This document defines sleep and rest, compares their characteristics, and discusses sleep patterns and disorders. It outlines two types of sleep - NREM and REM sleep - and explains their stages and functions. Factors affecting sleep and common sleep disorders like insomnia and sleep apnea are identified. Nursing interventions to promote sleep through environmental changes, relaxation techniques, and medication administration if needed are also discussed.
Sleep and rest, BSC NURSING FIRST YEAR NURSING FOUNDATION , UNIT X , MEETING NEEDS OF PATIENT , PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP, SLEEP DISORDERS, FACTORS AFFECTING SLEEP, PROMOTING SLEEP AND STAGES OF SLEEP.
Sleep and rest, BSC NURSING FIRST YEAR NURSING FOUNDATION , UNIT X , MEETING NEEDS OF PATIENT , PHYSIOLOGY OF SLEEP, SLEEP DISORDERS, FACTORS AFFECTING SLEEP, PROMOTING SLEEP AND STAGES OF SLEEP.
it explain about definition of sleep, normal sleep, sleep disturbance, causes of sleep disturbance, management therapy, nursing therapy and its effect om normal life.
This PPT aims to give Knowledge and Understanding about Sleep Talking, Types of Sleep Disorder, Stages of Sleep, Factor of Effecting Sleep Talking, Causes of Sleep Talking, Risk and Concern Associated with Sleep Talking, Diagnosis of Sleep Talking, Treatment of Sleep Talking.
Primary sleep disorders:
Primary sleep disorders are those disorders not attributable to another cause, which includes dyssomnias and parasomnias.
Dyssomnias: are primary disorders of initiating or maintaining sleep/ excessive sleepiness, characterized by abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep.
Insomnia:
Difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or nonrestorative sleep that lasts for 1 month and causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
Hypersomnia:
Excessive sleepiness for atleast 1 month that involves either prolonged sleep episodes or daily daytime sleeping that causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other functioning.
Narcolepsy:
A rare sleep disorder in which a person, usually under the age of 20, has recurrent sudden episodes of irresistible sleep attacks of short duration 10 - 15 minutes (directly enters into REM sleep).
Breathing related sleep disorder:
Sleep disruption leading to excessive sleepiness or, less commonly, insomnia, caused by abnormalities in ventilation during sleep. These disorders include obstructive sleep apnea (repeated episodes of upper airway obstruction), central sleep apnea (episodic cessation of sventilation without airway obstruction), and central alveolar hypoventilation (hypoventilation resulting in low arterial oxygen levels).
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder:
Persistent or recurring sleep disruption resulting from altered functioning of circadian rhythm or a mismatch between circadian rhythm and external demands. Subtypes include; delayed sleep phase, jet lag, shift work and unspecified.
Delayed sleep phase: A persistent pattern of late sleep onset and late awakening times, with an inability to fall asleep and awaken at a desired earlier time.
Jet lag: Sleepiness and alertness that occur at an inappropriate time of day relative to local time, occurring after repeated travel across more than one time zone.
Shift work: Insomnia during the major sleep period or excessive sleepiness during the major awake period associated with night shift work or frequently changing shift work.
Parasomnias: are disorders characterized by abnormal behavioral or psychological events associated with sleep, specific sleep stages, or sleep–wake transition. These disorders involve activation of physiological systems, such as the autonomic nervous system, motor system, or cognitive processes, at inappropriate times during sleep.
Nightmare disorder:
Repeated occurrence of frightening dreams that lead to waking from sleep.
Sleep terror disorder:
Repeated occurrence of abrupt awakenings from sleep associated with a panicky scream or cry.
Sleepwalking disorder (Somnambulism):
Repeated episodes of complex motor behavior initiated during sleep, including getting out of bed and walking around.
it explain about definition of sleep, normal sleep, sleep disturbance, causes of sleep disturbance, management therapy, nursing therapy and its effect om normal life.
This PPT aims to give Knowledge and Understanding about Sleep Talking, Types of Sleep Disorder, Stages of Sleep, Factor of Effecting Sleep Talking, Causes of Sleep Talking, Risk and Concern Associated with Sleep Talking, Diagnosis of Sleep Talking, Treatment of Sleep Talking.
Primary sleep disorders:
Primary sleep disorders are those disorders not attributable to another cause, which includes dyssomnias and parasomnias.
Dyssomnias: are primary disorders of initiating or maintaining sleep/ excessive sleepiness, characterized by abnormalities in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep.
Insomnia:
Difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or nonrestorative sleep that lasts for 1 month and causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
Hypersomnia:
Excessive sleepiness for atleast 1 month that involves either prolonged sleep episodes or daily daytime sleeping that causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other functioning.
Narcolepsy:
A rare sleep disorder in which a person, usually under the age of 20, has recurrent sudden episodes of irresistible sleep attacks of short duration 10 - 15 minutes (directly enters into REM sleep).
Breathing related sleep disorder:
Sleep disruption leading to excessive sleepiness or, less commonly, insomnia, caused by abnormalities in ventilation during sleep. These disorders include obstructive sleep apnea (repeated episodes of upper airway obstruction), central sleep apnea (episodic cessation of sventilation without airway obstruction), and central alveolar hypoventilation (hypoventilation resulting in low arterial oxygen levels).
Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder:
Persistent or recurring sleep disruption resulting from altered functioning of circadian rhythm or a mismatch between circadian rhythm and external demands. Subtypes include; delayed sleep phase, jet lag, shift work and unspecified.
Delayed sleep phase: A persistent pattern of late sleep onset and late awakening times, with an inability to fall asleep and awaken at a desired earlier time.
Jet lag: Sleepiness and alertness that occur at an inappropriate time of day relative to local time, occurring after repeated travel across more than one time zone.
Shift work: Insomnia during the major sleep period or excessive sleepiness during the major awake period associated with night shift work or frequently changing shift work.
Parasomnias: are disorders characterized by abnormal behavioral or psychological events associated with sleep, specific sleep stages, or sleep–wake transition. These disorders involve activation of physiological systems, such as the autonomic nervous system, motor system, or cognitive processes, at inappropriate times during sleep.
Nightmare disorder:
Repeated occurrence of frightening dreams that lead to waking from sleep.
Sleep terror disorder:
Repeated occurrence of abrupt awakenings from sleep associated with a panicky scream or cry.
Sleepwalking disorder (Somnambulism):
Repeated episodes of complex motor behavior initiated during sleep, including getting out of bed and walking around.
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Transforming Brand Perception and Boosting Profitabilityaaryangarg12
In today's digital era, the dynamics of brand perception, consumer behavior, and profitability have been profoundly reshaped by the synergy of branding, social media, and website design. This research paper investigates the transformative power of these elements in influencing how individuals perceive brands and products and how this transformation can be harnessed to drive sales and profitability for businesses.
Through an exploration of brand psychology and consumer behavior, this study sheds light on the intricate ways in which effective branding strategies, strategic social media engagement, and user-centric website design contribute to altering consumers' perceptions. We delve into the principles that underlie successful brand transformations, examining how visual identity, messaging, and storytelling can captivate and resonate with target audiences.
Methodologically, this research employs a comprehensive approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Real-world case studies illustrate the impact of branding, social media campaigns, and website redesigns on consumer perception, sales figures, and profitability. We assess the various metrics, including brand awareness, customer engagement, conversion rates, and revenue growth, to measure the effectiveness of these strategies.
The results underscore the pivotal role of cohesive branding, social media influence, and website usability in shaping positive brand perceptions, influencing consumer decisions, and ultimately bolstering sales and profitability. This paper provides actionable insights and strategic recommendations for businesses seeking to leverage branding, social media, and website design as potent tools to enhance their market position and financial success.
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2. OBJECTIVES
At the end of this presentation you will be able to:
Define sleep and rest pattern
Define terms related to rest and sleep
Compare the characteristics of sleep and rest.
Discuss the characteristics of two kinds of sleep.
Enumerate the functions of sleep.
Discuss factors affecting sleep.
Identify common sleep disorders.
Identify conditions necessary to promote sleep.
Discuss nursing process for a patient to promote sleep.
3. SLEEP AND REST PATTERNS
Assessment is focused on the person's
sleep, rest, and relaxation practices.
Dysfunctional sleep patterns, fatigue, and
responses to sleep deprivation may be
identified.
Inquire about Patterns of sleep, rest,
perception of quality and quantity.
4. SLEEP
sleep is a naturally recurring state characterized by
altered consciousness, relatively inhibited sensory
activity, and inhibition of nearly all voluntary
muscles.
It is distinguished from wakefulness by a decreased
ability to react to stimuli, and it is more easily
reversible than being in hibernation or a coma.
5. Conti……
The Oxford English Dictionary defines sleep as:
“a condition of bodyand mind which typicallyrecurs
for several hours every night, in which the nervous
system is inactive, the eyes closed, the postural
muscles relaxed, and consciousness practically
suspended”.
6. Conti……………..
In most human societies sleep is conducted during the
night, but in very hot climates it may be done during
the day.
7. Rest
➢A state of calmness, relaxation with out
emotional stress, and freedom from anxiety
OR
➢The word rest comes from the German rasta
meaning “League of miles.” if you walked that
far, you’d need a good rest too
8. DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS
• Verbal complaints of difficulty falling asleep
• Awakening earlier or later than desired
• Interrupted sleep
• Verbal complaints of not feeling rested
• Restlessness
• Irritability
• Tired
• Gaping
• Altered mental status
• Difficulty in arousal
• Change in activity level
• Altered facial expression (e.g., blank look, fatigued
appearance)
10. NREM- Non-rapid Eye Movement
NREM sleep is further divided into progressively
deeper stages of sleep:
stage N1,
stage N2,
stage N3 (deep or delta-wave sleep).
As NREM stages progress, stronger stimuli are
required to result in an awakening.
11. Conti…..
Stage 1 (NREM1 or N1)
is the stage between wakefulness and sleep, sometimes
referred to as somnolence or drowsy sleep, in which the
muscles are still quite active and the eyes roll around
slowly and may open and close from time to time.
Stage 2 (NREM2 or N2)
is the first unequivocal stage of sleep, during which
muscle activity decreases still further and conscious
awareness of the outside world begins to disappear
completely. If any sounds are heard, the sleeper is not able
to understand their content at this point
12. Conti…
Stage 3 (NREM3 or N3)
is also known as deep or delta or slow-wave sleep
(SWS), and during this period the sleeper is even less
responsive to the outside environment, essentially cut
off from the world and unaware of any sounds or
other stimuli.
13. REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
REM sleep occurs in cycles of about 90-120 minutes
throughout the night, and it accounts for up to 20-25%
of total sleep time in adult humans,
The majority of dreams - certainly the most
memorable and colorful dreams - occur during REM
sleep,
Neurologically, REM sleep is activated by secretion of
the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and inhibited by the
neurotransmitter serotonin, and this effect is
principally generated in the pons region of the
brainstem.
14. Conti…..
Stage R sleep (REM sleep) has tonic and phasic
components.
The phasic component is a sympathetically driven
state characterized by rapid eye movements, muscle
twitches, and respiratory variability.
Tonic REM is a parasympathetically driven state with
no eye movements.
15. FUNCTIONS OF SLEEP
Restores normal levels of activity
Lack of sleep results in poor
concentration, irritability, difficult
decision making.
It use to be thought that a regular sleep
pattern was more important than actual
hours slept but sleep deprivation is
associated with cognitive & health
problems.
Sleep is required to provide energy for
physical and mental activities.
17. FACTORS AFFECTING SLEEP
• Pain/discomfort.
• Environmental changes.
• Anxiety/fear.
• Depression.
• Medications.
• Excessive or inadequate stimulation.
• Abnormal physiological status or symptoms
(Dyspnea, hypoxia, neurological dysfunction, and
others)
• Normal changes associated with aging.
18. SLEEP DISORDERS
A sleep disorder - technically known as a somnipathy
or dyssomnia - is any medical disorder which
negatively affects a person’s healthy sleep patterns.
Humans may suffer from a number of sleep disorders.
These include dyssomnias such as;
✓ Insomnia,
✓ Hypersomnia,
✓ Sleep Apnea
✓Parasomnias (Such As Sleepwalking )
✓Circadian rhythm sleep disorders.
19. Insomnia
Insomnia is a sleep disorder that is characterized by
difficultyfalling and/or staying asleep.
20. Hypersomnia
also called hypersomnolence or sometimes
idiopathic hypersomnia (meaning that it
arises from no known cause), is a sleep
disorder characterized by excessive daytime
sleepiness, excessive sleep periods each day
(usually taken to mean more than 10 hours)
and/or an inability to achieve the feeling of
refreshment that sleep usually brings.
Chronic sufferers may sleep up to 18 hours a
day or more and still not feel refreshed upon
waking.
21. SLEEP APNEA
is a potentially life-threatening sleep disorder
characterized by abnormal pauses (apneas) in
breathing during sleep.
22. Obstructive Sleep Apnea – caused by occlusion of the
airway during sleep.
TX: CPAP – Continuous Positive Air Pressure
Central Sleep Apnea – Dysfunction in central
respiratory control
Mixed Apnea – combination of Obstructive and
Central Sleep Apneas
24. Parasomnias
Parasomnias are a category of sleep disorders involving
abnormalor unnaturalmovements, behaviors, emotions,
perceptions and dreams during sleep
25. Circadian rhythms
Circadianrhythms are physical, mental and
behavioral changes that follow a roughly 24-hour
cycle, responding primarily to light and darkness in an
organism's environment. They are found in most living
things, including animals, plants and many tiny
microbes.
26. Teaching to promote rest & sleep
▪ Establish regular bedtime & wake up
▪ Eliminate lengthy naps
▪ Exercise just not 2 hrs before bedtime
▪ listen to music,
▪ warm bath,
▪ Avoid heavy meals 3 hrs before bedtime
▪ If you're getting enough sleep, you should wake up
naturally without an alarm.
27. Assesses sleep and rest patterns.
History (subjective data):
Generally rested and ready for activity after
sleep?
Sleep onset problems?
Aids?
Dreams(nightmares), early awakening?
Rest / relaxation periods?
Sleep routine?
Sleep apnea symptoms?
29. Associated Nursing Diagnoses:
➢ Sleep pattern Disturbance: Time-limited disruption of
sleep (natural periodic suspension of consciousness).
➢ Sleep-deprivation: Prolonged periods without sleep.
other diagnoses:
Risk for injury
Ineffective coping
Fatigue
Risk for impairedgas exchange
Deficient knowledge
Anxiety
Activityintolerance
30. Implementation
Nursing interventions are used to enhance the quantity
and quality of sleep & involve largely non-
pharmacologic measures. Interventions include-
✓ guided imagery
✓ therapeutic message
✓ progressive muscle relaxation
✓ uninterrupted sleep periods.
31. Implementation
Client teaching
✓ Individuals need to learn the
importance of rest and sleep in
maintaining active and productive
lifestyles.
Supporting bedtime rituals
✓ Many are accustomed to rituals or pre-
sleep routines and if altered can affect
sleep.
Creating Restful Environment
32. IMPLEMENTATION
Promoting Comfort and Relaxation
✓ Assist client with hygienic routines
✓ Offer back message
✓ Administer analgesics 30 min before sleep
Enhancing Sleep with Medications
✓ Nurse responsible for making decisions with the client about
when to administer sedative or hypnotics.
33. References
Boyle, J.S; and Andrew. M. M. (1998). Trans-cultural
concept in nursing care. USA; Little Brown.
Long, B.C. (1995). Adult nursing: a nursing process
approach WolfeMedical Publishers