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>>> Predict security attacks in FOSS
>>> Why you want it and how to do it
Name: Carlos E. Budde
Inst: University of Trento, Italy
Date: 10th November 2023
[~]$ _ [1/9]
[1. Motif]$ _ [2/9]
[1. Motif]$ _ [2/9]
is FOSS...
[1. Motif]$ _ [2/9]
is FOSS...
or uses FOSS
[1. Motif]$ _ [2/9]
is FOSS...
or uses FOSS
Free
Open-Sou
[1. Motif]$ _ [2/9]
#CVEs published per year
Source: https://cve.mitre.org/data/downloads/allitems.csv.Z
[1. Motif]$ _ [3/9]
2020
2018 2019 2020
2019
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
… using open source so�tware
… with 1 or more vulnerabilities
… with high-risk vulnerabilities
Codebases …
Open-source so�tware and vulnerabilities
Source: https://www.synopsys.com/software-integrity/engage/ossra/rep-ossra-2023-pdf
[1. Motif]$ _ [3/9]
2020
2018 2019 2020
2019
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
… using open source so�tware
… with 1 or more vulnerabilities
… with high-risk vulnerabilities
Codebases …
Open-source so�tware and vulnerabilities
Source: https://www.synopsys.com/software-integrity/engage/ossra/rep-ossra-2023-pdf
[1. Motif]$ _ [3/9]
>>> Vulnerabilities in dependency tree
$ mvn dependency:tree
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
.
.
.
[INFO]
[INFO] -----------------------< org.redisson:redisson >------------------------
[INFO] Building Redisson 3.19.0
[INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]---------------------------------
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-dependency-plugin:2.8:tree (default-cli) @ redisson ---
[INFO] org.redisson:redisson:jar:3.19.0
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] | +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-unix-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-codec:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-buffer:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
.
.
.
[1. Motif]$ _ [4/9]
>>> Vulnerabilities in dependency tree
$ mvn dependency:tree
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
.
.
.
[INFO]
[INFO] -----------------------< org.redisson:redisson >------------------------
[INFO] Building Redisson 3.19.0
[INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]---------------------------------
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-dependency-plugin:2.8:tree (default-cli) @ redisson ---
[INFO] org.redisson:redisson:jar:3.19.0
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] | +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-unix-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-codec:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-buffer:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
.
.
.
Dependency tree of Redisson v3.19.0
[1. Motif]$ _ [4/9]
>>> Vulnerabilities in dependency tree
$ mvn dependency:tree
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
.
.
.
[INFO]
[INFO] -----------------------< org.redisson:redisson >------------------------
[INFO] Building Redisson 3.19.0
[INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]---------------------------------
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-dependency-plugin:2.8:tree (default-cli) @ redisson ---
[INFO] org.redisson:redisson:jar:3.19.0
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] | +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-unix-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-codec:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-buffer:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
.
.
.
Dependency tree of Redisson v3.19.0
[1. Motif]$ _ [4/9]
>>> Vulnerabilities in dependency tree
$ mvn dependency:tree
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
.
.
.
[INFO]
[INFO] -----------------------< org.redisson:redisson >------------------------
[INFO] Building Redisson 3.19.0
[INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]---------------------------------
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-dependency-plugin:2.8:tree (default-cli) @ redisson ---
[INFO] org.redisson:redisson:jar:3.19.0
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] | +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-unix-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-codec:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-buffer:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
.
.
.
Dependency tree of Redisson v3.19.0
[1. Motif]$ _ [4/9]
>>> Vulnerabilities in dependency tree
$ mvn dependency:tree
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
.
.
.
[INFO]
[INFO] -----------------------< org.redisson:redisson >------------------------
[INFO] Building Redisson 3.19.0
[INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]---------------------------------
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-dependency-plugin:2.8:tree (default-cli) @ redisson ---
[INFO] org.redisson:redisson:jar:3.19.0
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] | +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-unix-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-codec:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-buffer:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
.
.
.
Dependency tree of Redisson v3.19.0
[1. Motif]$ _ [4/9]
>>> Vulnerabilities in dependency tree
$ mvn dependency:tree
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
.
.
.
[INFO]
[INFO] -----------------------< org.redisson:redisson >------------------------
[INFO] Building Redisson 3.19.0
[INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]---------------------------------
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-dependency-plugin:2.8:tree (default-cli) @ redisson ---
[INFO] org.redisson:redisson:jar:3.19.0
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] | +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-unix-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-codec:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-buffer:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
.
.
.
Dependency tree of Redisson v3.19.0
[1. Motif]$ _ [4/9]
>>> Vulnerabilities in dependency tree
$ mvn dependency:tree
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
.
.
.
[INFO]
[INFO] -----------------------< org.redisson:redisson >------------------------
[INFO] Building Redisson 3.19.0
[INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]---------------------------------
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-dependency-plugin:2.8:tree (default-cli) @ redisson ---
[INFO] org.redisson:redisson:jar:3.19.0
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] | +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-unix-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-codec:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-buffer:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
.
.
.
Dependency tree of Redisson v3.19.0
[1. Motif]$ _ [4/9]
>>> Vulnerabilities in dependency tree
$ mvn dependency:tree
[INFO] Scanning for projects...
.
.
.
[INFO]
[INFO] -----------------------< org.redisson:redisson >------------------------
[INFO] Building Redisson 3.19.0
[INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]---------------------------------
[INFO]
[INFO] --- maven-dependency-plugin:2.8:tree (default-cli) @ redisson ---
[INFO] org.redisson:redisson:jar:3.19.0
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] | +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-unix-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-codec:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-buffer:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
[INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile
.
.
.
Dependency tree of Redisson v3.19.0
[1. Motif]$ _ [4/9]
>>> Software’s vulnerable lifecycle
org.redisson:redisson
3.17.5
ℓa
io.netty:netty-codec
4.1.79
ℓd
Sep'22
Aug'22
Jul'22 Dec'22
Oct'22 Nov'22 time
[2. Da problem]$ _ [5/9]
>>> Software’s vulnerable lifecycle
org.redisson:redisson
3.17.5
ℓa
io.netty:netty-codec
4.1.79
ℓd
4.1.80
ℓd
Sep'22
Aug'22
Jul'22 Dec'22
Oct'22 Nov'22 time
[2. Da problem]$ _ [5/9]
>>> Software’s vulnerable lifecycle
org.redisson:redisson
3.17.5
ℓa ℓa
3.17.6
3.17.5
ℓa
io.netty:netty-codec
4.1.79
ℓd
4.1.80
ℓd
Sep'22
Aug'22
Jul'22 Dec'22
Oct'22 Nov'22 time
[2. Da problem]$ _ [5/9]
>>> Software’s vulnerable lifecycle
org.redisson:redisson
3.17.5
ℓa ℓa
3.17.6
3.17.5
ℓa
io.netty:netty-codec
4.1.79
ℓd
4.1.80
ℓd
4.1.81
ℓd
4.1.82
ℓd
Sep'22
Aug'22
Jul'22 Dec'22
Oct'22 Nov'22 time
[2. Da problem]$ _ [5/9]
>>> Software’s vulnerable lifecycle
org.redisson:redisson
3.17.5
ℓa ℓa
3.17.6
3.17.5
ℓa
ℓa
3.17.7
io.netty:netty-codec
4.1.79
ℓd
4.1.80
ℓd
4.1.81
ℓd
4.1.82
ℓd
Sep'22
Aug'22
Jul'22 Dec'22
Oct'22 Nov'22 time
[2. Da problem]$ _ [5/9]
>>> Software’s vulnerable lifecycle
org.redisson:redisson
3.17.5
ℓa ℓa
3.17.6
3.17.5
ℓa
ℓa
3.17.7
ℓa
3.18.0
ℓa
3.18.1
ℓa
3.17.7
io.netty:netty-codec
4.1.79
ℓd
4.1.80
ℓd
4.1.81
ℓd
4.1.82
ℓd
4.1.83
ℓd
4.1.84
ℓd
4.1.85
ℓd
4.1.86
ℓd
Sep'22
Aug'22
Jul'22 Dec'22
Oct'22 Nov'22 time
[2. Da problem]$ _ [5/9]
>>> Software’s vulnerable lifecycle
org.redisson:redisson
3.17.5
ℓa ℓa
3.17.6
3.17.5
ℓa
ℓa
3.17.7
ℓa
3.18.0
ℓa
3.18.1
ℓa
3.17.7
io.netty:netty-codec
4.1.79
ℓd
4.1.80
ℓd
4.1.81
ℓd
4.1.82
ℓd
4.1.83
ℓd
4.1.84
ℓd
4.1.85
ℓd
4.1.86
ℓd
Sep'22
Aug'22
Jul'22 Dec'22
Oct'22 Nov'22 time
CVE-2022-41915 disclosed!
affects netty [4.1.83, 4.1.86)
[2. Da problem]$ _ [5/9]
>>> Software’s vulnerable lifecycle
org.redisson:redisson
3.17.5
ℓa ℓa
3.17.6
3.17.5
ℓa
ℓa
3.17.7
ℓa
3.18.0
ℓa
3.18.1
ℓa
3.17.7
ℓa
3.19.0
io.netty:netty-codec
4.1.79
ℓd
4.1.80
ℓd
4.1.81
ℓd
4.1.82
ℓd
4.1.83
ℓd
4.1.84
ℓd
4.1.85
ℓd
4.1.86
ℓd
Sep'22
Aug'22
Jul'22 Dec'22
Oct'22 Nov'22 time
CVE-2022-41915 disclosed!
affects netty [4.1.83, 4.1.86)
[2. Da problem]$ _ [5/9]
>>> Software’s vulnerable lifecycle
org.redisson:redisson
3.17.5
ℓa ℓa
3.17.6
3.17.5
ℓa
ℓa
3.17.7
ℓa
3.18.0
ℓa
3.18.1
ℓa
3.17.7
ℓa
3.19.0
io.netty:netty-codec
4.1.79
ℓd
4.1.80
ℓd
4.1.81
ℓd
4.1.82
ℓd
4.1.83
ℓd
4.1.84
ℓd
4.1.85
ℓd
4.1.86
ℓd
Sep'22
Aug'22
Jul'22 Dec'22
Oct'22 Nov'22 time
CVE-2022-41915 disclosed!
affects netty [4.1.83, 4.1.86)
Forced
MOVE
Wrong
MOVE
Correct
STAY
Correct
MOVE
Correct
STAY
[2. Da problem]$ _ [5/9]
>>> Software’s vulnerable lifecycle
org.redisson:redisson
3.17.5
ℓa ℓa
3.17.6
3.17.5
ℓa
io.netty:netty-codec
4.1.79
ℓd
4.1.80
ℓd
4.1.81
ℓd
4.1.82
ℓd
ℓa
3.17.7
? ? ? ?
Sep'22
Aug'22
Jul'22 Dec'22
Oct'22 Nov'22 time
Is there a best time to update?
[2. Da problem]$ _ [5/9]
>>> Idea: fit CVE disclosure time
[3. Proposal]$ _ [6/9]
>>> Idea: fit CVE disclosure time
org.redisson:redisson
3.17.5
ℓa ℓa
3.17.6
3.17.5
ℓa
ℓa
3.17.7
ℓa
3.18.0
ℓa
3.18.1
ℓa
3.17.7
ℓa
3.19.0
io.netty:netty-codec
4.1.79
ℓd
4.1.80
ℓd
4.1.81
ℓd
4.1.82
ℓd
4.1.83
ℓd
4.1.84
ℓd
4.1.85
ℓd
4.1.86
ℓd
Sep'22
Aug'22
Jul'22 Dec'22
Oct'22 Nov'22 time
CVE-2022-41915 disclosed!
affects netty [4.1.83, 4.1.86)
[3. Proposal]$ _ [6/9]
>>> Idea: fit CVE disclosure time
org.redisson:redisson
3.17.5
ℓa ℓa
3.17.6
3.17.5
ℓa
ℓa
3.17.7
ℓa
3.18.0
ℓa
3.18.1
ℓa
3.17.7
ℓa
3.19.0
io.netty:netty-codec
4.1.79
ℓd
4.1.80
ℓd
4.1.81
ℓd
4.1.82
ℓd
4.1.83
ℓd
4.1.84
ℓd
4.1.85
ℓd
4.1.86
ℓd
Sep'22
Aug'22
Jul'22 Dec'22
Oct'22 Nov'22 time
CVE-2022-41915 disclosed!
affects netty [4.1.83, 4.1.86)
[3. Proposal]$ _ [6/9]
>>> Idea: fit CVE disclosure time
org.redisson:redisson
3.17.5
ℓa ℓa
3.17.6
3.17.5
ℓa
ℓa
3.17.7
ℓa
3.18.0
ℓa
3.18.1
ℓa
3.17.7
ℓa
3.19.0
io.netty:netty-codec
4.1.79
ℓd
4.1.80
ℓd
4.1.81
ℓd
4.1.82
ℓd
4.1.83
ℓd
4.1.84
ℓd
4.1.85
ℓd
4.1.86
ℓd
Sep'22
Aug'22
Jul'22 Dec'22
Oct'22 Nov'22 time
CVE-2022-41915 disclosed!
affects netty [4.1.83, 4.1.86)
[3. Proposal]$ _ [6/9]
>>> Idea: fit CVE disclosure time
org.redisson:redisson
3.17.5
ℓa ℓa
3.17.6
3.17.5
ℓa
ℓa
3.17.7
ℓa
3.18.0
ℓa
3.18.1
ℓa
3.17.7
ℓa
3.19.0
io.netty:netty-codec
4.1.79
ℓd
4.1.80
ℓd
4.1.81
ℓd
4.1.82
ℓd
4.1.83
ℓd
4.1.84
ℓd
4.1.85
ℓd
4.1.86
ℓd
Sep'22
Aug'22
Jul'22 Dec'22
Oct'22 Nov'22 time
CVE-2022-41915 disclosed!
affects netty [4.1.83, 4.1.86)
[3. Proposal]$ _ [6/9]
>>> Idea: fit CVE disclosure time
org.redisson:redisson
3.17.5
ℓa ℓa
3.17.6
3.17.5
ℓa
ℓa
3.17.7
ℓa
3.18.0
ℓa
3.18.1
ℓa
3.17.7
ℓa
3.19.0
io.netty:netty-codec
4.1.79
ℓd
4.1.80
ℓd
4.1.81
ℓd
4.1.82
ℓd
4.1.83
ℓd
4.1.84
ℓd
4.1.85
ℓd
4.1.86
ℓd
Sep'22
Aug'22
Jul'22 Dec'22
Oct'22 Nov'22 time
CVE-2022-41915 disclosed!
affects netty [4.1.83, 4.1.86)
[3. Proposal]$ _ [6/9]
>>> Idea: fit CVE disclosure time
org.redisson:redisson
3.17.5
ℓa ℓa
3.17.6
3.17.5
ℓa
ℓa
3.17.7
ℓa
3.18.0
ℓa
3.18.1
ℓa
3.17.7
ℓa
3.19.0
io.netty:netty-codec
4.1.79
ℓd
4.1.80
ℓd
4.1.81
ℓd
4.1.82
ℓd
4.1.83
ℓd
4.1.84
ℓd
4.1.85
ℓd
4.1.86
ℓd
Sep'22
Aug'22
Jul'22 Dec'22
Oct'22 Nov'22 time
CVE-2022-41915 disclosed!
affects netty [4.1.83, 4.1.86)
Time since lib. release
Probability
of
CVE
public.
1M 2M 3M 4M ...
[3. Proposal]$ _ [6/9]
>>> But:
* Vulnerabilities are rare events ⇒ very few to fit from
[4. Challenges]$ _ [7/9]
>>> But:
* Vulnerabilities are rare events ⇒ very few to fit from
– Aggregate vulnerabilities from many libraries
[4. Challenges]$ _ [7/9]
>>> But:
* Vulnerabilities are rare events ⇒ very few to fit from
– Aggregate vulnerabilities from many libraries
* Not every vulnerability (or library) is equivalent
[4. Challenges]$ _ [7/9]
>>> But:
* Vulnerabilities are rare events ⇒ very few to fit from
– Aggregate vulnerabilities from many libraries
* Not every vulnerability (or library) is equivalent
– Partition software libraries per type
[4. Challenges]$ _ [7/9]
>>> But:
* Vulnerabilities are rare events ⇒ very few to fit from
– Aggregate vulnerabilities from many libraries
* Not every vulnerability (or library) is equivalent
– Partition software libraries per type
* Software features for classification
that are relevant for security
[4. Challenges]$ _ [7/9]
>>> But:
* Vulnerabilities are rare events ⇒ very few to fit from
– Aggregate vulnerabilities from many libraries
* Not every vulnerability (or library) is equivalent
– Partition software libraries per type
* Software features for classification
that are relevant for security
Some SW metric
Some
other
SW
metric
Types of so�tware library
[4. Challenges]$ _ [7/9]
>>> But:
* Vulnerabilities are rare events ⇒ very few to fit from
– Aggregate vulnerabilities from many libraries
* Not every vulnerability (or library) is equivalent
– Partition software libraries per type
* Software features for classification
that are relevant for security
Some SW metric
Some
other
SW
metric
Types of so�tware library
[4. Challenges]$ _ [7/9]
>>> But:
* Vulnerabilities are rare events ⇒ very few to fit from
– Aggregate vulnerabilities from many libraries
* Not every vulnerability (or library) is equivalent
– Partition software libraries per type
* Software features for classification
that are relevant for security
Some SW metric
Some
other
SW
metric
Types of so�tware library
[4. Challenges]$ _ [7/9]
>>> But:
* Vulnerabilities are rare events ⇒ very few to fit from
– Aggregate vulnerabilities from many libraries
* Not every vulnerability (or library) is equivalent
– Partition software libraries per type
* Software features for classification
that are relevant for security
Some SW metric
Some
other
SW
metric
Types of so�tware library
Features used to partition data,
not to predict vulnerabilities
[4. Challenges]$ _ [7/9]
>>> Preliminary outcomes
Time from release date of library to publication date of CVE
Probability
of
CVE
in
own_code
of
library
Small/Medium Large
Local
Remote
network
[5. Results]$ _ [8/9]
>>> Predict security attacks in FOSS
>>> Why you want it and how to do it
Name: Carlos E. Budde†
Inst: University of Trento, Italy
https://vuass.eu.qualtrics.com/
jfe/form/SV_cFSKOHjHZnaH2Si
Ethical
security
survey
—
Vrije
Universiteit
Amsterdam
†
carlosesteban.budde@unitn.it
[~]$ _ [9/9]

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SFSCON23 - Carlos Esteban Budde - Predict security attacks in FOSS

  • 1. >>> Predict security attacks in FOSS >>> Why you want it and how to do it Name: Carlos E. Budde Inst: University of Trento, Italy Date: 10th November 2023 [~]$ _ [1/9]
  • 5. is FOSS... or uses FOSS [1. Motif]$ _ [2/9]
  • 6. is FOSS... or uses FOSS Free Open-Sou [1. Motif]$ _ [2/9]
  • 7. #CVEs published per year Source: https://cve.mitre.org/data/downloads/allitems.csv.Z [1. Motif]$ _ [3/9]
  • 8. 2020 2018 2019 2020 2019 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% … using open source so�tware … with 1 or more vulnerabilities … with high-risk vulnerabilities Codebases … Open-source so�tware and vulnerabilities Source: https://www.synopsys.com/software-integrity/engage/ossra/rep-ossra-2023-pdf [1. Motif]$ _ [3/9]
  • 9. 2020 2018 2019 2020 2019 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% … using open source so�tware … with 1 or more vulnerabilities … with high-risk vulnerabilities Codebases … Open-source so�tware and vulnerabilities Source: https://www.synopsys.com/software-integrity/engage/ossra/rep-ossra-2023-pdf [1. Motif]$ _ [3/9]
  • 10. >>> Vulnerabilities in dependency tree $ mvn dependency:tree [INFO] Scanning for projects... . . . [INFO] [INFO] -----------------------< org.redisson:redisson >------------------------ [INFO] Building Redisson 3.19.0 [INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]--------------------------------- [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-dependency-plugin:2.8:tree (default-cli) @ redisson --- [INFO] org.redisson:redisson:jar:3.19.0 [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] | +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-unix-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-codec:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-buffer:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile . . . [1. Motif]$ _ [4/9]
  • 11. >>> Vulnerabilities in dependency tree $ mvn dependency:tree [INFO] Scanning for projects... . . . [INFO] [INFO] -----------------------< org.redisson:redisson >------------------------ [INFO] Building Redisson 3.19.0 [INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]--------------------------------- [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-dependency-plugin:2.8:tree (default-cli) @ redisson --- [INFO] org.redisson:redisson:jar:3.19.0 [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] | +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-unix-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-codec:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-buffer:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile . . . Dependency tree of Redisson v3.19.0 [1. Motif]$ _ [4/9]
  • 12. >>> Vulnerabilities in dependency tree $ mvn dependency:tree [INFO] Scanning for projects... . . . [INFO] [INFO] -----------------------< org.redisson:redisson >------------------------ [INFO] Building Redisson 3.19.0 [INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]--------------------------------- [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-dependency-plugin:2.8:tree (default-cli) @ redisson --- [INFO] org.redisson:redisson:jar:3.19.0 [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] | +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-unix-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-codec:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-buffer:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile . . . Dependency tree of Redisson v3.19.0 [1. Motif]$ _ [4/9]
  • 13. >>> Vulnerabilities in dependency tree $ mvn dependency:tree [INFO] Scanning for projects... . . . [INFO] [INFO] -----------------------< org.redisson:redisson >------------------------ [INFO] Building Redisson 3.19.0 [INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]--------------------------------- [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-dependency-plugin:2.8:tree (default-cli) @ redisson --- [INFO] org.redisson:redisson:jar:3.19.0 [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] | +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-unix-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-codec:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-buffer:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile . . . Dependency tree of Redisson v3.19.0 [1. Motif]$ _ [4/9]
  • 14. >>> Vulnerabilities in dependency tree $ mvn dependency:tree [INFO] Scanning for projects... . . . [INFO] [INFO] -----------------------< org.redisson:redisson >------------------------ [INFO] Building Redisson 3.19.0 [INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]--------------------------------- [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-dependency-plugin:2.8:tree (default-cli) @ redisson --- [INFO] org.redisson:redisson:jar:3.19.0 [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] | +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-unix-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-codec:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-buffer:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile . . . Dependency tree of Redisson v3.19.0 [1. Motif]$ _ [4/9]
  • 15. >>> Vulnerabilities in dependency tree $ mvn dependency:tree [INFO] Scanning for projects... . . . [INFO] [INFO] -----------------------< org.redisson:redisson >------------------------ [INFO] Building Redisson 3.19.0 [INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]--------------------------------- [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-dependency-plugin:2.8:tree (default-cli) @ redisson --- [INFO] org.redisson:redisson:jar:3.19.0 [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] | +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-unix-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-codec:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-buffer:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile . . . Dependency tree of Redisson v3.19.0 [1. Motif]$ _ [4/9]
  • 16. >>> Vulnerabilities in dependency tree $ mvn dependency:tree [INFO] Scanning for projects... . . . [INFO] [INFO] -----------------------< org.redisson:redisson >------------------------ [INFO] Building Redisson 3.19.0 [INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]--------------------------------- [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-dependency-plugin:2.8:tree (default-cli) @ redisson --- [INFO] org.redisson:redisson:jar:3.19.0 [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] | +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-unix-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-codec:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-buffer:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile . . . Dependency tree of Redisson v3.19.0 [1. Motif]$ _ [4/9]
  • 17. >>> Vulnerabilities in dependency tree $ mvn dependency:tree [INFO] Scanning for projects... . . . [INFO] [INFO] -----------------------< org.redisson:redisson >------------------------ [INFO] Building Redisson 3.19.0 [INFO] --------------------------------[ jar ]--------------------------------- [INFO] [INFO] --- maven-dependency-plugin:2.8:tree (default-cli) @ redisson --- [INFO] org.redisson:redisson:jar:3.19.0 [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] | +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-unix-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-kqueue:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport-native-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] | - io.netty:netty-transport-classes-epoll:jar:4.1.86.Final:provided [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-common:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-codec:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-buffer:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile [INFO] +- io.netty:netty-transport:jar:4.1.86.Final:compile . . . Dependency tree of Redisson v3.19.0 [1. Motif]$ _ [4/9]
  • 18. >>> Software’s vulnerable lifecycle org.redisson:redisson 3.17.5 ℓa io.netty:netty-codec 4.1.79 ℓd Sep'22 Aug'22 Jul'22 Dec'22 Oct'22 Nov'22 time [2. Da problem]$ _ [5/9]
  • 19. >>> Software’s vulnerable lifecycle org.redisson:redisson 3.17.5 ℓa io.netty:netty-codec 4.1.79 ℓd 4.1.80 ℓd Sep'22 Aug'22 Jul'22 Dec'22 Oct'22 Nov'22 time [2. Da problem]$ _ [5/9]
  • 20. >>> Software’s vulnerable lifecycle org.redisson:redisson 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.6 3.17.5 ℓa io.netty:netty-codec 4.1.79 ℓd 4.1.80 ℓd Sep'22 Aug'22 Jul'22 Dec'22 Oct'22 Nov'22 time [2. Da problem]$ _ [5/9]
  • 21. >>> Software’s vulnerable lifecycle org.redisson:redisson 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.6 3.17.5 ℓa io.netty:netty-codec 4.1.79 ℓd 4.1.80 ℓd 4.1.81 ℓd 4.1.82 ℓd Sep'22 Aug'22 Jul'22 Dec'22 Oct'22 Nov'22 time [2. Da problem]$ _ [5/9]
  • 22. >>> Software’s vulnerable lifecycle org.redisson:redisson 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.6 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.7 io.netty:netty-codec 4.1.79 ℓd 4.1.80 ℓd 4.1.81 ℓd 4.1.82 ℓd Sep'22 Aug'22 Jul'22 Dec'22 Oct'22 Nov'22 time [2. Da problem]$ _ [5/9]
  • 23. >>> Software’s vulnerable lifecycle org.redisson:redisson 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.6 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.7 ℓa 3.18.0 ℓa 3.18.1 ℓa 3.17.7 io.netty:netty-codec 4.1.79 ℓd 4.1.80 ℓd 4.1.81 ℓd 4.1.82 ℓd 4.1.83 ℓd 4.1.84 ℓd 4.1.85 ℓd 4.1.86 ℓd Sep'22 Aug'22 Jul'22 Dec'22 Oct'22 Nov'22 time [2. Da problem]$ _ [5/9]
  • 24. >>> Software’s vulnerable lifecycle org.redisson:redisson 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.6 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.7 ℓa 3.18.0 ℓa 3.18.1 ℓa 3.17.7 io.netty:netty-codec 4.1.79 ℓd 4.1.80 ℓd 4.1.81 ℓd 4.1.82 ℓd 4.1.83 ℓd 4.1.84 ℓd 4.1.85 ℓd 4.1.86 ℓd Sep'22 Aug'22 Jul'22 Dec'22 Oct'22 Nov'22 time CVE-2022-41915 disclosed! affects netty [4.1.83, 4.1.86) [2. Da problem]$ _ [5/9]
  • 25. >>> Software’s vulnerable lifecycle org.redisson:redisson 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.6 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.7 ℓa 3.18.0 ℓa 3.18.1 ℓa 3.17.7 ℓa 3.19.0 io.netty:netty-codec 4.1.79 ℓd 4.1.80 ℓd 4.1.81 ℓd 4.1.82 ℓd 4.1.83 ℓd 4.1.84 ℓd 4.1.85 ℓd 4.1.86 ℓd Sep'22 Aug'22 Jul'22 Dec'22 Oct'22 Nov'22 time CVE-2022-41915 disclosed! affects netty [4.1.83, 4.1.86) [2. Da problem]$ _ [5/9]
  • 26. >>> Software’s vulnerable lifecycle org.redisson:redisson 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.6 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.7 ℓa 3.18.0 ℓa 3.18.1 ℓa 3.17.7 ℓa 3.19.0 io.netty:netty-codec 4.1.79 ℓd 4.1.80 ℓd 4.1.81 ℓd 4.1.82 ℓd 4.1.83 ℓd 4.1.84 ℓd 4.1.85 ℓd 4.1.86 ℓd Sep'22 Aug'22 Jul'22 Dec'22 Oct'22 Nov'22 time CVE-2022-41915 disclosed! affects netty [4.1.83, 4.1.86) Forced MOVE Wrong MOVE Correct STAY Correct MOVE Correct STAY [2. Da problem]$ _ [5/9]
  • 27. >>> Software’s vulnerable lifecycle org.redisson:redisson 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.6 3.17.5 ℓa io.netty:netty-codec 4.1.79 ℓd 4.1.80 ℓd 4.1.81 ℓd 4.1.82 ℓd ℓa 3.17.7 ? ? ? ? Sep'22 Aug'22 Jul'22 Dec'22 Oct'22 Nov'22 time Is there a best time to update? [2. Da problem]$ _ [5/9]
  • 28. >>> Idea: fit CVE disclosure time [3. Proposal]$ _ [6/9]
  • 29. >>> Idea: fit CVE disclosure time org.redisson:redisson 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.6 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.7 ℓa 3.18.0 ℓa 3.18.1 ℓa 3.17.7 ℓa 3.19.0 io.netty:netty-codec 4.1.79 ℓd 4.1.80 ℓd 4.1.81 ℓd 4.1.82 ℓd 4.1.83 ℓd 4.1.84 ℓd 4.1.85 ℓd 4.1.86 ℓd Sep'22 Aug'22 Jul'22 Dec'22 Oct'22 Nov'22 time CVE-2022-41915 disclosed! affects netty [4.1.83, 4.1.86) [3. Proposal]$ _ [6/9]
  • 30. >>> Idea: fit CVE disclosure time org.redisson:redisson 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.6 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.7 ℓa 3.18.0 ℓa 3.18.1 ℓa 3.17.7 ℓa 3.19.0 io.netty:netty-codec 4.1.79 ℓd 4.1.80 ℓd 4.1.81 ℓd 4.1.82 ℓd 4.1.83 ℓd 4.1.84 ℓd 4.1.85 ℓd 4.1.86 ℓd Sep'22 Aug'22 Jul'22 Dec'22 Oct'22 Nov'22 time CVE-2022-41915 disclosed! affects netty [4.1.83, 4.1.86) [3. Proposal]$ _ [6/9]
  • 31. >>> Idea: fit CVE disclosure time org.redisson:redisson 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.6 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.7 ℓa 3.18.0 ℓa 3.18.1 ℓa 3.17.7 ℓa 3.19.0 io.netty:netty-codec 4.1.79 ℓd 4.1.80 ℓd 4.1.81 ℓd 4.1.82 ℓd 4.1.83 ℓd 4.1.84 ℓd 4.1.85 ℓd 4.1.86 ℓd Sep'22 Aug'22 Jul'22 Dec'22 Oct'22 Nov'22 time CVE-2022-41915 disclosed! affects netty [4.1.83, 4.1.86) [3. Proposal]$ _ [6/9]
  • 32. >>> Idea: fit CVE disclosure time org.redisson:redisson 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.6 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.7 ℓa 3.18.0 ℓa 3.18.1 ℓa 3.17.7 ℓa 3.19.0 io.netty:netty-codec 4.1.79 ℓd 4.1.80 ℓd 4.1.81 ℓd 4.1.82 ℓd 4.1.83 ℓd 4.1.84 ℓd 4.1.85 ℓd 4.1.86 ℓd Sep'22 Aug'22 Jul'22 Dec'22 Oct'22 Nov'22 time CVE-2022-41915 disclosed! affects netty [4.1.83, 4.1.86) [3. Proposal]$ _ [6/9]
  • 33. >>> Idea: fit CVE disclosure time org.redisson:redisson 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.6 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.7 ℓa 3.18.0 ℓa 3.18.1 ℓa 3.17.7 ℓa 3.19.0 io.netty:netty-codec 4.1.79 ℓd 4.1.80 ℓd 4.1.81 ℓd 4.1.82 ℓd 4.1.83 ℓd 4.1.84 ℓd 4.1.85 ℓd 4.1.86 ℓd Sep'22 Aug'22 Jul'22 Dec'22 Oct'22 Nov'22 time CVE-2022-41915 disclosed! affects netty [4.1.83, 4.1.86) [3. Proposal]$ _ [6/9]
  • 34. >>> Idea: fit CVE disclosure time org.redisson:redisson 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.6 3.17.5 ℓa ℓa 3.17.7 ℓa 3.18.0 ℓa 3.18.1 ℓa 3.17.7 ℓa 3.19.0 io.netty:netty-codec 4.1.79 ℓd 4.1.80 ℓd 4.1.81 ℓd 4.1.82 ℓd 4.1.83 ℓd 4.1.84 ℓd 4.1.85 ℓd 4.1.86 ℓd Sep'22 Aug'22 Jul'22 Dec'22 Oct'22 Nov'22 time CVE-2022-41915 disclosed! affects netty [4.1.83, 4.1.86) Time since lib. release Probability of CVE public. 1M 2M 3M 4M ... [3. Proposal]$ _ [6/9]
  • 35. >>> But: * Vulnerabilities are rare events ⇒ very few to fit from [4. Challenges]$ _ [7/9]
  • 36. >>> But: * Vulnerabilities are rare events ⇒ very few to fit from – Aggregate vulnerabilities from many libraries [4. Challenges]$ _ [7/9]
  • 37. >>> But: * Vulnerabilities are rare events ⇒ very few to fit from – Aggregate vulnerabilities from many libraries * Not every vulnerability (or library) is equivalent [4. Challenges]$ _ [7/9]
  • 38. >>> But: * Vulnerabilities are rare events ⇒ very few to fit from – Aggregate vulnerabilities from many libraries * Not every vulnerability (or library) is equivalent – Partition software libraries per type [4. Challenges]$ _ [7/9]
  • 39. >>> But: * Vulnerabilities are rare events ⇒ very few to fit from – Aggregate vulnerabilities from many libraries * Not every vulnerability (or library) is equivalent – Partition software libraries per type * Software features for classification that are relevant for security [4. Challenges]$ _ [7/9]
  • 40. >>> But: * Vulnerabilities are rare events ⇒ very few to fit from – Aggregate vulnerabilities from many libraries * Not every vulnerability (or library) is equivalent – Partition software libraries per type * Software features for classification that are relevant for security Some SW metric Some other SW metric Types of so�tware library [4. Challenges]$ _ [7/9]
  • 41. >>> But: * Vulnerabilities are rare events ⇒ very few to fit from – Aggregate vulnerabilities from many libraries * Not every vulnerability (or library) is equivalent – Partition software libraries per type * Software features for classification that are relevant for security Some SW metric Some other SW metric Types of so�tware library [4. Challenges]$ _ [7/9]
  • 42. >>> But: * Vulnerabilities are rare events ⇒ very few to fit from – Aggregate vulnerabilities from many libraries * Not every vulnerability (or library) is equivalent – Partition software libraries per type * Software features for classification that are relevant for security Some SW metric Some other SW metric Types of so�tware library [4. Challenges]$ _ [7/9]
  • 43. >>> But: * Vulnerabilities are rare events ⇒ very few to fit from – Aggregate vulnerabilities from many libraries * Not every vulnerability (or library) is equivalent – Partition software libraries per type * Software features for classification that are relevant for security Some SW metric Some other SW metric Types of so�tware library Features used to partition data, not to predict vulnerabilities [4. Challenges]$ _ [7/9]
  • 44. >>> Preliminary outcomes Time from release date of library to publication date of CVE Probability of CVE in own_code of library Small/Medium Large Local Remote network [5. Results]$ _ [8/9]
  • 45. >>> Predict security attacks in FOSS >>> Why you want it and how to do it Name: Carlos E. Budde† Inst: University of Trento, Italy https://vuass.eu.qualtrics.com/ jfe/form/SV_cFSKOHjHZnaH2Si Ethical security survey — Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam † carlosesteban.budde@unitn.it [~]$ _ [9/9]