Siteimprove internal TechTalk.
Discussing what Accessible Names mean in a web context and how to add good Accessible Names through code and copywriting.
Function is a block of code that performs a specific task. There may be one or more functions in a program, with the main function being essential. Functions can be called from anywhere in a program to prevent duplicating code. Pointers are variables that store the address of another variable in memory, allowing a pointer variable to indirectly access and modify the value of the variable it points to.
The document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming concepts in C++ including objects, classes, data abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, dynamic binding, and message passing. It then describes the structure of a C++ program including include files, class definitions, data declarations, member functions, and main functions. Finally, it discusses control structures in C++ including decision making statements like if/else and switch statements, looping statements like while, do-while and for loops, and functions.
Token, Pattern and Lexeme defines some key concepts in lexical analysis:
Tokens are valid sequences of characters that can be identified as keywords, constants, identifiers, numbers, operators or punctuation. A lexeme is the sequence of characters that matches a token pattern. Patterns are defined by regular expressions or grammar rules to identify lexemes as specific tokens. The lexical analyzer collects attributes like values for number tokens and symbol table entries for identifiers and passes the tokens and attributes to the parser. Lexical errors occur if a character sequence cannot be scanned as a valid token. Error recovery strategies include deleting or inserting characters to allow tokenization to continue.
The document discusses the different phases of a compiler:
1) The front end checks the syntax and semantics of the source code and the back end translates it to assembly code.
2) The front end contains lexical analysis, preprocessing, syntax analysis, and semantic analysis. The back end contains analysis, optimization, and code generation.
3) Optimization aims to improve the intermediate code to increase performance by reducing complexity and leading to faster execution.
This document provides information about word processing and spreadsheets. It includes one mark questions about word processing topics like word processors, formatting tools, and file operations. It also includes two mark questions about spreadsheets topics like macros, charts, and built-in functions. The document contains information relevant to understanding the basic features and operations of word processors and spreadsheets.
This document discusses SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) and JSON (JavaScript Object Notation). It defines SOAP as an XML-based messaging protocol for exchanging information among computers in a platform-independent manner. The key elements of a SOAP message are described as the envelope, header, body and fault. JSON is defined as a lightweight data interchange format that is easy for humans to read and for machines to parse. Common applications and features of JSON are also outlined.
Function is a block of code that performs a specific task. There may be one or more functions in a program, with the main function being essential. Functions can be called from anywhere in a program to prevent duplicating code. Pointers are variables that store the address of another variable in memory, allowing a pointer variable to indirectly access and modify the value of the variable it points to.
The document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming concepts in C++ including objects, classes, data abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, dynamic binding, and message passing. It then describes the structure of a C++ program including include files, class definitions, data declarations, member functions, and main functions. Finally, it discusses control structures in C++ including decision making statements like if/else and switch statements, looping statements like while, do-while and for loops, and functions.
Token, Pattern and Lexeme defines some key concepts in lexical analysis:
Tokens are valid sequences of characters that can be identified as keywords, constants, identifiers, numbers, operators or punctuation. A lexeme is the sequence of characters that matches a token pattern. Patterns are defined by regular expressions or grammar rules to identify lexemes as specific tokens. The lexical analyzer collects attributes like values for number tokens and symbol table entries for identifiers and passes the tokens and attributes to the parser. Lexical errors occur if a character sequence cannot be scanned as a valid token. Error recovery strategies include deleting or inserting characters to allow tokenization to continue.
The document discusses the different phases of a compiler:
1) The front end checks the syntax and semantics of the source code and the back end translates it to assembly code.
2) The front end contains lexical analysis, preprocessing, syntax analysis, and semantic analysis. The back end contains analysis, optimization, and code generation.
3) Optimization aims to improve the intermediate code to increase performance by reducing complexity and leading to faster execution.
This document provides information about word processing and spreadsheets. It includes one mark questions about word processing topics like word processors, formatting tools, and file operations. It also includes two mark questions about spreadsheets topics like macros, charts, and built-in functions. The document contains information relevant to understanding the basic features and operations of word processors and spreadsheets.
This document discusses SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) and JSON (JavaScript Object Notation). It defines SOAP as an XML-based messaging protocol for exchanging information among computers in a platform-independent manner. The key elements of a SOAP message are described as the envelope, header, body and fault. JSON is defined as a lightweight data interchange format that is easy for humans to read and for machines to parse. Common applications and features of JSON are also outlined.
C++ Langauage Training in Ambala ! BATRA COMPUTER CENTREjatin batra
C++ is a middle-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs. It runs on a variety of platforms such as Windows, Mac OS, and various versions of UNIX. C++ builds on C by adding classes, objects, inheritance, templates and exceptions to support object-oriented programming.
Here is the class Book with the requested attributes and member functions:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Book {
private:
string title;
string author;
string publisher;
float price;
public:
Book() {
title = "No title";
author = "No author";
publisher = "No publisher";
price = 0.0;
}
void display_data() {
cout << "Title: " << title << endl;
cout << "Author: " << author << endl;
cout << "Publisher: " << publisher << endl;
cout << "Price: " << price << endl;
}
This document provides an overview of object-oriented concepts and C++ programming. It discusses procedural programming, structured programming, and object-oriented programming approaches. It describes the key characteristics of OOP including modularity, abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and dynamic binding. The document also discusses the history and characteristics of the C++ programming language, and covers C++ tokens, identifiers, keywords, and constants.
The document discusses lexical analysis in compilers. It defines lexical analysis as the first phase of compilation that reads the source code characters and groups them into meaningful tokens. It describes how a lexical analyzer works by generating tokens in the form of <token name, attribute value> from the source code lexemes. Examples of tokens generated for a sample program are provided. Methods for handling lexical errors, buffering input, specifying tokens with regular expressions and recognizing tokens using transition diagrams are also summarized.
The document discusses lexical analysis in compilers. It begins with an overview of lexical analysis and its role as the first phase of a compiler. It describes how a lexical analyzer works by reading the source program as a stream of characters and grouping them into lexemes (tokens). Regular expressions are used to specify patterns for tokens. The document then discusses specific topics like lexical errors, input buffering techniques, specification of tokens using regular expressions and grammars, recognition of tokens using transition diagrams, and the transition diagram for identifiers and keywords.
This document provides an overview of basic elements of a C++ program including keywords, tokens, identifiers, data types, variables, constants, operators, expressions, and assignment statements. It discusses standard and user-defined identifiers, standard and user-defined data types like int, float, char, and how to declare and initialize variables. It also covers literals, symbolic constants, arithmetic operators, and type casting.
This document provides a summary of key concepts from an introduction to C# programming course, including:
- The structure of a basic C# program with namespaces, classes, and methods
- Console input/output using WriteLine and formatting strings
- Variables, data types, literals, and memory concepts
- Comments, identifiers, keywords, and operators
- Value types vs. reference types and boxing/unboxing concepts
- Implicit and explicit casting between types
This document defines key concepts in database management systems including:
1. A DBMS is a collection of interrelated data and programs to access the data. It is used in applications like banking, airlines, universities, etc.
2. Data is abstracted and stored at different levels (physical, logical, view). Schemas define the overall database design and instances represent the data stored at a moment in time.
3. Relationships associate entities and are modeled in ER diagrams using lines and diamonds. Keys uniquely identify entities and relationships.
This document provides an overview of basic programming concepts for students to understand, including:
1) Comments, preprocessor directives, header files, the main function, identifiers, special symbols, and punctuation that are elements of programming languages.
2) Explanations and examples of each concept like how comments annotate source code, preprocessor directives process special instructions, and header files contain function declarations.
3) The goal for students to be able to identify and understand these fundamental programming concepts after completing this chapter.
This document provides 50 interview questions on C programming language organized into 5 chapters: Variables & Control Flow, Operators, Constants & Structures, Functions, Pointers, and Programs. It aims to help both freshers and experienced programmers quickly brush up on basic C concepts commonly asked during job interviews at top companies. Each question is accompanied by a detailed answer along with code examples where applicable. Feedback is welcomed to be sent to the publisher.
The document provides an overview of the C programming language, including its history, basic structure, data types, operators, input/output, decision making, looping, functions, arrays, pointers, strings, structures, file handling, and linked data structures. Some key topics covered include the C compilation process, basic C program structure, common data types like int and char, arithmetic, relational, and logical operators, if/else and switch statements, while, do-while and for loops, defining functions, and passing arguments to functions.
A flow chart is a graphical representation of a process using different symbols to represent each step linked by arrows. An algorithm is a step-by-step method to solve a problem or make decisions. The main differences between an algorithm and flowchart are that an algorithm is a set of rules to solve a problem while a flowchart is a diagram that visually represents an algorithm. C programming variables must be declared with a data type and can be initialized with a starting value. Variables can be declared locally inside functions or globally outside any functions.
The document discusses protocol buffers, which are a flexible and efficient format for serializing structured data. Protocol buffers involve defining data structures in .proto files, from which code can be generated to read and write binary encoded data. Key advantages of protocol buffers over JSON include being smaller, faster to parse, and supporting schema evolution.
Functions: Function Definition, prototyping, types of functions, passing arguments to functions, Nested Functions, Recursive functions.
Strings: Declaring and Initializing strings, Operations on strings, Arrays of strings, passing strings to functions. Storage Classes: Automatic, External, Static and Register Variables.
The document discusses various .NET programming concepts like variables, data types, loops, and keywords. It provides definitions and examples of concepts like value types vs reference types, constants vs read-only variables, and syntax for if/else, while, for, and switch statements. Key differences between functions and sub-procedures are outlined as well as boxing and unboxing.
The document discusses editing, compiling, and executing a simple C++ program. It begins with an overview of basic C++ programming elements and concepts like tokens, data types, arithmetic operators, and precedence. It then provides examples of simple C++ programs that perform arithmetic calculations and output results. The document emphasizes that understanding programming fundamentals like variables, data types, expressions, and control flow is necessary before writing even basic C++ programs.
This document discusses the basic elements of programming languages and sequential structures. It covers data types, variables, input/output statements, arithmetic expressions, assignment statements, and function calls. Data can be manipulated using variables, which have attributes like type, lifespan, and scope. Common statements include input to read data, process statements like assignments, and output statements to display results. Expressions are used to evaluate values. Programs follow a sequential structure where statements are executed in the order they are written.
Structures-Declaring and Initializing, Nested structure, Array of Structure, Passing Structures to functions, Unions, typedef, enum, Bit fields.
Pointers: Declarations, Pointer arithmetic, Pointers and functions, call by value, Call by reference, Pointers and Arrays, Arrays of Pointers, Pointers and Structures. Meaning of static and dynamic memory allocation, Memory allocation functions.
Files: File modes, File functions, and File operations, Text and Binary files, Command Line arguments Preprocessor directives. Macros: Definition, types of Macros, Creating and implementing user defined header files
This document discusses fundamentals of programming languages including data types, variables, constants, and keywords. It defines data as numbers, characters, and symbols that can be processed and modified by computers. The main data types are numeric (integer, float), non-numeric (character, string, boolean). Variables and constants are introduced as named locations to store and reference data values. The document provides examples and rules for declaring, initializing, and naming variables and constants. It also lists common C/C++ keywords that are reserved for specific uses.
The document provides definitions for various computer science and programming terms related to C++ including data types, operators, statements, functions, classes, inheritance, and more. It defines terms such as #include, abstract class, aggregate, alias, allocation, argument, array, assignment, base class, bit, bool, break, byte, call by reference, call by value, case, char, cin, class, class layout, class member, class template, comments, compiler, const, constructor, continue, copy constructor, cout, data structure, debugger, declaration, default argument, definition, delete operator, derived class, destructor, do, double, dynamic memory allocation, else, endl, explicit, expression, expression statement
This document discusses various C++ concepts related to functions including:
- Default pointers which receive addresses passed to called functions.
- Reference variables which receive the reference of an actual variable passed to a function. Changing the reference variable directly changes the actual variable.
- Inline functions which eliminate context switching when defined inside a class or declared with the inline keyword.
- Friend functions which have access to private/protected members of a class they are declared as a friend to.
C++ Langauage Training in Ambala ! BATRA COMPUTER CENTREjatin batra
C++ is a middle-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs. It runs on a variety of platforms such as Windows, Mac OS, and various versions of UNIX. C++ builds on C by adding classes, objects, inheritance, templates and exceptions to support object-oriented programming.
Here is the class Book with the requested attributes and member functions:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Book {
private:
string title;
string author;
string publisher;
float price;
public:
Book() {
title = "No title";
author = "No author";
publisher = "No publisher";
price = 0.0;
}
void display_data() {
cout << "Title: " << title << endl;
cout << "Author: " << author << endl;
cout << "Publisher: " << publisher << endl;
cout << "Price: " << price << endl;
}
This document provides an overview of object-oriented concepts and C++ programming. It discusses procedural programming, structured programming, and object-oriented programming approaches. It describes the key characteristics of OOP including modularity, abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and dynamic binding. The document also discusses the history and characteristics of the C++ programming language, and covers C++ tokens, identifiers, keywords, and constants.
The document discusses lexical analysis in compilers. It defines lexical analysis as the first phase of compilation that reads the source code characters and groups them into meaningful tokens. It describes how a lexical analyzer works by generating tokens in the form of <token name, attribute value> from the source code lexemes. Examples of tokens generated for a sample program are provided. Methods for handling lexical errors, buffering input, specifying tokens with regular expressions and recognizing tokens using transition diagrams are also summarized.
The document discusses lexical analysis in compilers. It begins with an overview of lexical analysis and its role as the first phase of a compiler. It describes how a lexical analyzer works by reading the source program as a stream of characters and grouping them into lexemes (tokens). Regular expressions are used to specify patterns for tokens. The document then discusses specific topics like lexical errors, input buffering techniques, specification of tokens using regular expressions and grammars, recognition of tokens using transition diagrams, and the transition diagram for identifiers and keywords.
This document provides an overview of basic elements of a C++ program including keywords, tokens, identifiers, data types, variables, constants, operators, expressions, and assignment statements. It discusses standard and user-defined identifiers, standard and user-defined data types like int, float, char, and how to declare and initialize variables. It also covers literals, symbolic constants, arithmetic operators, and type casting.
This document provides a summary of key concepts from an introduction to C# programming course, including:
- The structure of a basic C# program with namespaces, classes, and methods
- Console input/output using WriteLine and formatting strings
- Variables, data types, literals, and memory concepts
- Comments, identifiers, keywords, and operators
- Value types vs. reference types and boxing/unboxing concepts
- Implicit and explicit casting between types
This document defines key concepts in database management systems including:
1. A DBMS is a collection of interrelated data and programs to access the data. It is used in applications like banking, airlines, universities, etc.
2. Data is abstracted and stored at different levels (physical, logical, view). Schemas define the overall database design and instances represent the data stored at a moment in time.
3. Relationships associate entities and are modeled in ER diagrams using lines and diamonds. Keys uniquely identify entities and relationships.
This document provides an overview of basic programming concepts for students to understand, including:
1) Comments, preprocessor directives, header files, the main function, identifiers, special symbols, and punctuation that are elements of programming languages.
2) Explanations and examples of each concept like how comments annotate source code, preprocessor directives process special instructions, and header files contain function declarations.
3) The goal for students to be able to identify and understand these fundamental programming concepts after completing this chapter.
This document provides 50 interview questions on C programming language organized into 5 chapters: Variables & Control Flow, Operators, Constants & Structures, Functions, Pointers, and Programs. It aims to help both freshers and experienced programmers quickly brush up on basic C concepts commonly asked during job interviews at top companies. Each question is accompanied by a detailed answer along with code examples where applicable. Feedback is welcomed to be sent to the publisher.
The document provides an overview of the C programming language, including its history, basic structure, data types, operators, input/output, decision making, looping, functions, arrays, pointers, strings, structures, file handling, and linked data structures. Some key topics covered include the C compilation process, basic C program structure, common data types like int and char, arithmetic, relational, and logical operators, if/else and switch statements, while, do-while and for loops, defining functions, and passing arguments to functions.
A flow chart is a graphical representation of a process using different symbols to represent each step linked by arrows. An algorithm is a step-by-step method to solve a problem or make decisions. The main differences between an algorithm and flowchart are that an algorithm is a set of rules to solve a problem while a flowchart is a diagram that visually represents an algorithm. C programming variables must be declared with a data type and can be initialized with a starting value. Variables can be declared locally inside functions or globally outside any functions.
The document discusses protocol buffers, which are a flexible and efficient format for serializing structured data. Protocol buffers involve defining data structures in .proto files, from which code can be generated to read and write binary encoded data. Key advantages of protocol buffers over JSON include being smaller, faster to parse, and supporting schema evolution.
Functions: Function Definition, prototyping, types of functions, passing arguments to functions, Nested Functions, Recursive functions.
Strings: Declaring and Initializing strings, Operations on strings, Arrays of strings, passing strings to functions. Storage Classes: Automatic, External, Static and Register Variables.
The document discusses various .NET programming concepts like variables, data types, loops, and keywords. It provides definitions and examples of concepts like value types vs reference types, constants vs read-only variables, and syntax for if/else, while, for, and switch statements. Key differences between functions and sub-procedures are outlined as well as boxing and unboxing.
The document discusses editing, compiling, and executing a simple C++ program. It begins with an overview of basic C++ programming elements and concepts like tokens, data types, arithmetic operators, and precedence. It then provides examples of simple C++ programs that perform arithmetic calculations and output results. The document emphasizes that understanding programming fundamentals like variables, data types, expressions, and control flow is necessary before writing even basic C++ programs.
This document discusses the basic elements of programming languages and sequential structures. It covers data types, variables, input/output statements, arithmetic expressions, assignment statements, and function calls. Data can be manipulated using variables, which have attributes like type, lifespan, and scope. Common statements include input to read data, process statements like assignments, and output statements to display results. Expressions are used to evaluate values. Programs follow a sequential structure where statements are executed in the order they are written.
Structures-Declaring and Initializing, Nested structure, Array of Structure, Passing Structures to functions, Unions, typedef, enum, Bit fields.
Pointers: Declarations, Pointer arithmetic, Pointers and functions, call by value, Call by reference, Pointers and Arrays, Arrays of Pointers, Pointers and Structures. Meaning of static and dynamic memory allocation, Memory allocation functions.
Files: File modes, File functions, and File operations, Text and Binary files, Command Line arguments Preprocessor directives. Macros: Definition, types of Macros, Creating and implementing user defined header files
This document discusses fundamentals of programming languages including data types, variables, constants, and keywords. It defines data as numbers, characters, and symbols that can be processed and modified by computers. The main data types are numeric (integer, float), non-numeric (character, string, boolean). Variables and constants are introduced as named locations to store and reference data values. The document provides examples and rules for declaring, initializing, and naming variables and constants. It also lists common C/C++ keywords that are reserved for specific uses.
The document provides definitions for various computer science and programming terms related to C++ including data types, operators, statements, functions, classes, inheritance, and more. It defines terms such as #include, abstract class, aggregate, alias, allocation, argument, array, assignment, base class, bit, bool, break, byte, call by reference, call by value, case, char, cin, class, class layout, class member, class template, comments, compiler, const, constructor, continue, copy constructor, cout, data structure, debugger, declaration, default argument, definition, delete operator, derived class, destructor, do, double, dynamic memory allocation, else, endl, explicit, expression, expression statement
This document discusses various C++ concepts related to functions including:
- Default pointers which receive addresses passed to called functions.
- Reference variables which receive the reference of an actual variable passed to a function. Changing the reference variable directly changes the actual variable.
- Inline functions which eliminate context switching when defined inside a class or declared with the inline keyword.
- Friend functions which have access to private/protected members of a class they are declared as a friend to.
C++ Object oriented concepts & programmingnirajmandaliya
This document discusses various C++ concepts related to functions and operators. It defines what a default pointer is and how it receives addresses passed to a called function. It also discusses reference variables, inline functions, friend functions, default arguments, passing objects as parameters, function overloading, static members, function pointers, and operator overloading. It provides examples and explanations for each concept.
This document provides an introduction to Python and the Pandas library. It begins with an overview of Python, describing its history, key features like readability and cross-platform compatibility. It then covers Python basics like variables, data types, operators, conditional and loop statements. Object-oriented concepts are explained like classes, methods and functions. Key data structures are defined, including lists, tuples, dictionaries and sets. The document concludes with an introduction to Pandas, describing its use for data analysis, cleaning, transformation and visualization.
The document discusses Python objects and data types. It covers strings, numbers, lists, tuples, and other basic data types in Python. Strings can be indexed and sliced, and operations like concatenation and length calculation can be performed on strings. Lists and tuples are sequence data types that allow ordered collections of elements. Numbers support arithmetic operators and can include integers, floats, complexes, decimals, and rationals.
This PPT File helps IT freshers with the Basic Interview Questions, which will boost there confidence before going to the Interview. For more details and Interview Questions please log in www.rekruitin.com and click on Job Seeker tools. Also register on the and get employed.
By ReKruiTIn.com
Functions allow programmers to organize and reuse code. Defining a function involves using the def keyword followed by the function name and parameters. Functions create a new local scope, and variables are searched in local, then global, then built-in scopes. Arguments passed to functions are assigned to parameter variables in the local scope. Functions can return values, and mutable objects like lists can be modified in-place by functions. Python also supports anonymous lambda functions defined with a single expression.
C++ is an object-oriented programming language that is an incremented version of C with classes added. Some key differences between C and C++ are that C++ uses object-oriented programming with classes that can contain both data and functions, while C focuses more on procedures/functions and allows any function to access data. The document then discusses the basic concepts of object-oriented programming in C++ including classes, objects, polymorphism, inheritance, encapsulation, and data abstraction. It provides examples of classes, objects, reference variables, default arguments, and dynamic memory allocation in C++.
The server containing programming assignments is located at 10.203.161.7 under the ~/CPP/ directory. The document outlines various C++ programming assignments divided across multiple sessions, including writing classes, operator overloading, inheritance, polymorphism, and more. Assignments involve concepts such as memory management, pass by reference, constructors/destructors, friend functions, and virtual functions.
Introduction to objects and inputoutput Ahmad Idrees
Java is a computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.
The document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts in C++. It discusses key OOP concepts like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. It also covers procedural programming in C++ and compares it with OOP. Examples are provided to demonstrate creating classes, objects, functions, constructors and destructors. The document contains information on basic C++ programming concepts needed to understand and implement OOP principles in C++ programs.
Bt0067 c programming and data structures2Techglyphs
The document discusses various data structures and file input/output functions in C programming. It defines pointers and their advantages, describes the fread() function syntax, differentiates between linear and nonlinear data structures, discusses stack applications and operations, defines linked lists and their operations, and provides examples for each topic.
The document provides an overview of key Java concepts including classes, objects, variables, methods, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, constructors, memory management, exceptions, I/O streams, threads, collections, serialization and more. It also includes examples of practical applications and code snippets to demonstrate various Java features.
This document discusses the Expression Transformer component in Mule. It can evaluate one or more expressions on the current message and set the result as the new payload. Key points include:
- It requires an expression evaluator and expression to run. Expressions can return null or multiple values.
- The Advanced tab allows configuring return arguments with custom evaluators and expressions.
- An example flow is described that uses expressions to set properties, pass data between flows, transform payloads, and route based on expression results.
Don't be fooled by the thumbnail - the first couple of slides are a silly joke I forgot to remove before uploading.
Presentation derived from the "What's new in Python 2.4" document on http://www.python.org/ including much reformatting for presenting and presenter notes.
Please download the Keynote original - that way the presentation notes aren't burned into the slides.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 2 from a Java fundamentals textbook. It covers several topics:
1) A payroll program example to demonstrate object-oriented design principles and programming concepts.
2) Java primitive data types, variables, literals, and constants. It describes how data is represented in memory.
3) Basic program features like comments, classes, importing packages, and using methods.
4) The Java Application Programming Interface (API) documentation and how to use it to find needed classes.
5) An example program that creates a graphical user interface (GUI) to greet a user by name.
The document provides an introduction to the Bund programming language. Some key features of Bund include:
- It is a simple, stack-based functional language tightly integrated with Python
- Functions are first-class citizens
- Namespaces provide scoping instead of modules
- Support for delayed execution, reverse and direct stack coding, partial application, code as data, and dynamic code generation
- The author created Bund to experiment with PEG parsers and teach himself new tricks as an experienced programmer
The document contains questions and answers related to C programming. Some key points covered include:
1. Static variables retain their value between function calls or have internal linkage. The storage classes in C are automatic, static, and allocated.
2. Hashing is a technique to map data of arbitrary size to integers to facilitate fast searches. It involves using a hash function to condense data into a hash value which serves as an index into a hash table.
3. Include files can be nested and a header file can declare but not define a static variable, to avoid each source file having its own private copy.
The document discusses various topics in C programming including structures, unions, pointers, I/O statements, debugging, and testing techniques. It provides examples to explain structures as a way to represent records by combining different data types. Unions allow storing different data types in the same memory location. Pointers are variables that store memory addresses. I/O statements like printf and scanf are used for input and output. Debugging methods include detecting incorrect program behavior and fixing bugs. Testing and verification ensure programs are built correctly according to requirements.
Similaire à Siteimprove TechTalk: Demystifying Accessible Names (20)
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
9. 1. Initialize: Set the root node to the given element, the current node to the root node, and the total accumulated text to the empty string ("").
2. Compute the text alternative for the current node:
1. If the current node is hidden and is not directly referenced by aria-labelledby or aria-describedby, nor directly referenced by a native host language text alternative element (e.g. label in HTML) or attribute, return the empty string.
Comment:
By default, assistive technologies do not relay hidden information, but an author can explicitly override that and include hidden text as part of the accessible name or accessible description by using aria-labelledby or aria-describedby.
2. Otherwise:
1. if computing a name, and the current node has an aria-labelledby attribute that contains at least one valid IDREF, and the current node is not already part of an aria-labelledby traversal, process its IDREFs in the order they occur:
2. or, if computing a description, and the current node has an aria-describedby attribute that contains at least one valid IDREF, and the current node is not already part of an aria-describedby traversal, process its IDREFs in the order they occur:
1. Set the accumulated text to the empty string.
2. For each IDREF:
1. Set the current node to the node referenced by the IDREF.
2. Compute the text alternative of the current node beginning with step 2. Set the result to that text alternative.
3. Append the result, with a space, to the accumulated text.
3. Return the accumulated text.
3. Otherwise, if computing a name, and if the current node has an aria-label attribute whose value is not the empty string, nor, when trimmed of white space, is not the empty string:
1. If traversal of the current node is due to recursion and the current node is an embedded control as defined in step 2E, ignore aria-label and skip to rule 2E.
2. Otherwise, return the value of aria-label.
4. Otherwise, if the current node's native markup provides an attribute (e.g. title) or element (e.g. HTML label) that defines a text alternative, return that alternative in the form of a flat string as defined by the host language, unless the element is marked as
presentational (role="presentation" or role="none").
Comment:
For example, in HTML, the img element's alt attribute defines a text alternative string, and the label element provides text for the referenced form element. In SVG2, the desc and title elements provide a description of their parent element.
5. Otherwise, if the current node is a control embedded within the label (e.g. the label element in HTML or any element directly referenced by aria-labelledby) for another widget, where the user can adjust the embedded control's value, then include the
embedded control as part of the text alternative in the following manner:
1. If the embedded control has role textbox, return its value.
2. If the embedded control has role menu button, return the text alternative of the button.
3. If the embedded control has role combobox or listbox, return the text alternative of the chosen option.
4. If the embedded control has role range (e.g., a spinbutton or slider):
1. If the aria-valuetext property is present, return its value,
2. Otherwise, if the aria-valuenow property is present, return its value,
3. Otherwise, use the value as specified by a host language attribute.
6. Otherwise, if the current node's role allows name from content, or if the current node is referenced by aria-labelledby, aria-describedby, or is a native host language text alternative element (e.g. label in HTML), or is a descendant of a native host
language text alternative element:
1. Set the accumulated text to the empty string.
2. Check for CSS generated textual content associated with the current node and include it in the accumulated text. The CSS :before and :after pseudo elements [CSS2] can provide textual content for elements that have a content model.
1. For :before pseudo elements, User agents MUST prepend CSS textual content, without a space, to the textual content of the current node.
2. For :after pseudo elements, User agents MUST append CSS textual content, without a space, to the textual content of the current node.
3. For each child node of the current node:
1. Set the current node to the child node.
2. Compute the text alternative of the current node beginning with step 2. Set the result to that text alternative.
3. Append the result to the accumulated text.
4. Return the accumulated text.
7. Important: Each node in the subtree is consulted only once. If text has been collected from a descendant but is referenced by another IDREF in some descendant node, then that second, or subsequent, reference is not followed. This is done to avoid
infinite loops.
8. Comment:
This step can apply to the child nodes themselves, which means the computation is recursive and results in text collected from all the elements in the current node's subtree, no matter how deep it is. However, any given descendant node's text
alternative can result from higher precedent markup described in steps B through D above, where "Namefrom: author" attributes provide the text alternative for the entire subtree.
9. Otherwise, if the current node is a Text node, return its textual contents.
10. Otherwise, if the current node is a descendant of an element whose Accessible Name or Accessible Description is being computed, and contains descendants, proceed to 2F.i.
11. Otherwise, if the current node has a Tooltip attribute, return its value.
Comment:
Tooltip attributes are used only if nothing else, including subtree content, has provided results.
3. Append the result of each step above, with a space, to the total accumulated text.
After all steps are completed, the total accumulated text is used as the accessible name or accessible description of the element that initiated the computation.
19. We should be leaning on
established conventions.
What should be innovative and
the kind of thing that excites
users is the content and the
functionality.
Not the way that we create the
functionality.
Heydon
Pickering
20. Benefit #1: It is obvious to ourselves
when something is not up-to-date.
Use the existing text
25. 1.3 billion
3% Blind
33% Distance vision impairment
64% Near vision impairment
Credit: World Health Organisation
26. Assistive Technology
Other
Tools that highlight text as it is read
Custom styles (for example with Stylish, Stylus, or user style
sheets)
Browser settings to change colors
High contrast mode or settings
Browser text sizing settings
Browser zoom controls (zooms all page content)
Screen reader
Screen magnification software or system settings
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Credit: WebAIM https://webaim.org/projects/lowvisionsurvey2/
29. Be as brief as you can
but still meaningful
AwesomeProduct™
Read information
Tooltip
Information
Learn more
In this section, you can learn…
Learn about AwesomeProduct™
32. Consider
Who should pick our colors?
Who should write our copy?
…And is that always the case today?
33. Accessibility ownership
o IX Designer: 37% (14)
o Content Author: 24% (9)
o Developer: 21% (8)
o Vx Designer: 16% (6)
o Business Owner: 3% (1)
Developers only own 1 in 5 criteria.
Developers are 3rd in ownership.
Need to work with other roles.
95% of decisions come before code.
Credit: “Roled-Based Analysis of WCAG 2.0” by Bill Tyler
34. Naming is hard.
So I’m building a guide.
Step 1: Go to Confluence
Step 2: Search for “Accessible Name”
Step 3: