The document discusses different types of solar collectors and components of flat plate collectors. Flat plate collectors consist of an absorber plate, glass cover, insulation, and enclosure. They work by absorbing solar radiation to heat a fluid flowing through tubes attached to the absorber plate. The performance of collectors is determined by measuring the inlet and outlet fluid temperatures and flow rate. Collector efficiency is the ratio of useful energy gain to incident solar energy. Temperature distributions in collectors and methods for calculating overall heat loss coefficients are also examined.
This document provides information about flat-plate solar collectors. It discusses that flat-plate collectors are the simplest type of solar collector that uses a stationary black surface placed at an angle to the sun. It then describes the key components of flat-plate collectors including the absorber plate, flow passages, transparent cover, insulation and enclosure. Applications for flat-plate collectors include domestic hot water, space heating, and pool heating. The document also discusses factors that impact collector efficiency and methods to improve efficiency such as reducing thermal losses.
This document discusses flat-plate solar collectors. It describes the key components of flat-plate collectors including the absorber plate, flow passages, cover plates, enclosure and insulation. Absorber plates are typically made of copper or steel while cover plates are usually glass or plastic. Insulation such as fiberglass is used to limit heat loss. Flat-plate collectors can be oriented fixed, or use one-axis or two-axis tracking to follow the sun for improved performance. Collector performance depends on absorbed radiation, heat removal factor and heat loss coefficient. Applications include domestic hot water and space heating.
The document describes a numerical simulation of the transient thermal behavior of a flat plate solar collector. The simulation applies finite differences to a two-dimensional grid representing the absorber plate and calculates temperatures and heat transfer. It examines the effects of irradiance, mass flow rate, and other parameters on temperatures, heat loss coefficient, and collector efficiency over time. Results are compared to previous studies and conclusions discuss future research opportunities.
This document discusses solar water heating using non-focusing solar collectors. It describes how collectors work to absorb solar radiation and transfer heat to water. There are two main types of non-focusing collectors: flat plate and evacuated tube collectors. The document provides equations to calculate the efficiency of collectors and factors that affect efficiency like transmittance, absorptance, and heat loss. It also discusses using thermosyphons to passively circulate water in solar hot water systems without a pump.
eme.pptMechanical engineering is the study of physical machines that may involVINODN33
Technically, mechanical engineering is the application of the principles and problem-solving techniques of engineering from design to manufacturing to the marketplace for any object. Mechanical engineers analyze their work using the principles of motion, energy, and force—ensuring that designs function safely, efficiently, and reliably, all at a competitive cost.
Mechanical engineers make a difference. That's because mechanical engineering careers center on creating technologies to meet human needs. Virtually every product or service in modern life has probably been touched in some way by a mechanical engineer to help humankind.
This includes solving today's problems and creating future solutions in health care, energy, transportation, world hunger, space exploration, climate change, and more.Being ingrained in many challenges and innovations across many fields means a mechanical engineering education is versatile. To meet this broad demand, mechanical engineers may design a component, a machine, a system, or a process. This ranges from the macro to the micro, from the largest systems like cars and satellites to the smallest components like sensors and switches. Anything that needs to be manufactured—indeed, anything with moving parts—needs the expertise of a mechanical engineer.
The document discusses different types of solar collectors and components of flat plate collectors. Flat plate collectors consist of an absorber plate, glass cover, insulation, and enclosure. They work by absorbing solar radiation to heat a fluid flowing through tubes attached to the absorber plate. The performance of collectors is determined by measuring the inlet and outlet fluid temperatures and flow rate. Collector efficiency is the ratio of useful energy gain to incident solar energy. Temperature distributions in collectors and methods for calculating overall heat loss coefficients are also examined.
This document provides information about flat-plate solar collectors. It discusses that flat-plate collectors are the simplest type of solar collector that uses a stationary black surface placed at an angle to the sun. It then describes the key components of flat-plate collectors including the absorber plate, flow passages, transparent cover, insulation and enclosure. Applications for flat-plate collectors include domestic hot water, space heating, and pool heating. The document also discusses factors that impact collector efficiency and methods to improve efficiency such as reducing thermal losses.
This document discusses flat-plate solar collectors. It describes the key components of flat-plate collectors including the absorber plate, flow passages, cover plates, enclosure and insulation. Absorber plates are typically made of copper or steel while cover plates are usually glass or plastic. Insulation such as fiberglass is used to limit heat loss. Flat-plate collectors can be oriented fixed, or use one-axis or two-axis tracking to follow the sun for improved performance. Collector performance depends on absorbed radiation, heat removal factor and heat loss coefficient. Applications include domestic hot water and space heating.
The document describes a numerical simulation of the transient thermal behavior of a flat plate solar collector. The simulation applies finite differences to a two-dimensional grid representing the absorber plate and calculates temperatures and heat transfer. It examines the effects of irradiance, mass flow rate, and other parameters on temperatures, heat loss coefficient, and collector efficiency over time. Results are compared to previous studies and conclusions discuss future research opportunities.
This document discusses solar water heating using non-focusing solar collectors. It describes how collectors work to absorb solar radiation and transfer heat to water. There are two main types of non-focusing collectors: flat plate and evacuated tube collectors. The document provides equations to calculate the efficiency of collectors and factors that affect efficiency like transmittance, absorptance, and heat loss. It also discusses using thermosyphons to passively circulate water in solar hot water systems without a pump.
eme.pptMechanical engineering is the study of physical machines that may involVINODN33
Technically, mechanical engineering is the application of the principles and problem-solving techniques of engineering from design to manufacturing to the marketplace for any object. Mechanical engineers analyze their work using the principles of motion, energy, and force—ensuring that designs function safely, efficiently, and reliably, all at a competitive cost.
Mechanical engineers make a difference. That's because mechanical engineering careers center on creating technologies to meet human needs. Virtually every product or service in modern life has probably been touched in some way by a mechanical engineer to help humankind.
This includes solving today's problems and creating future solutions in health care, energy, transportation, world hunger, space exploration, climate change, and more.Being ingrained in many challenges and innovations across many fields means a mechanical engineering education is versatile. To meet this broad demand, mechanical engineers may design a component, a machine, a system, or a process. This ranges from the macro to the micro, from the largest systems like cars and satellites to the smallest components like sensors and switches. Anything that needs to be manufactured—indeed, anything with moving parts—needs the expertise of a mechanical engineer.
Solar collector : A device designed to absorb incident solar radiation and to transfer the energy to a fluid passing in contact with it, usually liquid or air.
Flat – Plate Collector : A typical flat-plate collector is an insulated metal box with a glass or plastic cover (called the glazing) and a dark-colored absorber plate. These collectors heat liquid or air at temperatures less than 180°F.
This document discusses liquid flat plate solar collectors and photovoltaic energy conversion. It provides details on the components and working of liquid flat plate collectors, including selective surfaces, energy balance equations, and factors that affect collector performance. It also describes photovoltaic cells, explaining that they convert sunlight directly into electricity via the photovoltaic effect. The document discusses cell characteristics and applications of both liquid flat plate collectors and photovoltaic cells for harnessing solar energy.
Solar Thermal in power generation for cleanerHWNoorShieela1
This document provides an overview of solar thermal energy conversion. It discusses different types of solar collectors, including flat plate collectors and evacuated tube collectors. It also describes several methods for concentrating solar power including parabolic trough collectors, linear Fresnel reflectors, Fresnel towers, and parabolic dish collectors. The document outlines the basic components and functioning of solar thermal power plants that use these concentrating collectors to generate electricity.
This document provides information on properly sizing and designing solar thermal systems. It discusses calculating hot water demand and heat requirements, sizing collectors and storage, choosing appropriate materials, commissioning expansion vessels, avoiding stagnation, and testing heat transfer fluids. Key steps include determining daily water usage, sizing collectors to meet 55-60% annual solar fraction based on location, using the correct piping and insulation materials, and preventing overheating with techniques like cooling vessels.
This document summarizes research analyzing heat losses in a compact Fresnel linear reflector solar power system with trapezoidal absorbers. The system aims to directly heat water to generate steam, improving efficiency over thermal oil systems. Heat loss is analyzed through adjusting cavity angles, depths, and insulation thickness. A thermal resistance circuit model is used to calculate heat losses from the absorber and cavity through convection and radiation. The goal is to determine the most efficient configuration for this concentrated solar power technology.
Heat Transfer in Heat Exchangers in Details.pdfKAhmedRehman
This document provides an overview of heat transfer principles and heat exchanger design. It discusses the three modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation) and related concepts like heat transfer coefficients. The document then covers design standards, sizing, and thermal/hydraulic design procedures for various heat exchanger equipment like shell and tube heat exchangers, condensers, reboilers, and air coolers. It also addresses mechanical design considerations for heat exchangers like determining design loadings, materials selection, and structural analysis.
This document provides an overview of heat transfer principles and design considerations for heat exchangers, condensers, reboilers, and air coolers. It discusses the three modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation) and covers topics like heat transfer coefficients, temperature profiles, pressure drop calculations, and mechanical design standards. The document also describes design procedures for shell and tube heat exchangers using methods like Kern's method and Bell's method to determine heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops.
This document provides an overview of heat transfer principles and their application to the design of heat exchangers. It discusses the three main modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation) and introduces concepts like heat transfer coefficients. Design considerations for shell and tube heat exchangers are covered, including sizing standards, tube/shell geometry, baffling, and hydraulic performance. Methods for designing single-phase and multiphase exchangers are presented, such as Kern's method and Bell's method. The document concludes with brief discussions on condenser, reboiler, and air cooler design.
This document provides an overview of heat transfer principles and heat exchanger design. It begins with definitions of the various heat transfer mechanisms - conduction, convection and radiation. It then discusses key concepts in heat exchanger design including overall heat transfer coefficients, sizing standards, thermal and hydraulic design methods, design of different heat exchanger types like condensers and reboilers, and mechanical design considerations. The document serves as a reference for fundamental heat transfer concepts and guidelines for designing common heat exchanger equipment.
Solar collectors convert solar radiation into heat and transfer the heat to a fluid. There are two main types: flat plate collectors and concentrating collectors. Flat plate collectors are simpler and less expensive, while concentrating collectors can reach higher temperatures but are more complex. The key components of flat plate collectors are an absorber surface, glass cover, fluid tubes, and insulation. Concentrating collectors use mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight onto receivers to achieve higher temperatures suitable for steam generation.
The document presents a presentation on flat plate solar collectors. It discusses that flat plate collectors consist of an insulated metal box with a glass or plastic cover and a dark absorber plate. Solar radiation passes through the cover and heats the absorber plate. A fluid circulates through tubes connected to the plate to transfer the heat. Flat plate collectors are commonly used for domestic hot water and space heating. They can achieve temperatures up to 100°C. While simpler than other collectors, they require a large surface area for high energy output. The presentation covers the components, materials, applications and advantages of flat plate collectors.
The document presents a presentation on flat plate solar collectors. It discusses that flat plate collectors consist of an insulated metal box with a glass or plastic cover and a dark absorber plate. They are able to heat liquid or air to temperatures under 180°F. The key components are the transparent cover, tubes and fins for fluid flow, a metallic absorber plate, insulation, and an enclosing casing. Materials for the different components must have properties like high conductivity, strength and durability. Flat plate collectors are widely used for domestic hot water and some commercial applications like laundromats due to their ability to use both direct and diffuse sunlight without orientation requirements.
This document discusses concentrating solar collectors that increase outlet temperature by reducing collector surface area and heat loss. It describes various types of concentrating collectors including parabolic collectors, compound parabolic concentrators (CPCs), and plane reflectors. It provides equations for calculating concentration ratios of different collectors and discusses factors that affect collector performance such as reflectivity, intercepted beam proportion, and heat loss coefficients. Examples of large-scale concentrating solar power plants and a solar cooker are also mentioned.
This document summarizes the testing and results of a new solar-powered adsorption refrigerator developed by researchers in Switzerland. The refrigerator uses silica gel and water as the adsorption pair, with the silica gel contained in cylindrical tubes that function as both the solar collector and adsorber. Testing from July to September 2001 showed promising performance, with a gross solar cooling coefficient of performance (COPSR) ranging from 0.10 to 0.25, higher than previous solar refrigerators. External parameters like irradiation and temperature influenced the COPSR. Under good solar conditions, the COPSR was as high as 0.23, demonstrating the refrigerator's potential for solar cooling applications without electricity.
This document describes the design of six simple solar water heating systems suitable for use in Basra, Iraq. The systems are designed to be inexpensive and easy to build using locally available materials. The six designs include a basic galvanized iron tube collector, and designs that add features like a wooden insulation box, black paint coating, a copper plate reflector, aluminum sheet insulation, and a double tube collector. Experimental testing showed that the designs were able to heat water to temperatures over 90°C even on cold winter days in Basra. The theoretical model developed to analyze the systems showed good agreement with experimental data.
This document provides an overview of basic electronics components and circuits. It begins with an introduction to passive components like resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers. It then covers analog circuits using transistors and operational amplifiers. The document provides details on circuit analysis and different types of filters. It explains concepts like resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, and operational amplifiers. Examples of common circuits are also presented like voltage dividers, rectifiers, and amplifiers.
This document describes a temperature sensor readout circuit for a MEMS-based microheater array. A platinum microheater is fabricated on an SOI wafer and achieves temperatures of 200°C with uniform distribution using 20mW of power. An NTC thermistor is used as the temperature sensor and connected to the microheater in a Wheatstone bridge circuit to linearly measure the temperature changes. The circuit operates at low power, accurately measures temperature close to the microheater, and is well-suited for applications such as gas sensors.
This document discusses different types of sensors and their classifications. It begins by defining sensors and transducers, noting that sensors are input transducers that convert one physical quantity to another. It then outlines several widely used types of sensors, including resistive, capacitive, inductive, piezoelectric, photoelectric, pyroelectric, Hall effect, and thermocouple sensors. The document proceeds to describe various resistive, capacitive, inductive, piezoelectric, and other sensors in more detail over multiple pages. It provides examples and applications of the different sensor types.
Electrostatic precipitator by rajeev sainiRajeev Saini
The document discusses electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) which remove dust particles from industrial emissions through electrostatic filtration.
ESPs work by ionizing the dust particles in the flue gas stream and collecting them on oppositely charged plates. Negatively charged high voltage electrodes emit corona discharge which charges the dust particles positively. The particles are then attracted to and collected on grounded collecting plates.
Key factors that impact ESP performance include gas temperature and composition, dust resistivity, specific collection area, and aspect ratio of the ESP unit. High resistivity dust like that containing sulfur is more difficult to collect efficiently. Temperature also affects dust resistivity and ESP operation.
Eqobrush Energy Performance Contract for ChinaHubert Poels
Learn how Eqobrush continuous chiller cleaning system helps to improve energy efficiency in Chinese buildings without investment. By avoiding the settlement of any fouling the chillers keep running at optimal performance at all times and >10% electricity can easily be saved.
Any building operator running water-cooled chillers feel free to contact us and apply.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
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Solar collector : A device designed to absorb incident solar radiation and to transfer the energy to a fluid passing in contact with it, usually liquid or air.
Flat – Plate Collector : A typical flat-plate collector is an insulated metal box with a glass or plastic cover (called the glazing) and a dark-colored absorber plate. These collectors heat liquid or air at temperatures less than 180°F.
This document discusses liquid flat plate solar collectors and photovoltaic energy conversion. It provides details on the components and working of liquid flat plate collectors, including selective surfaces, energy balance equations, and factors that affect collector performance. It also describes photovoltaic cells, explaining that they convert sunlight directly into electricity via the photovoltaic effect. The document discusses cell characteristics and applications of both liquid flat plate collectors and photovoltaic cells for harnessing solar energy.
Solar Thermal in power generation for cleanerHWNoorShieela1
This document provides an overview of solar thermal energy conversion. It discusses different types of solar collectors, including flat plate collectors and evacuated tube collectors. It also describes several methods for concentrating solar power including parabolic trough collectors, linear Fresnel reflectors, Fresnel towers, and parabolic dish collectors. The document outlines the basic components and functioning of solar thermal power plants that use these concentrating collectors to generate electricity.
This document provides information on properly sizing and designing solar thermal systems. It discusses calculating hot water demand and heat requirements, sizing collectors and storage, choosing appropriate materials, commissioning expansion vessels, avoiding stagnation, and testing heat transfer fluids. Key steps include determining daily water usage, sizing collectors to meet 55-60% annual solar fraction based on location, using the correct piping and insulation materials, and preventing overheating with techniques like cooling vessels.
This document summarizes research analyzing heat losses in a compact Fresnel linear reflector solar power system with trapezoidal absorbers. The system aims to directly heat water to generate steam, improving efficiency over thermal oil systems. Heat loss is analyzed through adjusting cavity angles, depths, and insulation thickness. A thermal resistance circuit model is used to calculate heat losses from the absorber and cavity through convection and radiation. The goal is to determine the most efficient configuration for this concentrated solar power technology.
Heat Transfer in Heat Exchangers in Details.pdfKAhmedRehman
This document provides an overview of heat transfer principles and heat exchanger design. It discusses the three modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation) and related concepts like heat transfer coefficients. The document then covers design standards, sizing, and thermal/hydraulic design procedures for various heat exchanger equipment like shell and tube heat exchangers, condensers, reboilers, and air coolers. It also addresses mechanical design considerations for heat exchangers like determining design loadings, materials selection, and structural analysis.
This document provides an overview of heat transfer principles and design considerations for heat exchangers, condensers, reboilers, and air coolers. It discusses the three modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation) and covers topics like heat transfer coefficients, temperature profiles, pressure drop calculations, and mechanical design standards. The document also describes design procedures for shell and tube heat exchangers using methods like Kern's method and Bell's method to determine heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops.
This document provides an overview of heat transfer principles and their application to the design of heat exchangers. It discusses the three main modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation) and introduces concepts like heat transfer coefficients. Design considerations for shell and tube heat exchangers are covered, including sizing standards, tube/shell geometry, baffling, and hydraulic performance. Methods for designing single-phase and multiphase exchangers are presented, such as Kern's method and Bell's method. The document concludes with brief discussions on condenser, reboiler, and air cooler design.
This document provides an overview of heat transfer principles and heat exchanger design. It begins with definitions of the various heat transfer mechanisms - conduction, convection and radiation. It then discusses key concepts in heat exchanger design including overall heat transfer coefficients, sizing standards, thermal and hydraulic design methods, design of different heat exchanger types like condensers and reboilers, and mechanical design considerations. The document serves as a reference for fundamental heat transfer concepts and guidelines for designing common heat exchanger equipment.
Solar collectors convert solar radiation into heat and transfer the heat to a fluid. There are two main types: flat plate collectors and concentrating collectors. Flat plate collectors are simpler and less expensive, while concentrating collectors can reach higher temperatures but are more complex. The key components of flat plate collectors are an absorber surface, glass cover, fluid tubes, and insulation. Concentrating collectors use mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight onto receivers to achieve higher temperatures suitable for steam generation.
The document presents a presentation on flat plate solar collectors. It discusses that flat plate collectors consist of an insulated metal box with a glass or plastic cover and a dark absorber plate. Solar radiation passes through the cover and heats the absorber plate. A fluid circulates through tubes connected to the plate to transfer the heat. Flat plate collectors are commonly used for domestic hot water and space heating. They can achieve temperatures up to 100°C. While simpler than other collectors, they require a large surface area for high energy output. The presentation covers the components, materials, applications and advantages of flat plate collectors.
The document presents a presentation on flat plate solar collectors. It discusses that flat plate collectors consist of an insulated metal box with a glass or plastic cover and a dark absorber plate. They are able to heat liquid or air to temperatures under 180°F. The key components are the transparent cover, tubes and fins for fluid flow, a metallic absorber plate, insulation, and an enclosing casing. Materials for the different components must have properties like high conductivity, strength and durability. Flat plate collectors are widely used for domestic hot water and some commercial applications like laundromats due to their ability to use both direct and diffuse sunlight without orientation requirements.
This document discusses concentrating solar collectors that increase outlet temperature by reducing collector surface area and heat loss. It describes various types of concentrating collectors including parabolic collectors, compound parabolic concentrators (CPCs), and plane reflectors. It provides equations for calculating concentration ratios of different collectors and discusses factors that affect collector performance such as reflectivity, intercepted beam proportion, and heat loss coefficients. Examples of large-scale concentrating solar power plants and a solar cooker are also mentioned.
This document summarizes the testing and results of a new solar-powered adsorption refrigerator developed by researchers in Switzerland. The refrigerator uses silica gel and water as the adsorption pair, with the silica gel contained in cylindrical tubes that function as both the solar collector and adsorber. Testing from July to September 2001 showed promising performance, with a gross solar cooling coefficient of performance (COPSR) ranging from 0.10 to 0.25, higher than previous solar refrigerators. External parameters like irradiation and temperature influenced the COPSR. Under good solar conditions, the COPSR was as high as 0.23, demonstrating the refrigerator's potential for solar cooling applications without electricity.
This document describes the design of six simple solar water heating systems suitable for use in Basra, Iraq. The systems are designed to be inexpensive and easy to build using locally available materials. The six designs include a basic galvanized iron tube collector, and designs that add features like a wooden insulation box, black paint coating, a copper plate reflector, aluminum sheet insulation, and a double tube collector. Experimental testing showed that the designs were able to heat water to temperatures over 90°C even on cold winter days in Basra. The theoretical model developed to analyze the systems showed good agreement with experimental data.
This document provides an overview of basic electronics components and circuits. It begins with an introduction to passive components like resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers. It then covers analog circuits using transistors and operational amplifiers. The document provides details on circuit analysis and different types of filters. It explains concepts like resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, and operational amplifiers. Examples of common circuits are also presented like voltage dividers, rectifiers, and amplifiers.
This document describes a temperature sensor readout circuit for a MEMS-based microheater array. A platinum microheater is fabricated on an SOI wafer and achieves temperatures of 200°C with uniform distribution using 20mW of power. An NTC thermistor is used as the temperature sensor and connected to the microheater in a Wheatstone bridge circuit to linearly measure the temperature changes. The circuit operates at low power, accurately measures temperature close to the microheater, and is well-suited for applications such as gas sensors.
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ESPs work by ionizing the dust particles in the flue gas stream and collecting them on oppositely charged plates. Negatively charged high voltage electrodes emit corona discharge which charges the dust particles positively. The particles are then attracted to and collected on grounded collecting plates.
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Learn how Eqobrush continuous chiller cleaning system helps to improve energy efficiency in Chinese buildings without investment. By avoiding the settlement of any fouling the chillers keep running at optimal performance at all times and >10% electricity can easily be saved.
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4. 4
Main Emphasis :
• To reduce heat losses due to
conduction, convection and radiation
• By creating vacuum, Conduction and
Convection losses are nearly zero.
• By proper selective coating (a≈1, ε≈0)
radiative losses are minimized.
12. 12
Type of
Collector
Conversion
Factor
Thermal Loss
Factor in W/m²
°C
Temperature
Range in °C
Absorber
(uncovered)
0,82 to 0,97 10 to 30 up to 40
Flat-plate collector 0,66 to 0,83 2,9 to 5,3 20 to 80
Evacuated-plate
collector
0,81 to 0,83 2,6 to 4,3 20 to 120
Evacuated-tube
collector
0,62 to 0,84 0,7 to 2,0 50 to 120
Reservoir collector about 0,55 about 2,4 20 to 70
Air collector 0,75 to 0,90 8 to 30 20 to 50