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Ang katagang pamayanan o komunidad ay may dalawang magkaibang mga kahulugan. Ito ay maaaring isang pangkat ng nag-uugnayang mga tao, na nabubuhay na magkakalapit, na ang kalapitan ay ayon sa puwang, oras, o ugnayan. Ang pamayanan ay pangkaraniwang tumutukoy sa isang yunit na panlipunan o pakikipagkapwa na mas malaki kaysa sa isang tahanan, mag-anak, o pamamahay (kabahayan) na may pinasasaluhang karaniwang mga pagpapahalaga at may matibay na pagsasamahang panlipunan (kohesyong panlipunan). Ang kataga ay maaari ring tumukoy sa pambansang pamayanan o sa pandaigdigang pamayanan (pamayanang internasyunal). Ang pangalawang pangunahing kahulugan ng pamayanan ay ang pagiging isang pangkat ng mga organismo, maaaring ibang hayop na bukod pa sa tao, na may interaksiyon o ugnayan na namumuhay at nagsasalo ng isang kapaligirang may populasyon.
Sa mga pamayanang pantao, maaaring mayroong intensiyon (hangarin), paniniwala, likas na mga mapagkukunan, mga preperensiya (pagpili o paghihirang ng mga kagustuhan), mga pangangailangan, mga panganib o pakikipagsapalaran, at isang bilang pa ng ibang mga kondisyon o kalagayan, na pangkaraniwan at nakakaapekto sa katauhan ng mga nakikiisa o nakikilahok at ang antas ng kanilang kohesyon o pagsasamahan.
Magmula noong pagsilang o pagdating ng Internet, ang diwa ng pamayanan ay nabawasan ang pagkakaroon ng limitasyon o hangganang pangheograpiya, dahil sa ang mga tao ay birtwal na nakapagtitipon sa loob ng tinatawag na pamayanang "nasa linya" o online community sa Ingles, at may pinagsasaluhang pangkaraniwang mga hangarin kahit na saan man sila naroroon. Bago ang pagsapit ng Internet, ang mga pamayanang birtwal (katulad ng mga organisasyong panlipunan o akademiko) ay talagang mas limitado dahil sa mga kaampatan o kasalatan ng magagamit na mga teknolohiyang pangkomunikasyon at pangtransportasyon.
Ang salitang "komunidad", na nangangahulugang "pamayanan" ay mula sa wikang Kastila. Samantala, ang katumbas nito sa wikang Ingles na community ay nagbuhat sa Lumang Pranses na communité na hinango naman mula sa wikang Latin na communitas (cum, "may/magkasama" + munus, "alay/regalo/aginaldo"), isang malawak na kataga o katawagan para sa samahan o inayos na lipunan (organisadong kapisanan).[1]holding minea ating lipunang Filipino, isang salitang naglalaman ng malalim na kahulugan at halaga ang madalas nating maririnig at madama – ang komunidad.
Ito ay hindi lamang simpleng grupo ng mga tao na nagkakasama, kundi isang kolektibong yunit na nagtutulungan, nagmamahalan, at may pagkakaisa sa layuning mapabuti ang buhay ng bawat isa.
Sa artikulong ito, ating tatalakayin ang kahulugan ng komunidad at ilang halimbawa nito upang mas maunawaan natin ang kahalagahan nito sa ating pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.
Mga Nilalaman
Ano ang Komunidad?
Mahalagang Bahagi ng Komunidad
Pakikipagkapwa-tao
Pakik
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What was education like in ancient Athens?
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Should corporal punishment be used in elementary education settings?
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Education, discipline that is concerned with methods of teaching and learning in schools or school-like environments as opposed to various nonformal and informal means of socialization (e.g., rural development projects and education through parent-child relationships).
(Read Arne Duncan’s Britannica essay on “Education: The Great Equalizer.”)
Education can be thought of as the transmission of the values and accumulated knowledge of a society. In this sense, it is equivalent to what social scientists term socialization or enculturation. Children—whether conceived among New Guinea tribespeople, the Renaissance Florentines, or the middle classes of Manhattan—are born without culture. Education is designed to guide them in learning a culture, molding their behaviour in the ways of adulthood, and directing them toward their eventual role in society. In the most primitive cultures, there is often little formal learning—little of what one would ordinarily call school or classes or teachers. Instead, the entire environment and all activities are frequently viewed as school and classes, and many or all adults act as teachers. As societies grow more complex, however, the quantity of knowledge to be passed on from one generation to the next becomes more than any one person can know, and, hence, there must evolve more selective and efficient means of cultural transmission. The outcome is formal education—the school and the specialist called the teacher.
As society becomes ever more complex and schools become ever more institutionalized, educational experience becomes less directly related to daily life, less a matter of showing and learning in the context of the workaday world, and more abstracted from practice, more a matter of distilling, telling, and learning things out of context. This concentration of learning in a formal atmosphere allows children to learn far more of their culture than they are able to do by merely observing and imitating. As society gradually attaches more and more importance to education, it also tries
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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history
Table of Contents
Introduction
References & Edit History
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Images & Videos
Timeline from the article “History” in the second edition (1780) of Encyclopædia Britannica
How a historical interpreter connects to the past at Colonial Williamsburg
historian
Know about the secondary sources that historians use to analyze past events, like the creation of the London Metropolitan Police Department by Sir Robert Peel
Quizzes
Temple ruins of columns and statures at Karnak, Egypt (Egyptian architecture; Egyptian archaelogy; Egyptian history)
History Buff Quiz
Encyclopaedia Britannica thistle graphic to be used with a Mendel/Consumer quiz in place of a photograph.
41 Questions from Britannica’s Most Popular World History Quizzes
Related Questions
By what other term are the kings of Egypt called?
Is ancient Greece a country?
Was ancient Greece a democracy?
Why is ancient Greece important?
Who was the first king of ancient Rome?
Read Next
Lead image for "A Timeline of the World in 8 Maps"
A Timeline of the World in 8 Maps
Cleopatra hieroglyphic carving the Ancient Egyptian queen Cleopatra. Wall of the Temple of Horus at Edfu, Egypt.
What Did Cleopatra Look Like?
Globe South America, map
What’s the Difference Between Hispanic and Latino?
Sunset over the Great Pyramids of Giza, Egypt.
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An ancient egyptian hieroglyphic painted carving showing the falcon headed god Horus seated on a throne and holding a golden fly whisk. Before him are the Pharoah Seti and the goddess Isis. Interior wall of the temple to Osiris at Abydos, Egypt.
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Discover
Close-up of ostriches (Struthio camelus) necks and heads; location unknown.
6 of the World's Most Dangerous Birds
Aurochs. Bos primigenius. Skeleton. Extinct animal. Skeleton of an Aurochs, an extinct wild ox.
6 Animals We Ate Into Extinction
NBA Lakers Celtics Finals Kevin Garnett shooting.
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What Is Known (and Not Known) About Area 51
Planet Earth and lunar moon from space
Where Did the Moon Come From?
American murder suspect Lizzie Borden, 1890.
Lizzie Borden Took an Ax...
Venus, view of the northern hemisphere based on observations made by the Magellan spacecraft. The Maxwell Montes, Venus' highest mountain range, is the bright spot just below the center of the image. The Montes, and the dark areas above and to its left,a
5 Weird Facts About Venus
Home
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Timeline from the article “History” in the second edition (1780) of Encyclopædia Britannica
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Key People: Karl Marx D
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education
Also known as: instruction
Written by
,
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Last Updated: Jan 25, 2024 • Article History
a classroom in Brazil
a classroom in Brazil
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Category: History & Society
Key People: Jovita Idár Nina Otero-Warren Paula Fox Mamie Till-Mobley Jill Biden
Related Topics: teaching medical education distance learning preschool education higher education
Recent News
Jan. 25, 2024, 5:00 PM ET (AP)
Jill Biden tells school principals 'enough is enough' while promoting a gun safety initiative
Top Questions
What does education mean?
What was education like in ancient Athens?
How does social class affect education attainment?
When did education become compulsory?
What are alternative forms of education?
Do school vouchers offer students access to better education?
Should corporal punishment be used in elementary education settings?
Should dress codes be implemented and enforced in education settings?
Education, discipline that is concerned with methods of teaching and learning in schools or school-like environments as opposed to various nonformal and informal means of socialization (e.g., rural development projects and education through parent-child relationships).
(Read Arne Duncan’s Britannica essay on “Education: The Great Equalizer.”)
Education can be thought of as the transmission of the values and accumulated knowledge of a society. In this sense, it is equivalent to what social scientists term socialization or enculturation. Children—whether conceived among New Guinea tribespeople, the Renaissance Florentines, or the middle classes of Manhattan—are born without culture. Education is designed to guide them in learning a culture, molding their behaviour in the ways of adulthood, and directing them toward their eventual role in society. In the most primitive cultures, there is often little formal learning—little of what one would ordinarily call school or classes or teachers. Instead, the entire environment and all activities are frequently viewed as school and classes, and many or all adults act as teachers. As societies grow more complex, however, the quantity of knowledge to be passed on from one generation to the next becomes more than any one person can know, and, hence, there must evolve more selective and efficient means of cultural transmission. The outcome is formal education—the school and the specialist called the teacher.
As society becomes ever more complex and schools become ever more institutionalized, educational experience becomes less directly related to daily life, less a matter of showing and learning in the context of the workaday world, and more abstracted from practice, more a matter of distilling, telling, and learning things out of context. This concentration of learning in a formal atmosphere allows children to learn far more of their culture than they are able to do by merely observing and imitating. As society gradually attaches more and more importance to education, it also tries
Education is the transmission of knowledge, skills, and character traits and comes in many forms. Formal education happens in a complex institutional framework, like public schools. Non-formal education is also structured but takes place outside the formal schooling system, while informal education is unstructured learning through daily experiences. Formal and non-formal education are divided into levels that include early childhood education, primary education, secondary education, and tertiary education. Other classifications focus on the teaching method, like teacher-centered and student-centered education, and on the subject, like science education, language education, and physical education. The term "education" can also refer to the mental states and qualities of educated people and the academic field studying educational phenomena.
The precise definition of education is disputed, and there are disagreements about what the aims of education are and to what extent education is different from indoctrination by fostering critical thinking. These disagreements affect how to identify, measure, and improve forms of education. Fundamentally, education socializes children into society by teaching cultural values and norms. It equips them with the skills needed to become productive members of society. This way, it stimulates economic growth and raises awareness of local and global problems. Organized institutions affect many aspects of education. For example, governments set education policies to determine when school classes happen, what is taught, and who can or must attend. International organizations, like UNESCO, have been influential in promoting primary education for all children.
Many factors influence whether education is successful. Psychological factors include motivation, intelligence, and personality. Social factors, like socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and gender, are often linked to discrimination. Further factors include access to educational technology, teacher quality, and parent involvement.
The main academic field investigating education is called education studies. It examines what education is, what aims and effects it has, and how to improve it. Education studies has many subfields, like philosophy, psychology, sociology, and economics of education. It also discusses comparative education, pedagogy, and the history of education.
In prehistory, education happened informally through oral communication and imitation. With the rise of ancient civilizations, writing was invented, and the amount of knowledge grew. This caused a shift from informal to formal education. Initially, formal education was mainly available to elites and religious groups. The invention of the printing press in the 15th century made books more widely available. This increased general literacy. Beginning in the 18th and 19th centuries, public education became more important. This development led to the worldwide process of making primary education availa
Education is the transmission of knowledge, skills, and character traits and comes in many forms. Formal education happens in a complex institutional framework, like public schools. Non-formal education is also structured but takes place outside the formal schooling system, while informal education is unstructured learning through daily experiences. Formal and non-formal education are divided into levels that include early childhood education, primary education, secondary education, and tertiary education. Other classifications focus on the teaching method, like teacher-centered and student-centered education, and on the subject, like science education, language education, and physical education. The term "education" can also refer to the mental states and qualities of educated people and the academic field studying educational phenomena.
The precise definition of education is disputed, and there are disagreements about what the aims of education are and to what extent education is different from indoctrination by fostering critical thinking. These disagreements affect how to identify, measure, and improve forms of education. Fundamentally, education socializes children into society by teaching cultural values and norms. It equips them with the skills needed to become productive members of society. This way, it stimulates economic growth and raises awareness of local and global problems. Organized institutions affect many aspects of education. For example, governments set education policies to determine when school classes happen, what is taught, and who can or must attend. International organizations, like UNESCO, have been influential in promoting primary education for all children.
Many factors influence whether education is successful. Psychological factors include motivation, intelligence, and personality. Social factors, like socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and gender, are often linked to discrimination. Further factors include access to educational technology, teacher quality, and parent involvement.
The main academic field investigating education is called education studies. It examines what education is, what aims and effects it has, and how to improve it. Education studies has many subfields, like philosophy, psychology, sociology, and economics of education. It also discusses comparative education, pedagogy, and the history of education.
In prehistory, education happened informally through oral communication and imitation. With the rise of ancient civilizations, writing was invented, and the amount of knowledge grew. This caused a shift from informal to formal education. Initially, formal education was mainly available to elites and religious groups. The invention of the printing press in the 15th century made books more widely available. This increased general literacy. Beginning in the 18th and 19th centuries, public education became more important. This development led to the worldwide process of making primary education availa
Education, discipline that is concerned with methods of teaching and learning in schools or school-like environments as opposed to various nonformal and informal means of socialization (e.g., rural development projects and education through parent-child relationships).
(Read Arne Duncan’s Britannica essay on “Education: The Great Equalizer.”)
Education can be thought of as the transmission of the values and accumulated knowledge of a society. In this sense, it is equivalent to what social scientists term socialization or enculturation. Children—whether conceived among New Guinea tribespeople, the Renaissance Florentines, or the middle classes of Manhattan—are born without culture. Education is designed to guide them in learning a culture, molding their behaviour in the ways of adulthood, and directing them toward their eventual role in society. In the most primitive cultures, there is often little formal learning—little of what one would ordinarily call school or classes or teachers. Instead, the entire environment and all activities are frequently viewed as school and classes, and many or all adults act as teachers. As societies grow more complex, however, the quantity of knowledge to be passed on from one generation to the next becomes more than any one person can know, and, hence, there must evolve more selective and efficient means of cultural transmission. The outcome is formal education—the school and the specialist called the teacher.
As society becomes ever more complex and schools become ever more institutionalized, educational experience becomes less directly related to daily life, less a matter of showing and learning in the context of the workaday world, and more abstracted from practice, more a matter of distilling, telling, and learning things out of context. This concentration of learning in a formal atmosphere allows children to learn far more of their culture than they are able to do by merely observing and imitating. As society gradually attaches more and more importance to education, it also tries to formulate the overall objectives, content, organization, and strategies of education. Literature becomes laden with advice on the rearing of the younger generation. In short, there develop philosophies and theories of education.
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This article discusses the history of education, tracing the evolution of the formal teaching of knowledge and skills from prehistoric and ancient times to the present, and considering the various philosophies that have inspired the resulting systems. Other aspects of education are treated in a number of articles. For a treatment of education as a discipline, including educational organization, teaching methods, and the functions and training of teachers, see teaching; pedagogy; and teacher education. For a description of education in various specialized fields, see historiography; legal education; medical education; sci
The document provides instructions for identifying nouns and adjectives. It asks the reader to clap once or twice to identify nouns in a list of words. It then defines nouns and asks comprehension questions about bananas. Several phrases and sentences are given that contain adjectives, and the reader is asked to underline the adjectives. Pictures are described using adjectives from an earlier list. The assignment is to bring a picture of a favorite cartoon character to describe in class.
This a powerpoint presentation intended for a classroom observation. This will help other teachers or teacher applicant to lessen their work in terms of making an instructuional materials. Errors and mistakes are visible in this powerpoint presentation since this is not perfect. Just be grateful for someone exerts effort of creating this kind of instructional material. Instructional materials provide the core information that students will experience, learn, and apply during a course. They hold the power to either engage or demotivate students. This is especially true for online courses, which rely on a thoughtful and complete collection of instructional materials that students will access, explore, absorb, and reference as they proceed in a course.
Therefore, such materials must be carefully planned, selected, organized, refined, and used in a course for maximum effect. The planning and selection of instructional materials should take into consideration both the breadth and depth of content so that student learning is optimized. Consider these questions as you select instructional materials for your course:
Are the scope and coverage appropriate?
What will learners read/explore?
What will learners view/hear?
What could learners experience/create?
Will you find or create this material?
Do materials and media support and align with the stated learning objectives?
Is there sufficient interactivity and engagement?
Instructors and/or instructional designers should cast a wide net and aim for a variety of materials to include in their course. At the same time, they should be deliberate with these choices so that the course has the appropriate combination of instructional materials. Below are just a few categories of instructional content to include in an online course.
Note: Select the plus sign or headings to reveal additional content.
3. Layunin
1. Natutukoy ang kahulugan at kahalagahan
ng kamalayang ponolohiya/ponema sa
paghahanda sa pagbasa;
2. Naiisa-isa ang mga paraan na maaaring
gamitin sa paglinang ng kamalayang
ponolohiya/ponema;
3. Nasasabi ang koneksiyon ng kaalaman sa
ponolohiya sa pagbasa; at
4. Nakabubuo ng lesson activity sa pagtuturo
ng kamalayang ponolohiya at ponema.
4. Gabay na Tanong
1. Ano ang Kamalayang Ponolohiya?
2. Paano mo ihahambing ang Kamalayang
ponolohiya at ponema?
3. Ano ang kaugnayan ng kasanayang
kamalayang ponolohiya/ponema sa
pagkatuto ng pagbasa?
4. Paano itinuturo ang Kamalayang
ponolohiya at ponema?
5. Paano tinataya ang kasanayang Kamalayan
sa Ponolohiya/Ponema?
5. Gawain 1: Subukan Natin
‘to.
Pakinggan ang awiting Bahay Kubo
Sagutin:
1.) Anong mga salita ang magkatugma sa
unang taludtod ng kanta?
2.) Anong salita ang kaya mong ibigay?
6. Gawain 1: Subukan Natin
‘to.
3.) Anong literacy domain ang nililinang sa
gawaing ito?
4.) Paano mo itinuturo ang Kamalayang
Ponolohiya sa mga mag-aaral?
10. • Kamalayan sa Ponema---tiyak na kaalaman na ang
salitang bininigkas ay binubuo ng indibidwal na tunog
o ponema. Inaasahang kayang matukoy ng mag-aaral
ang bawat tunog na bumubuo sa bawat salita.
Halimbawa: ang salitang ‘aso’ ay binubuo ng tatlong
tunog o ponema na /a/s/o/.
Usap Tayo!
11. Kaugnayan ng Kamalayang Ponolohiya
sa Pagbasa
Ayon sa pag-aaral, ang mga batang may
sapat na kaalaman at pang-unawa na ang salita
ay binubuo ng mga ponema o tunog ay higit na
mas handa sa susunod na kasanayan: ang
decoding o panimulang pagbasa.
Usap Tayo!
https://www.readingrockets.org/helping/target/phonologicalphonemic
12. Usap Tayo!
•Phoneme---is a single sound that
maps to one or more printed letters. It
is the smallest sound in spoken
language.
•Phonetics---is a study of speech
sounds.
13. Gawain 2: Tanungan Tayo
Bumunot ng mga tanong sa loob ng kahon
at sagutin ito:
1. Anong kasanayan ang pinakapundasyon
sa pagbasa?
2. Bakit mahalagang malinang sa mga
maliliit na mga bata ang pakikinig sa
wika?
14. Gawain 2: Tanungan Tayo
3. Kailan dapat ituturo ang kamalayang
ponolohiya?
4. Anong makro skill ang ginagamit sa
pagkatuto/pag-aaral ng kamalayang
ponolohiya?
16. Mga Istratehiya sa Paglinang ng Kamalayang
Ponolohiya
❖ Pagtukoy ng mga tugma sa pamamagitan ng
Nursery songs at rhymes
Leron, leron sinta buko ng papaya
Dala-dala’y buslo sisidlan ng bunga….
Ako’y tutula Magtanim ay di biro
Mahabang mahaba Maghapong nakayuko,
Ako’y uupo Di naman makaupo
Tapos na po Di naman makatayo…
17. Mga Istratehiya sa Paglinang ng Kamalayang
Ponolohiya
❖ Tugmaan Gamit ang Larawan
18. ❖Pagpapantig
▪naibibigay ang bilang ng mga pantig sa
binigkas na salita
palakpak a/so, la/pis, pa/la/ka
counters (sticks, lego)
larong piko (bato, larawan)
Mga Istratehiya sa Paglinang
ng Kamalayang Ponolohiya
19. Mga Istratehiya sa Paglinang ng
Kamalayang Ponolohiya
❖Bilang ng salita sa pangungusap
Mabait ang kaibigan kong si Ara.
= = 6
Masaya ang aming bakasyon.
= 4
20. Kamalayan sa Ponema
Ayon sa pag-aaral, ang tahasang pagtuturo
ng kamalayang ponema at ang pagkakaroon ng
matibay na pundasyon nito sa mga mag-aaral
ay makatutulong sa matagumpay na pagbasa
at pagbaybay.
(Ball and Blachman, 1991;Lundberg, Frost, and
Petersen,1988;Yopp,1992)
21. Mga Istratehiya sa Paglinang
ng Kamalayang
Ponolohiya(Ponema)
❖Tunugan Tayo
Ibigay ang unang tunog ng mga salitang
bibigkasin:
mais mani mata mansanas
Tukuyin ang magkatulad na tunog sa mga
salita:
saging sapatos susi simba
22. Mga Istratehiya sa Paglinang
ng Kamalayang
Ponolohiya(Ponema)
•Tunugan Tayo
Sabihin ang salitang hindi kasali sa pangkat
manika mani mata susi
Pagbuo ng salita sa pamamagitan ng
pagsasama-sama ng mga tunog.
Anong salita ang s/u/s/i?
Ilang tunog mayroon ang salitang daga?
23. Mga Istratehiya sa Paglinang
ng Kamalayang
Ponolohiya(Ponema)
❖Chanting
m at a-----ma s at a-------sa
❖ Dagdag, Bawas
Anong salita ang mabubuo kapag tinanggal natin
ang t sa salitang dagat?
Anong salita ang mabubuo kapag dinagdagan
natin ng b ang aso?
24. Mga Istratehiya sa Paglinang ng
Kamalayang Ponolohiya(Ponema)
❖Una, Gitna at Hulihan
Ano ang unang tunog na inyong naririnig sa
mga salitang aso, ama, araw, alimango
Anong tunog ang naririnig sa gitna ng mga
salitang aso at asa?
Anong tunog ang naririnig sa hulihan ng mga
salitang asim, anim, langgam
26. Gawain 3: Try Mo!
1.)Ituro sa mga bata ang pagkilala ng
unang tunog ng ngalan ng nasa larawan:
2.) Pagtukoy ng bilang ng mga pantig sa
bawat salita.
ama manok sapatos ilaw
27. Gawain 3: Try Mo!
4.) Pagtukoy ng indibidwal na tunog sa mga
salita:
oso kama bola paa suso
5.) Pagsasama ng mga tunog upang mabuo
ang salita.
a/p/a m/a/t/a i/l/o/g
28. Paano tinataya ang
kaalaman sa Ponolohiya?
Ang kaalamang ito ay mas mabisang tayain
sa pamamagitan ng performans at mga
laro.
Mainam na maghanda ng kagamitan gaya
ng mga larawan o totoong bagay.
Iwasan ang paper and pen test.
29.
30. Paano itinuturo ang unang
pagbasa?
Mahalagang handa na ang loob ng mag-aaral
para sa pagbasa.
Kaya unang ituturo ang kamalayang
ponolohiya/ponema upang magkaroon sila ng
malinaw na “tainga” sa wika.
Kapag malakas na ang pang-unawa ng mga
mag-aaral tungkol sa ponolohiya at ponema
maari ng ipakilala ang mga tunog ng alpabeto.
47. Gawain 5: Share Mo!
Ibahagi ang nalaman kung paano ituturo
ang “Decoding” o “Blending”
a--m--a s--a--m--a m--a--s--a
48. Pangwakas na Gawain
•Isulat sa hugis bilog na papel ang bagong
kaalaman kaugnay ng napag-usapan.
•Isulat sa hugis pusong papel ang nais
gawin kapag ituturo na ang bagong
kaalaman