Presentation includes various tactics of IDM like Cultural control, Physical control, Chemical control, Biological control of plant disease. Useful for UG, PG Botany and Agriculture students
This document discusses various methods for seed health testing to detect fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, and nematodes. It describes several visual, biological, and molecular methods. Visual methods include examining seeds under magnification for signs of fungi or insect damage. Biological methods involve growing seeds in controlled conditions and observing for disease symptoms. Molecular methods discussed are PCR, ELISA, and lateral flow tests which allow detection of pathogens at a genetic level. The goal of seed health testing is to determine the sanitary quality and ensure seeds meet certification standards before commercial use.
Karnal bunt of wheat is a fungal disease caused by Tilletia indica. It was first reported in India in 1931. Symptoms appear in the ear and include black powdery spores partially covering some grains, giving them a rotten fish smell. Spores can later burst and spread via air, soil, and seed. Disease management includes using disease-free seed, seed treatment, crop rotation, summer plowing, green manuring, avoiding irrigation at flowering, and spraying fungicides. Tolerant wheat varieties include PBW-154, PBW-533, HD-2227, C-306, and UP-368.
This document summarizes downy mildew of bajra or pearl millet. It affects crops grown in Africa and India, causing epidemics in 1970 and 1983. Symptoms appear as light green or yellow patches on leaves and ear heads. The fungus has non-septate, intercellular mycelium and elliptical sporangia. Oospores remain in soil for 5 years and cause primary infection in seedlings. Secondary infection occurs via sporangia. Favorable conditions for the fungus include high humidity, leaf moisture, and temperatures of 15-25 degrees Celsius. Management strategies include using healthy seed, removing infected plants, crop rotation, resistant varieties, and fungicide seed treatments or sprays.
Geoinformatics For Precision AgricultureRahul Gadakh
1) Geoinformatics deals with the capture, classification, storage, processing, portrayal, and dissemination of spatial information. It involves technologies like remote sensing, GIS, GPS, and photogrammetry.
2) It is used for applications like land use mapping, precision agriculture, crop discrimination and yield monitoring, soil mapping, and monitoring of land degradation.
3) Hyperspectral data and narrowband vegetation indices derived from it allow detailed analysis of crop biochemical and biophysical properties for improved classification and mapping of agricultural crops.
This document discusses Alternaria blight, a fungal disease that affects mustard crops and causes significant yield losses. Alternaria brassicae is the causal pathogen, which can infect most Brassica species. It causes leaf spotting and stem lesions on plants. The disease spreads through spores on infected plant debris. Warm, wet conditions favor disease development. Control measures include using healthy seeds, removing infected plant material, spraying fungicides like mancozeb, and cultural practices like proper spacing and irrigation management.
This presentation covers the principles of remote sensing and reflectance profiling and explains how the concept of spectral signature is utilized in entomology research
The document provides an overview of remote sensing including:
- Definitions of remote sensing and its basic principles involving energy sources, transmission paths, sensors, and data analysis.
- A brief history noting the evolution from early camera systems to modern satellite platforms.
- Descriptions of active and passive sensor systems, as well as different remote sensing platforms including ground, aerial and spaceborne.
- Discussions of ideal and real remote sensing systems outlining differences in energy sources, atmospheric effects, sensors, and data handling capabilities.
- An introduction to the electromagnetic spectrum and how remote sensing utilizes different wavelength ranges including optical, thermal, and microwave.
Sheath blight, caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia solani, is a major disease of rice. It was first reported in Japan in 1910 and causes significant yield losses, ranging from 5-50% depending on location and cultivar. Symptoms include oval to elliptical greenish-grey lesions on rice sheaths and leaves. Favorable conditions for disease development are high humidity, temperatures between 28-32°C, and frequent rainfall. Integrated management strategies include cultural practices like removing weeds and crop debris, using resistant varieties, and chemical control with fungicides. Biological control with antagonistic microorganisms like Pseudomonas fluorescens can also help reduce sheath blight severity.
This document discusses methods for identifying plant pathogens. Traditional visual examination can only identify damage after it has already occurred. More sensitive early diagnosis methods are needed to treat pathogens before irreparable damage. Modern methods like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serological techniques can identify pathogens before visible symptoms appear, allowing treatment before significant yield losses. These methods help identify the causal agent through DNA analysis and other laboratory techniques.
Implementation and impact of IPM. Safety issues in pesticide use. Political, ...Nikhil Kumar
IPM packages tested at several research centres vis-a-vis the farmers’ practices indicate superiority of the former. IPM practices enabled reduction in the number of chemical sprays. IPM system also resulted in increase of natural enemies by three-fold, reduced the insecticide and environmental pollution (Dhaliwal and Arora, 1996).
An integrated strategy for the management of major pests and diseases is possible by
I. breeding new varieties with built-in resistance,
II. evolving efficient methods of pest control through pest surveys and monitoring, and
III. biological control of pests with the help of conservation and augmentation of natural enemies like parasites, predators and insect pathogens.
The
This document summarizes plant disease management through plant quarantine. It defines plant quarantine as legal restrictions on agricultural commodity movement to prevent the establishment of plants, pests, and diseases in new areas. It provides details on the history and organization of plant quarantine in India, including relevant laws and quarantine stations at airports, seaports, and land frontiers. The document lists some examples of diseases controlled by plant quarantine in India and introduces some foreign diseases introduced to India with the year and originating country.
Variability arises in plant pathogens through various genetic mechanisms such as mutation, hybridization, and recombination. This variability allows pathogens to evolve new races or strains that can infect resistant host varieties and overcome plant resistance. The document discusses several mechanisms that generate variability in fungi, bacteria, and viruses, including mutation, transformation, transduction, conjugation, heterokaryosis, parasexualism, and recombination, which allow pathogens to adapt to new environments and hosts. Understanding pathogen variability is important for breeding disease-resistant crop varieties.
This document summarizes three major diseases that affect gram (chickpea) crops: wilt, grey mould, and ascochyta blight. It describes the symptoms, causal pathogens, and disease cycles. For wilt, the symptoms include yellowing, wilting, and death of plants. It is caused by Fusarium oxysporum and spreads through soil and irrigation water. For grey mould, symptoms include flower and pod rotting. It is caused by Botrytis cineria and spreads rapidly under humid conditions. For ascochyta blight, symptoms include leaf spots and stem lesions. It is caused by Ascochyta rabiei and spreads through infected plant debris and
This power-point provides general knowledge on the major wheat disease as
Common bunt of wheat
Fusarium head blight of wheat
Loose smut of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat
Bacterial streak of wheat
Barley yellow dwarf virus of wheat
Leaf rust of wheat
Stem rust of wheat
Stripe rust of wheat
Powdery mildew of wheat
Septoria tritici blotch of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch
Tan spot
Wheat soilborne mosaic
Wheat spindle streak mosaic
Wheat streak mosaic
Cephalosporium stripe
Common root rot
Fusarium root,
crown, and foot rots
Take-all of wheat
Plant Biosecurity develops quarantine policies to protect plant health from exotic pests based on national and international obligations. The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) aims to prevent the spread and introduction of plant pests through coordinated action. Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) identifies, assesses, and manages risks posed by quarantine pests to determine appropriate phytosanitary measures. The PRA process involves initiation, pest risk assessment, and pest risk management stages. Risk assessment evaluates the probability of entry, establishment, and spread of pests, as well as potential economic consequences. Risk management identifies, evaluates, and selects options to reduce risks to an acceptable level.
This document provides an outline and overview of pest risk analysis (PRA). It discusses the history and development of PRA through international conventions. The key stages and steps of conducting a PRA are described, including pest categorization, assessing the probability of entry, establishment and spread, evaluating economic consequences, and determining overall risk. The document also reviews various international standards and guidelines for PRA and provides examples of case studies and models used in risk assessment.
This document discusses coconut basal stem rot, a destructive disease caused by the fungus Ganoderma lucidum. It first infects the roots and lower stem, causing internal rotting and reddish brown exudation from the stem. Older palms over 10 years are most susceptible. Symptoms also include leaf yellowing and drooping, arrested flower development, and root decay. The disease is managed through removal of infected palms, avoiding flood irrigation near infected trees, root feeding with fungicides, and applying compost amended with Trichoderma fungi or neem cake. Basal stem rot is a major threat to coconut production in southern India.
The document discusses the Vertifolia effect and boom-bust cycle in plant breeding. The Vertifolia effect refers to the loss of horizontal resistance that occurs during breeding for vertical resistance in the presence of fungicides/insecticides. An example is the loss of horizontal resistance to potato blight after the discovery of fungicides. The boom-bust cycle describes how a resistant cultivar with a single resistance gene is widely adopted by farmers, but then virulent pathogens spread and break the resistance, leading farmers to abandon the cultivar. Maintaining horizontal resistance and incorporating resistance genes later in breeding can help reduce these effects.
FUNGICIDE APPLICATION INTRODUCTION
DIFFERENT TYPES OF METHOD OF FUNGICIDE APPLICATION
SEED TREATMENT-SEED DRESSING, SEED DIPPING
SOIL TREATMENT- SOIL DRENCHING
FOLIAR APPLICATION: SPRAYING, DUSTING
POST HARVEST APPLICATION
SPECIAL METHODS
WHAT IS THE NEED
This Presentation includes various tactics of IDM like Cultural control, Physical control, Chemical control, Biological control of plant disease. Useful for UG, PG Botany and Agriculture students
This document discusses various methods for seed health testing to detect fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, and nematodes. It describes several visual, biological, and molecular methods. Visual methods include examining seeds under magnification for signs of fungi or insect damage. Biological methods involve growing seeds in controlled conditions and observing for disease symptoms. Molecular methods discussed are PCR, ELISA, and lateral flow tests which allow detection of pathogens at a genetic level. The goal of seed health testing is to determine the sanitary quality and ensure seeds meet certification standards before commercial use.
Karnal bunt of wheat is a fungal disease caused by Tilletia indica. It was first reported in India in 1931. Symptoms appear in the ear and include black powdery spores partially covering some grains, giving them a rotten fish smell. Spores can later burst and spread via air, soil, and seed. Disease management includes using disease-free seed, seed treatment, crop rotation, summer plowing, green manuring, avoiding irrigation at flowering, and spraying fungicides. Tolerant wheat varieties include PBW-154, PBW-533, HD-2227, C-306, and UP-368.
This document summarizes downy mildew of bajra or pearl millet. It affects crops grown in Africa and India, causing epidemics in 1970 and 1983. Symptoms appear as light green or yellow patches on leaves and ear heads. The fungus has non-septate, intercellular mycelium and elliptical sporangia. Oospores remain in soil for 5 years and cause primary infection in seedlings. Secondary infection occurs via sporangia. Favorable conditions for the fungus include high humidity, leaf moisture, and temperatures of 15-25 degrees Celsius. Management strategies include using healthy seed, removing infected plants, crop rotation, resistant varieties, and fungicide seed treatments or sprays.
Geoinformatics For Precision AgricultureRahul Gadakh
1) Geoinformatics deals with the capture, classification, storage, processing, portrayal, and dissemination of spatial information. It involves technologies like remote sensing, GIS, GPS, and photogrammetry.
2) It is used for applications like land use mapping, precision agriculture, crop discrimination and yield monitoring, soil mapping, and monitoring of land degradation.
3) Hyperspectral data and narrowband vegetation indices derived from it allow detailed analysis of crop biochemical and biophysical properties for improved classification and mapping of agricultural crops.
This document discusses Alternaria blight, a fungal disease that affects mustard crops and causes significant yield losses. Alternaria brassicae is the causal pathogen, which can infect most Brassica species. It causes leaf spotting and stem lesions on plants. The disease spreads through spores on infected plant debris. Warm, wet conditions favor disease development. Control measures include using healthy seeds, removing infected plant material, spraying fungicides like mancozeb, and cultural practices like proper spacing and irrigation management.
This presentation covers the principles of remote sensing and reflectance profiling and explains how the concept of spectral signature is utilized in entomology research
The document provides an overview of remote sensing including:
- Definitions of remote sensing and its basic principles involving energy sources, transmission paths, sensors, and data analysis.
- A brief history noting the evolution from early camera systems to modern satellite platforms.
- Descriptions of active and passive sensor systems, as well as different remote sensing platforms including ground, aerial and spaceborne.
- Discussions of ideal and real remote sensing systems outlining differences in energy sources, atmospheric effects, sensors, and data handling capabilities.
- An introduction to the electromagnetic spectrum and how remote sensing utilizes different wavelength ranges including optical, thermal, and microwave.
Lidar uses laser light to measure distances by illuminating targets. It is an active remote sensing method. The document discusses remote sensing concepts like platforms, sensors, data collection using electromagnetic radiation, and data interpretation techniques. It provides examples of Indian remote sensing satellites like Resourcesat and Cartosat, and describes their sensors and applications in areas like agriculture, mapping, and disaster management. Visual interpretation of remote sensing images involves analyzing tone, shape, size, pattern, texture, shadows, and associations of targets.
Lidar uses laser light to measure distances by illuminating targets. It is an active remote sensing method. The document discusses remote sensing concepts like platforms, sensors, data collection using electromagnetic radiation, and data interpretation techniques. It provides examples of Indian remote sensing satellites like Resourcesat and Cartosat, and describes their sensors and applications in areas like agriculture, mapping, and disaster management. Visual interpretation of remote sensing images involves analyzing tone, shape, size, pattern, texture, shadows, and associations of targets.
Remote sensing and application by Nikhil PakwanneNIKHIL PAKWANNE
Remote sensing is the process of obtaining information about objects or areas from a distance, without physical contact. It involves the use of electromagnetic radiation to detect and classify objects on Earth through aerial sensors or satellites. The key components of a remote sensing system include an energy source, a sensor to record electromagnetic radiation, transmission of data to a receiving station, and processing to extract information. Remote sensing provides advantages like rapid coverage of large areas, accessibility to remote or dangerous regions, and collection of geo-referenced digital data. Common applications of remote sensing include agriculture, geology, urban planning, hydrology, land use mapping, forestry, and ocean monitoring.
This document provides an overview of remote sensing. It defines remote sensing as acquiring information about the Earth's surface without physical contact using sensors. It discusses various remote sensing platforms, data sources, processes, applications, organizations, and history. The key applications of remote sensing mentioned are land use mapping, agriculture, forestry, water management, and environmental monitoring. Satellite images are provided as examples to illustrate monitoring of deforestation and flood damage assessment.
This document provides an overview of remote sensing and its applications in fruit crops. It discusses the basic principles and components of remote sensing, including electromagnetic radiation, sensors, platforms, spectral signatures, and image resolution. It also describes different types of remote sensing based on energy source and wavelength. Several satellite imaging systems and software for analyzing remote sensing data are mentioned. The document outlines how remote sensing can be used to monitor fruit orchards over large areas for applications such as yield estimation, disease detection, and recommending fertilizer doses. Remote sensing is presented as a cost-effective way to gather information over large areas compared to traditional ground-based monitoring.
DOCTORAL SEMINAR on remote sensing in AgricultureAmanDohre
This document summarizes a doctoral seminar on recent advances in applying remote sensing to fruit crop production. It discusses the historical development of remote sensing, key principles and stages in remote sensing systems, different platforms (ground, airborne, spaceborne) and sensors used. Applications of remote sensing in fruit crops include estimating crop areas, identifying diseases/pests, assessing water stress, and recommending fertilizer doses. The document also outlines various remote sensing organizations and provides an example of research on using drones to map mango yields based on tree structure.
Remote sensing involves collecting information about objects without physical contact. It was first defined in the 1960s and the first earth observation satellite, Landsat-1, was launched in 1972. Remote sensing uses sensors on airborne and spaceborne platforms to detect electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from the object of interest. Common platforms include aircraft, balloons, and satellites. Satellites provide global coverage and frequent revisits. Remote sensing data has various applications such as agriculture, forestry, and soil mapping.
Remote sensing is the science of acquiring information about objects or areas from a distance, typically from aircraft or satellites. Key points of remote sensing include:
1) It allows observation and analysis of an area without direct contact, using sensors to measure electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from the target.
2) Remote sensing has evolved from early aerial photography to include various imaging technologies using different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
3) Common types of remote sensing include optical, thermal, and microwave sensors, each suited to different applications depending on wavelength.
Remote sensing is the process of acquiring information about Earth's surface without physical contact. It works by detecting electromagnetic radiation from targets using sensors on platforms like satellites, aircraft, and drones. The data collected is then processed and analyzed to extract meaningful information. Remote sensing is widely used for environmental monitoring, agriculture, urban planning, and more. It provides a comprehensive understanding of Earth's features when integrated with other geospatial data.
Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance using aircraft or satellites. It involves the acquisition of imagery and geospatial data through the analysis of electromagnetic radiation emitted or reflected from objects such as the Earth's surface. Some key advantages of remote sensing include its ability to provide cost-effective data collection over large or inaccessible areas and to monitor changes over time. Common applications include land use mapping, agriculture, forestry, geology and natural disaster monitoring.
35001320006_Saraswati Mahato_Remote sensing and gis_ca 1_2024_even.pdfbarunmahato3
Remote sensing is the science of obtaining information about objects or areas from a distance, without physical contact. It involves the use of electromagnetic radiation and sensors to detect and classify objects on Earth through platforms like satellites, aircraft and drones. The document discusses the components of remote sensing including electromagnetic radiation, sensors and sensor platforms. It provides examples of active and passive sensors and describes several important applications of remote sensing in fields like agriculture, forestry, weather monitoring and more.
Soil mapping , remote sensing and use of sensors in precision farmingDr. M. Kumaresan Hort.
Soil mapping involves identifying different soil types, recording their properties and locations on maps. Soil maps show the spatial distribution of soils and are used for land evaluation, planning, and environmental protection. Digital soil mapping uses statistical, data mining and GIS tools to create more detailed and accurate soil maps. Remote sensing uses electromagnetic radiation to image land, oceans, and the atmosphere from ground, air, or space. It provides data that can be used to identify crops, estimate yields, and monitor land and crop conditions. Precision farming uses remote sensing and GNSS data in geographical information systems to help make crop management decisions.
The document discusses remote sensing and its key elements. It begins with an introduction to remote sensing, defining it as obtaining information about an object without physical contact through analysis of data from devices. The principles of remote sensing are then outlined, including how electromagnetic energy interacts with and is reflected from Earth's surface features. The main components of a remote sensing system are identified as the energy source, propagation through the atmosphere, energy interaction with targets, sensor recording, transmission and processing, interpretation, and applications. Key advantages of remote sensing include large area coverage enabling regional surveys and monitoring of dynamic phenomena over time.
Remote sensing involves obtaining information about objects through analysis of data collected by instruments without physical contact. It uses electromagnetic radiation as a carrier to transmit data from objects to sensors. The process involves an energy source, interaction with the atmosphere and target, recording by sensors, transmission and processing of data, interpretation and analysis, and applications. Common applications include weather forecasting, mapping, geology, agriculture, hydrology and disaster management.
Remote Sensing and its Applications in AgricultureVikas Kashyap
Here is a presentation prepared by me on Remote sensing and its Applications in agriculture. This presentation created after studying many regarding websites, articles and research papers. Thank You
passive and active remote sensing systems, characteristics and operationsNzar Braim
This document provides an overview of passive and active remote sensing systems. It defines passive sensors as those that detect natural energy emitted or reflected by an object, such as sunlight, while active sensors provide their own energy source, such as radar. Examples of different types of passive sensors are provided, such as radiometers, spectrometers, and sounders, while active sensors mentioned include radar, lidar, and scatterometers. The advantages and disadvantages of each system are discussed, with passive sensors being simpler but providing less detailed data, while active sensors can control illumination but are more complex. Examples of images from both types of sensors are also presented.
Similaire à Remote Sensing - A tool of plant disease management (20)
The Genome editing Era (CRISPER Cas 9) : State of the Art and Perspectives fo...Anand Choudhary
Role of CRISPR/Cas9 in plant pathology
Production of disease resistance cultivars by editing the genome which is responsible for susceptibility factor for fungal and bacterial diseases.
By editing the genome which governs host pathogen interaction we can obtain incompatible interaction between host pathogen.
To improve the efficacy of bio control agents.
By editing the genome responsible for virus multiplication and virulence we can obtain virus free resistance cultivars.
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Remote Sensing - A tool of plant disease management
1.
2. Major Advisor
Dr. J.R. Verma
(Assoc. Prof. & HoD)
Seminar In-charge
Dr. Krishna Saharan
(Assistant Professor)
3. Contents
Introduction
History of Remote Sensing
Types of remote sensing
Fundamentals of remote sensing
Types of platforms used in remote sensing
Types of resolution used in remote sensing
Objectives of remote sensing in plant pathology
Case studies of remote sensing in plant disease management
Conclusion
4. • It simply referred collection of information an object without
coming into physical contact .
• Remote sensing is defined as the technique of obtaining information
about objects through the analysis of data collected by special
instruments that are not in physical contact with the object of
investigation.
• The output of a remote sensing system is usually an image
representing the scene being observed.
(Campbell 1987)
5. The technology of modern remote sensing began with the invention of the camera more than 150 years ago.
The idea and practice of looking down at the Earths surface emerged in the 1840s when pictures were taken from
cameras bind with balloon for purpose of topographic mapping.
Aerial photography is the original form of remote sensing (using visible spectrum) started in 1909.
Colour infrared photography began 1931, and then was widely used in agriculture and forestry.
The terms “remote sensing” first used in the United State in the 1950s by Ms. Evelyn Pruitt.
Satellite remote sensing can be traced to the early days of the space age (both Russian and American programs)
and actually began as a dual approach to imaging surfaces using several types of sensors from spacecraft.
After the first man-made satellite (Sputnik 1) was launched on 4 October 1957 by Soviet
Colwell (1956) first used remote sensing technique for monitoring stem rust of wheat.
(Reid, S.H., 2020)
6. 1. Active remote sensing
2. Passive remote sensing
1. Active remote sensing :- The use of sensors that deduct reflected
responses from object that are irradiated from artificially generated energy
sources such as Radar.
2. Passive remote sensing :- The use of sensors that deduct the reflected or
emitted electromagnetic radiation from natural sources.
(Satapathy, R.R., 2020)
7.
8. • Electromagnetic remote sensing of earth resources involves the
two basis processes viz.
1. Data acquisition
2. Data analysis
9. 1. Energy sources
2. Propagation of energy through the atmosphere
3. Energy interaction with earth surface features
4. Re- transmission of energy through the atmosphere
5. Air-borne and / or space borne sensors
6. Generation of sensor data in pictorial and / or digital form
10. Energy source :- The first requirements for remote sensing is to have an energy source
which illuminates or provides electromagnetic energy to the target of interest. (Sun to
earth - 300000 km/Sec.)
Propagation of energy through the atmosphere :- As the energy travels from its
sources to the target , it will come in contact with the atmosphere it passes through. This
interaction may take place a second time as energy travels from the target to the sensor.
Scattering , Reflection , Refraction, Absorption.
Energy interaction with earth surface features:- It interacts with the target depending
on the properties of both the target and the radiation.
11. Re- transmission :- The energy recorded by the sensor has to be
transmitted, often in electronic form.
Air-borne and / or space borne sensors :- It use to collect and record the
electromagnetic radiation.
Generation of sensor data in pictorial and / or digital form :- The energy
recorded by the sensor has to be transmitted, often in electronic form, to a
receiving and processing station where the data are processed into an
image (hardcopy / digital).
13. • The processed image is interpreted, visually and / or digitally or
electronically, to extract information about the target which was
illuminated.
14. Platforms : The base on which remote sensors are placed to acquire information about
the earth surface is called platforms.
Ground based platforms - up to 50 m
Towers, Radar
Airborne platforms : up to 50 km
Helicopters, Aircrafts, Balloons
Space borne : from about 100 km to 36000 km
1. Space station : 300-400 km
2. Low earth orbit – 700- 1500 km
3. High earth orbit – about 36000
16. • This sensor converts these radiation into electrical signals and
presents it in a form suitable for obtaining information about the
land / earth resource as used by an information gathering systems.
• The specific parameters of sensors are -
1. Spatial resolution
2. Spectral resolution
3. Radiometric resolution
4. Temporal resolution
(Ekwal Imam 2019)
17. • The ability to distinguish small adjacent objects in an image.
• Dimensions of the smallest object or minimum detectable area
which can be resolved by the sensor.
• Large area covered by a pixel means low spatial resolution and
vice versa.
• 1 MP = 1 lakh pixel
Source - Remote Sensing & GIS Applications Directorate
23. • Spectral resolution describe the ability of a sensor to define fine wavelength
intervals.
• Is the ability to resolve spectral features and bands into their separate
components.
• More number of bands in a specified bandwidth means higher spectral
resolution and vice versa.
Remote Sensing & GIS Applications Directorate
24. <10 no. of wavebands 10-1000 no. of wavebands
Wavelength , Frequency
25. Radiometric Resolution refers to the smallest change in
intensity level that can be detected by the sensing system.
The number of gray level / values which a sensor can
difference between black and white.
The more the grey levels, the better the radiometric
resolution.
(Remote Sensing & GIS Applications Directorate)
26. (Remote Sensing & GIS Applications Directorate)
1023
6-bit range
0 63
8-bit range
0 255
0
10-bit range
2-bit range
0 4
27. • 1 bit (0-1) – it 1000 watt or not
• 2 bit (1, 2, 3, 4) – 0-250 = 1
– 250-500 = 2
– 500-750= 3
– 750-1000= 4
28.
29. Frequency at which images are recorded/ captured in a specific
place on the earth.
The more frequently it is captured, the better or finer the
temporal resolution is said to be
For example, a sensor that captures an image of an agriculture
land twice a day has better temporal resolution than a sensor that
only captures that same image once a week.
(Remote Sensing & GIS Applications Directorate)
30. (Remote Sensing & GIS Applications Directorate)
Temporal Resolution
Time
July 1 July 12 July 23 August 3
11 days
16 days
July 2 July 18 August 3
31.
32. Objectives of remote sensing in plant pathology
1. Assessment of disease over a vast area
2. To know the relationship of diseases and environment
3. To know the origin and development of epidemics
4. For detection, identification, of plant disease
5. Management of plant disease
6. Miscellaneous
33. 1. Assessment of disease over a vast area
• Remote sensing technology can provide spatial distribution information of diseases and
pests over a large area with relatively low cost.
• The presence of diseases on canopy surface causes changes in pigment, chemical
concentrations, cell structure, nutrient, water uptake, and gas exchange. These changes
result in differences in color and temperature of the canopy, and affect canopy reflectance
characteristics, which can be detectable by remote sensing (Raikes and Burpee 1998).
• Colwell (1956) first used remote sensing technique for monitoring stem rust of wheat.
34. 2.
Indian stem rust rules - The spread and deposition of stem rust pathogen
of wheat is influenced by definite synoptic weather conditions.
• Late blight of potato
e.g. Dutch rules in potato – Everdingen
• i) Night temp. below dew point at least for 4 hours
ii) A min temp of 10°C or above
iii) A mean cloudiness on the next day of 0.8 or more
iv) At least 0.1mm rainfall during the next 24 hours.
The sensing of the pathogen and environmental conditions is a
very promising tool to support decision-making regarding
fungicide use.
35. Sensing of Host–Pathogen Interactions
Host–pathogen relationships may be investigated using spatial
resolution for metabolic changes.
Temporal resolution use for understanding host pathogen
interactions.
High spatial resolution of imaging sensors enables time-series
measurements of host–pathogen interactions at the tissue scale.
These images may be used to visualize and quantify pathogen
effects on host metabolism with high spatial resolution, contributing
to the understanding of tolerance mechanisms in host genotypes.
(Oerke EC 2019)
36. • Infrared Thermography (IRT) assesses plant temperature and is
correlated with plant water status, the microclimate in crop stands
and with changes in transpiration due to early infections by plant
pathogens.
Monitoring of rose leaf colorization by Peronospora sp. and symptom develop. of downy mildew in early stages (5
and 7 days after inoculation) of the disease by thermographic imaging
37.
38.
39. • In the food industry, postharvest sensing of the quality and checking
ripeness, colour, and suitability for storage.
• Sensors of plant diseases may be used in quality control (e.g., by the food
industry or quarantine authorities) once, or they may be integrated into
autonomous systems for the continuous monitoring of crops for plant
diseases, i.e., checking and keeping a continuous record of the crop health
status.
41. • Remote sensing includes the sensor-based methods for the detection,
identification of plant diseases.
• Sensors are expected to be objective, accurate, precise, rapid, and
available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week (24/7).
• Systematic observation of a crop by technical sensors can allow the
operator to intervene when infections are detectable or exceed action
threshold levels.
• Its helps in Quantifying the severity of the disease.
42. The decision whether or not to apply a fungicide to control a sensitive
pathogen depends on not only the presence of a symptom but also whether the
disease severity exceeds the action threshold level calculated from economic
considerations
In Monocyclic pathogens do not need control at the time of the first
appearance of symptoms, as the damage is already done (e.g., smut fungi).
In contrast, the frequency of first disease symptoms caused by polycyclic
pathogens is often low and the expected increase in disease severity from the
next generations of the pathogen may be controlled to prevent disease severity
from exceeding the economic threshold level, provided effective fungicides
are available.
43. Case studies of remote sensing in plant disease
management
Nilsson et al. observed that the flag leaves of oats infected by barley
yellow dwarf virus were 3-4° warmer than visually healthy leaves.
Smith et al. reported that stripe rust on wheat initially reduced stomata
closure and disrupted the cuticle.
Colwell (1956) demonstrated the potential of aerial photography using
panchromatic and infrared films to detect and quantify crop diseases such
as cereal rusts and virus diseases of citrus.
Southern corn blight watch project in the USA (Helminthosporium
maydis) demonstrated the efficacy of large-scale application of aerial IR-
photography to crop disease surveillance.
44. Evapo - transpiration from the leaves increased and the infected leaves
were 0.2-1.0 °C cooler than the controls during early disease development.
Clark et al (68) used aerial IR-photography to estimate damage by diseases
such as spot blotch of barley, crown rust and barley yellow dwarf virus of
oats (BYDV), and powdery mildew of wheat in field plot experiments.
In the early 1930s infrared plate-films were used in studies of virus
diseases of potatoes and tobacco (Bawden).
Blazquez & Edwards used IR-color photography and spectral reflectance
for studies of tomato and potato diseases.
45. Remote sensing is a very useful tool for disease management. This is not
only helps in management of disease but its also prevents upcoming
epidemics in crop plant.
Plant Quarantine regulation is very important principle in plant disease
management and without remote sensing it is not possible.
Without study of host pathogen interaction we are not able to manage
disease in precise manners.
Therefore we can say in the end that without remote sensing, managements
of plant disease is not possible now a days.
46.
47. Acknowledgements
• I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to Dr.
Dama Ram sir, Dr. J.R Verma sir, Dr. Krishna Saharan mam
for their able guidance and support in complete my presentation.
• I gratefully acknowledge the use of some very important
information and photographs given in test book “Plant
Pathology” by G N Agrios and research paper written by Rakesh
Roshan Satapathy sir and other researchers.