Dna sequence ppt

1. ADVANCED ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

2. DNA Sequencing is the method that
determines the order of the four nucleotides
bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and
guanine) that make up the DNA molecule and
convey important genetic information.
In the DNA double helix, the four bases bond
with the specific partner to form units called
base pairs (bp). Adenine (A) pairs with
thymine (T) and cytosine (C) pairs with
guanine (G).
The human genome contains around 3 billion
base pairs that provide the instructions for the
creation and maintenance of a human being

3. DNA Sequencing Methods
Sanger sequencing was discovered by English biochemist Frederick Sanger in
the 1970s. Sanger method is a classical DNA sequencing method that utilizes
fluorescent ddNTPs (dideoxynucleotides, N = A, T, G, or C) to prevent the
addition of another nucleotide
Next-generation sequencing (NGS, also known as massively parallel
sequencing) technologies have largely supplanted Sanger sequencing
with advantages such as high throughput, cost efficiency, and rapidness.
NGS can determine the order of millions of fragments simultaneously.
NGS is a short-read sequencing that requires the construction of small
fragment library, followed by deep sequencing, raw data preprocessing,
DNA sequence alignment, assembly, annotation, and downstream
analysis

4. Emerging third-generation sequencing, also known as long-read
sequencing can examine billions of templates of DNA and RNA and
simultaneously detect variable DNA methylations without biased.
Applications of DNA Sequencing Technologies
DNA sequencing reveals the genetic information that is carried in a
particular DNA segment, a whole genome or a complex microbiome.
Scientists can use sequence information to determine which genes and
regulatory instructions are contained in the DNA molecule.
The DNA sequence can be screened for characteristic features of genes,
such as open reading frames (ORFs)
Homologous DNA sequences from different organisms can be
compared for evolutionary analysis between species or populations.
Notably, DNA sequencing can reveal changes in a gene that may cause a
disease.

5. DNA sequencing has been used in medicine
including diagnosis and treatment of diseases and
epidemiology studies.
Sequencing has the power to revolutionize food
safety and sustainable agriculture including animal,
plant and public health, improving agriculture
through effective plant and animal breeding and
reducing the risks from disease outbreaks.
Additionally, DNA sequencing can be used for
protecting and improving the natural environment
for both humans and wildlife

6. History of DNA Sequencing
 James Watson and francis crick published
the first description double –helix DNA
structure in 1953.
 Early sequencing was performed with tRNA
through a technique developed by Richard
Holley , who published the first structure of
a Trna in 1964.
 The sequencing of DNA molecules began
in the 1970s with development of the
Maxam-Gilbert ethod,and later the sanger
method.

7.  1972 – Earliest nucleotide sequencing –
RNA sequencing of Bacteriophage MS2 by
WALTER FIESERR.
 Originally developed by Frederick Sanger
in 1975, most DNA sequencing that occur
in medical and research laboratories today
is performed using sequencers employing
variations of the sanger method.
 1997 – DNA Sequencing FREDERICK
SANGER by chain termination method.

8.  Chemical degradation method by ALLAN
MAXAM and WALTER GILBERT.
 1977 First DNA genome to be sequenced of
Bacteriophage x174.
 1986 LOREY and SMITH gave semi
automated sequencing .
 1987- Applied biosystems marketed fully
automated sequencing machines.
 1995 CRAIG VENTER, HALMILTON SMITH
and collegues published first complete
genome sequence of Haemophilus influenzae.
 2003 – humen genome project .