This presentation is only with respect to the Parasitic Weed and their management tactics, falling under the category of Specificity while classifying weeds.
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
Green manuring is the practice of growing green plants or adding plant materials and incorporating them into the soil to improve soil structure and fertility. There are two main types - green leaf manuring, which involves collecting and adding leaves and twigs from elsewhere, and green manuring in situ, which involves growing plants like legumes and incorporating them into the soil before or at flowering. Green manuring benefits the soil by increasing nitrogen levels, improving soil structure and water retention, reducing erosion, and reclaiming saline or alkaline soils. Common green manure crops include sunn hemp, dhaincha, sesbania, and clusterbeans.
1. The document discusses nutrient use efficiency and factors that affect it, such as leaching, gaseous losses, immobilization, and chemical reactions between fertilizer components.
2. It describes methods of increasing fertilizer use efficiency, including applying fertilizers at the right time and quantity, and using the proper fertilizer source and form for different crops to minimize fixation and maximize availability.
3. Integrated nutrient management is defined as maintaining soil fertility and nutrient supply through optimizing organic, inorganic, and biological components to provide balanced nutrition for crops while sustaining soil quality.
Site Specific nutrient Management for Precision Agriculture - Anjali Patel (I...Rahul Raj Tandon
Dr. V. N. Mishra is the course teacher and Anjali Patel is the speaker. The presentation discusses site specific nutrient management (SSNM), which aims to optimize nutrient supply according to differences in soil-plant systems for a particular crop in a given season. SSNM involves assessing indigenous nutrient supply from soil and crop residues, determining crop demand based on yield goals, and applying fertilizers based on those factors. Precision tools like GPS, GIS, remote sensing, and variable-rate technology help implement SSNM.
Green manuring is the practice of enriching soil fertility by plowing under or incorporating green manure crops into the soil while still green or soon after flowering. It improves soil structure and fertility by adding nutrients like nitrogen. Common green manure crops in India include dhaincha, glyricidia, and karanja, which are plowed under at the flowering stage. The benefits of green manuring include increased organic matter, improved soil structure, increased nutrient availability and crop yields. Proper timing and crop selection is important for effective green manuring.
This document provides an overview of integrated nutrient management (INM). It begins with introductions and headings submitted by M. Ashok Naik to Dr. P. Kavitha regarding a report on INM. It then defines INM as the optimization of all plant nutrient sources, including organic, inorganic, and biofertilizers, to maintain soil fertility and maximize crop yields. The document discusses the concepts, components, classification, and advantages of INM. It also summarizes different organic manure sources like farm yard manure, compost, vermicompost, and their composition and benefits. Finally, it provides details on brown manuring as a no-till practice for organic matter addition and weed control.
This document discusses acid soils, including their classification, formation processes, characteristics, impacts, and management. It defines acid soils as having a pH below 5.5 and lists various natural and human-induced causes of acidification like rainfall, parent material, and fertilizer use. Characteristics include low nutrient availability, aluminum toxicity, and reduced biological activity. Management involves applying lime to raise pH and supply calcium, with different lime sources and particle sizes impacting effectiveness. Crop residues and manures can also reduce acidity through mineralization reactions.
This presentation is only with respect to the Parasitic Weed and their management tactics, falling under the category of Specificity while classifying weeds.
A brief study on Integrated Nutrient Management (INM). This presentation has created by me after studying many articles and research papers regarding INM. Suggestions are kindly invited.
Green manuring is the practice of growing green plants or adding plant materials and incorporating them into the soil to improve soil structure and fertility. There are two main types - green leaf manuring, which involves collecting and adding leaves and twigs from elsewhere, and green manuring in situ, which involves growing plants like legumes and incorporating them into the soil before or at flowering. Green manuring benefits the soil by increasing nitrogen levels, improving soil structure and water retention, reducing erosion, and reclaiming saline or alkaline soils. Common green manure crops include sunn hemp, dhaincha, sesbania, and clusterbeans.
1. The document discusses nutrient use efficiency and factors that affect it, such as leaching, gaseous losses, immobilization, and chemical reactions between fertilizer components.
2. It describes methods of increasing fertilizer use efficiency, including applying fertilizers at the right time and quantity, and using the proper fertilizer source and form for different crops to minimize fixation and maximize availability.
3. Integrated nutrient management is defined as maintaining soil fertility and nutrient supply through optimizing organic, inorganic, and biological components to provide balanced nutrition for crops while sustaining soil quality.
Site Specific nutrient Management for Precision Agriculture - Anjali Patel (I...Rahul Raj Tandon
Dr. V. N. Mishra is the course teacher and Anjali Patel is the speaker. The presentation discusses site specific nutrient management (SSNM), which aims to optimize nutrient supply according to differences in soil-plant systems for a particular crop in a given season. SSNM involves assessing indigenous nutrient supply from soil and crop residues, determining crop demand based on yield goals, and applying fertilizers based on those factors. Precision tools like GPS, GIS, remote sensing, and variable-rate technology help implement SSNM.
Green manuring is the practice of enriching soil fertility by plowing under or incorporating green manure crops into the soil while still green or soon after flowering. It improves soil structure and fertility by adding nutrients like nitrogen. Common green manure crops in India include dhaincha, glyricidia, and karanja, which are plowed under at the flowering stage. The benefits of green manuring include increased organic matter, improved soil structure, increased nutrient availability and crop yields. Proper timing and crop selection is important for effective green manuring.
This document provides an overview of integrated nutrient management (INM). It begins with introductions and headings submitted by M. Ashok Naik to Dr. P. Kavitha regarding a report on INM. It then defines INM as the optimization of all plant nutrient sources, including organic, inorganic, and biofertilizers, to maintain soil fertility and maximize crop yields. The document discusses the concepts, components, classification, and advantages of INM. It also summarizes different organic manure sources like farm yard manure, compost, vermicompost, and their composition and benefits. Finally, it provides details on brown manuring as a no-till practice for organic matter addition and weed control.
This document discusses acid soils, including their classification, formation processes, characteristics, impacts, and management. It defines acid soils as having a pH below 5.5 and lists various natural and human-induced causes of acidification like rainfall, parent material, and fertilizer use. Characteristics include low nutrient availability, aluminum toxicity, and reduced biological activity. Management involves applying lime to raise pH and supply calcium, with different lime sources and particle sizes impacting effectiveness. Crop residues and manures can also reduce acidity through mineralization reactions.
This document discusses multiple cropping systems in agriculture. It defines multiple cropping as growing two or more crops in the same piece of land during a single growing season. The main types of multiple cropping systems discussed are sequential cropping, intercropping, and multistoried cropping. Sequential cropping involves growing crops in sequence, with one harvested before the next is planted. Intercropping grows crops simultaneously in mixtures or rows. Multistoried cropping utilizes different plant heights. Advantages include reduced risk, increased production, and soil fertility benefits from legumes. Disadvantages can include pest transfers between crops and difficult weeding.
Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) is a crucial regulatory framework implemented by governments to ensure the quality, availability, and proper use of fertilizers. It serves as a mechanism to monitor and regulate the production, distribution, labeling, and sale of fertilizers, with the ultimate goal of promoting sustainable agriculture and safeguarding the interests of farmers and consumers.
The FCO encompasses a wide range of provisions and regulations that govern various aspects of the fertilizer industry. One of its primary objectives is to ensure the quality of fertilizers available in the market. The FCO sets specific standards for nutrient content, physical characteristics, impurities, and labeling requirements. By enforcing these standards, the FCO aims to prevent the sale of substandard or adulterated fertilizers that could have detrimental effects on crop productivity and soil health.
Another key aspect of the FCO is the regulation of fertilizer pricing. Governments often intervene to control the prices of fertilizers to make them affordable for farmers. The FCO may include provisions to monitor and control the pricing of fertilizers, ensuring that they remain accessible to farmers while preventing price manipulation and exploitation.
The FCO also addresses the licensing and registration of fertilizer manufacturers, importers, and distributors. Manufacturers and importers are required to obtain licenses or registrations from the designated regulatory authorities. This helps in maintaining a record of fertilizer producers and suppliers, ensuring accountability, and enabling traceability in case of any quality-related issues or non-compliance.
To ensure compliance with the FCO, regulatory bodies are empowered with inspection and monitoring mechanisms. They conduct regular inspections of fertilizer manufacturing facilities, storage sites, and distribution channels to verify compliance with quality standards, labeling requirements, and other provisions of the FCO. Non-compliance can lead to penalties, fines, or even suspension of licenses, acting as a deterrent for violations and promoting adherence to the regulations.
The FCO also addresses the issue of fertilizers' safe and efficient use. It may mandate the inclusion of information on fertilizer labels regarding dosage, application methods, and safety precautions. This helps farmers make informed decisions about fertilizer application, preventing excessive or improper use that can lead to environmental pollution, nutrient imbalances, and crop damage. The FCO may also encourage the promotion of organic and biofertilizers, providing incentives and support for their production and utilization.
Methods of preparation of bulky and concentrated manuresMahiiKarthii
This document discusses various methods for preparing bulky and concentrated manures, including composting techniques. It describes the aerobic and anaerobic composting methods used in Bangalore and Coimbatore, as well as enriched farm yard manure and vermicomposting. The key composting methods discussed are the trench method, Bangalore method, Indore method, Coimbatore method, and vermicomposting.
Introduction
enlist of problematic soil
Salt affected soil
Characteristic of salt affected soil
Comparison between salt affected soil
Reclamation of Saline soils
Reclamation of sodic soils
Reclamation of saline-sodic soils
Acidic soils
Reclamation of acidic soil
Acid Sulphate soils and its management
Calcareous soil
Weed indices are used to study the effect of weed density, growth, and suppression on crop plants. Common indices include weed infestation, weed index, weed control efficiency, and smothering efficiency. The document defines each of these indices and provides examples of how to calculate them. Higher values of weed control efficiency and smothering efficiency indicate better control of weeds. The weed index compares yields between treated and untreated plots, with lower values showing more effective herbicide treatment.
The document discusses crop ideotypes and ideotype breeding. It defines an ideotype as an ideal or model plant type designed for a specific environment to maximize yield. Ideotype breeding aims to enhance genetic yield potential through manipulation of individual plant traits. Examples of ideotypes are provided for various crops like wheat, rice, maize, barley and cotton that focus on traits like plant height, tillering ability, leaf characteristics and resistance to stresses. Factors influencing ideotypes and the steps in ideotype breeding are also outlined. Practical achievements highlighted ideotype breeding's role in the green revolution by developing semi-dwarf varieties responsive to fertilizers.
This document provides information about wheat production in India. It discusses that wheat is the most widely grown cereal grain in the world. In India, wheat is commonly grown in the alluvial soils of the Gangetic plains and black cotton soils of central India. Optimal growing conditions include temperatures between 20-25°C during growth and dry, warm weather during harvesting. Common wheat varieties grown in India include T. aestivum and T. durum. The document outlines best practices for soil preparation, planting, irrigation, fertilizer application, weed control and harvesting of wheat crops in India.
This ppt is about the distribution of wasteland and problem soils. Those lands are wastelands which are ecologically unstable,
whose topsoil has nearly been completely lost, and
which have developed toxicity in the root zones or growth of most plants, both annual crops and trees”.
The document discusses different types of cropping systems including sole cropping, multiple cropping, intercropping, relay cropping and alley cropping. It explains the basic principles and benefits of cropping systems in maintaining soil fertility and utilizing resources efficiently. Additionally, the document outlines factors that influence the choice of crops in a cropping system such as available farm resources, enterprises, and farm technology.
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
The document discusses manures and fertilizers. It provides details on farmyard manure (FYM), including its composition, characteristics, and methods to improve it. FYM is a mixture of cattle dung, urine, litter, and fodder residues. It has low nutrient content of around 0.5% N, 0.25% P2O5, and 0.5% K2O. The document recommends the trench method for FYM preparation to reduce losses during handling and storage. It also suggests enriching FYM with superphosphate before field application.
Integrated weed management involves using a combination of mechanical, cultural, chemical and biological weed control methods together in a planned way. The goal is to minimize weed competition with crops and reduce weed populations below an economic threshold level while avoiding environmental and health impacts. It has been shown to be an effective concept for weed control, though more work is still needed to apply it at the small farmer level.
Organic manure, importance & propertiesMahiiKarthii
Organic manures are substances derived from animal and plant residues that are organic in nature and supply plant nutrients. They improve soil structure, water and nutrient retention, and support microbial activity. Fortified organic manures enrich organic waste with inorganic fertilizers and biofertilizers to increase crop yields while protecting soil quality. Examples include enriched farmyard manure prepared by mixing mineral nutrients and zinc sulfate into farmyard manure.
1) Plant tissue testing helps monitor crop nutrient status for optimal production, ensure balanced nutrient levels for quality produce, and predict nutrient problems to avoid losses. Samples should be taken when symptoms first appear from similar abnormal plants.
2) Information provided with samples includes crop type, variety, soil type, fertilization history, irrigation, and visual appearance. Young, old, diseased or damaged plants should be avoided.
3) Proper sampling techniques vary by crop, such as collecting the upper 1/3 of cotton plants before bloom or recently mature soybean leaves from the top of plants. Timely sampling and handling is important to get the best results.
This document discusses various methods of soil fertility evaluation including nutrient deficiency symptoms on plants, plant analysis, biological tests, soil testing, and modern approaches. Plant analysis and soil testing are quantitative chemical methods that directly measure the nutrient status of plants and soils. Biological tests include indicator plants and microbiological or pot culture tests that use the growth response of organisms. Modern approaches like soil test crop response and diagnosis and recommendation integrated system use mathematical models and nutrient ratios to determine optimized fertilizer recommendations.
This document discusses hybrid maize seed production. It begins by defining hybrids and how they are developed using inbred lines. It describes the importance of producing hybrid seeds under special care to ensure purity and uniformity. The document then discusses different types of hybrids like single-cross, three-way cross, and double-cross hybrids. It explains the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of these hybrid types. The document also covers factors to consider in hybrid selection, the stages of commercial hybrid seed production, and best practices for detasseling and removing off-types from hybrid seed fields.
Tillage operations are carried out to prepare soil for planting crops by improving tilth. Good tilth refers to soil that is porous and friable with balanced capillary and non-capillary pores. The objectives of tillage include preparing seed beds, controlling weeds, conserving soil and water, improving soil structure and aeration, increasing permeability, and destroying pests. Tillage influences soil physical properties like pore space, structure, bulk density and water content. Primary tillage includes plowing using various plows, while secondary tillage further breaks up clods and prepares seed beds through harrowing and planking. Minimum tillage aims to reduce tillage operations and their negative impacts.
Composting & Vermicomposting for Kitchen WasteValmik Mahajan
This document discusses composting and vermicomposting as methods for managing kitchen waste. It begins by defining the composition of kitchen waste and what items can and cannot be composted. It then explains the basics of composting, including the aerobic and anaerobic processes. Vermicomposting is introduced as using earthworms to break down organic materials. The roles of earthworms and types of earthworms are outlined. Issues around kitchen waste management include proper separation and maintaining ideal moisture and environmental conditions for microbes and worms. The document concludes by noting that vermicomposting can help reduce problems from kitchen waste like odors and nutrient loss.
NatureVel - SW was formulated in technical collaboration with Biosa, Denmark to aid in composting. It consists of naturally occurring microorganisms that can compost organic biomass into compost within 30-40 days. Using NatureVel - SW results in faster composting with less turning and odor, enriched compost, and control of vectors and greenhouse gases. The document provides guidelines for making compost using the heap method or windrow method along with NatureVel - SW to optimize the composting process.
This document discusses multiple cropping systems in agriculture. It defines multiple cropping as growing two or more crops in the same piece of land during a single growing season. The main types of multiple cropping systems discussed are sequential cropping, intercropping, and multistoried cropping. Sequential cropping involves growing crops in sequence, with one harvested before the next is planted. Intercropping grows crops simultaneously in mixtures or rows. Multistoried cropping utilizes different plant heights. Advantages include reduced risk, increased production, and soil fertility benefits from legumes. Disadvantages can include pest transfers between crops and difficult weeding.
Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) is a crucial regulatory framework implemented by governments to ensure the quality, availability, and proper use of fertilizers. It serves as a mechanism to monitor and regulate the production, distribution, labeling, and sale of fertilizers, with the ultimate goal of promoting sustainable agriculture and safeguarding the interests of farmers and consumers.
The FCO encompasses a wide range of provisions and regulations that govern various aspects of the fertilizer industry. One of its primary objectives is to ensure the quality of fertilizers available in the market. The FCO sets specific standards for nutrient content, physical characteristics, impurities, and labeling requirements. By enforcing these standards, the FCO aims to prevent the sale of substandard or adulterated fertilizers that could have detrimental effects on crop productivity and soil health.
Another key aspect of the FCO is the regulation of fertilizer pricing. Governments often intervene to control the prices of fertilizers to make them affordable for farmers. The FCO may include provisions to monitor and control the pricing of fertilizers, ensuring that they remain accessible to farmers while preventing price manipulation and exploitation.
The FCO also addresses the licensing and registration of fertilizer manufacturers, importers, and distributors. Manufacturers and importers are required to obtain licenses or registrations from the designated regulatory authorities. This helps in maintaining a record of fertilizer producers and suppliers, ensuring accountability, and enabling traceability in case of any quality-related issues or non-compliance.
To ensure compliance with the FCO, regulatory bodies are empowered with inspection and monitoring mechanisms. They conduct regular inspections of fertilizer manufacturing facilities, storage sites, and distribution channels to verify compliance with quality standards, labeling requirements, and other provisions of the FCO. Non-compliance can lead to penalties, fines, or even suspension of licenses, acting as a deterrent for violations and promoting adherence to the regulations.
The FCO also addresses the issue of fertilizers' safe and efficient use. It may mandate the inclusion of information on fertilizer labels regarding dosage, application methods, and safety precautions. This helps farmers make informed decisions about fertilizer application, preventing excessive or improper use that can lead to environmental pollution, nutrient imbalances, and crop damage. The FCO may also encourage the promotion of organic and biofertilizers, providing incentives and support for their production and utilization.
Methods of preparation of bulky and concentrated manuresMahiiKarthii
This document discusses various methods for preparing bulky and concentrated manures, including composting techniques. It describes the aerobic and anaerobic composting methods used in Bangalore and Coimbatore, as well as enriched farm yard manure and vermicomposting. The key composting methods discussed are the trench method, Bangalore method, Indore method, Coimbatore method, and vermicomposting.
Introduction
enlist of problematic soil
Salt affected soil
Characteristic of salt affected soil
Comparison between salt affected soil
Reclamation of Saline soils
Reclamation of sodic soils
Reclamation of saline-sodic soils
Acidic soils
Reclamation of acidic soil
Acid Sulphate soils and its management
Calcareous soil
Weed indices are used to study the effect of weed density, growth, and suppression on crop plants. Common indices include weed infestation, weed index, weed control efficiency, and smothering efficiency. The document defines each of these indices and provides examples of how to calculate them. Higher values of weed control efficiency and smothering efficiency indicate better control of weeds. The weed index compares yields between treated and untreated plots, with lower values showing more effective herbicide treatment.
The document discusses crop ideotypes and ideotype breeding. It defines an ideotype as an ideal or model plant type designed for a specific environment to maximize yield. Ideotype breeding aims to enhance genetic yield potential through manipulation of individual plant traits. Examples of ideotypes are provided for various crops like wheat, rice, maize, barley and cotton that focus on traits like plant height, tillering ability, leaf characteristics and resistance to stresses. Factors influencing ideotypes and the steps in ideotype breeding are also outlined. Practical achievements highlighted ideotype breeding's role in the green revolution by developing semi-dwarf varieties responsive to fertilizers.
This document provides information about wheat production in India. It discusses that wheat is the most widely grown cereal grain in the world. In India, wheat is commonly grown in the alluvial soils of the Gangetic plains and black cotton soils of central India. Optimal growing conditions include temperatures between 20-25°C during growth and dry, warm weather during harvesting. Common wheat varieties grown in India include T. aestivum and T. durum. The document outlines best practices for soil preparation, planting, irrigation, fertilizer application, weed control and harvesting of wheat crops in India.
This ppt is about the distribution of wasteland and problem soils. Those lands are wastelands which are ecologically unstable,
whose topsoil has nearly been completely lost, and
which have developed toxicity in the root zones or growth of most plants, both annual crops and trees”.
The document discusses different types of cropping systems including sole cropping, multiple cropping, intercropping, relay cropping and alley cropping. It explains the basic principles and benefits of cropping systems in maintaining soil fertility and utilizing resources efficiently. Additionally, the document outlines factors that influence the choice of crops in a cropping system such as available farm resources, enterprises, and farm technology.
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
The document discusses manures and fertilizers. It provides details on farmyard manure (FYM), including its composition, characteristics, and methods to improve it. FYM is a mixture of cattle dung, urine, litter, and fodder residues. It has low nutrient content of around 0.5% N, 0.25% P2O5, and 0.5% K2O. The document recommends the trench method for FYM preparation to reduce losses during handling and storage. It also suggests enriching FYM with superphosphate before field application.
Integrated weed management involves using a combination of mechanical, cultural, chemical and biological weed control methods together in a planned way. The goal is to minimize weed competition with crops and reduce weed populations below an economic threshold level while avoiding environmental and health impacts. It has been shown to be an effective concept for weed control, though more work is still needed to apply it at the small farmer level.
Organic manure, importance & propertiesMahiiKarthii
Organic manures are substances derived from animal and plant residues that are organic in nature and supply plant nutrients. They improve soil structure, water and nutrient retention, and support microbial activity. Fortified organic manures enrich organic waste with inorganic fertilizers and biofertilizers to increase crop yields while protecting soil quality. Examples include enriched farmyard manure prepared by mixing mineral nutrients and zinc sulfate into farmyard manure.
1) Plant tissue testing helps monitor crop nutrient status for optimal production, ensure balanced nutrient levels for quality produce, and predict nutrient problems to avoid losses. Samples should be taken when symptoms first appear from similar abnormal plants.
2) Information provided with samples includes crop type, variety, soil type, fertilization history, irrigation, and visual appearance. Young, old, diseased or damaged plants should be avoided.
3) Proper sampling techniques vary by crop, such as collecting the upper 1/3 of cotton plants before bloom or recently mature soybean leaves from the top of plants. Timely sampling and handling is important to get the best results.
This document discusses various methods of soil fertility evaluation including nutrient deficiency symptoms on plants, plant analysis, biological tests, soil testing, and modern approaches. Plant analysis and soil testing are quantitative chemical methods that directly measure the nutrient status of plants and soils. Biological tests include indicator plants and microbiological or pot culture tests that use the growth response of organisms. Modern approaches like soil test crop response and diagnosis and recommendation integrated system use mathematical models and nutrient ratios to determine optimized fertilizer recommendations.
This document discusses hybrid maize seed production. It begins by defining hybrids and how they are developed using inbred lines. It describes the importance of producing hybrid seeds under special care to ensure purity and uniformity. The document then discusses different types of hybrids like single-cross, three-way cross, and double-cross hybrids. It explains the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of these hybrid types. The document also covers factors to consider in hybrid selection, the stages of commercial hybrid seed production, and best practices for detasseling and removing off-types from hybrid seed fields.
Tillage operations are carried out to prepare soil for planting crops by improving tilth. Good tilth refers to soil that is porous and friable with balanced capillary and non-capillary pores. The objectives of tillage include preparing seed beds, controlling weeds, conserving soil and water, improving soil structure and aeration, increasing permeability, and destroying pests. Tillage influences soil physical properties like pore space, structure, bulk density and water content. Primary tillage includes plowing using various plows, while secondary tillage further breaks up clods and prepares seed beds through harrowing and planking. Minimum tillage aims to reduce tillage operations and their negative impacts.
Composting & Vermicomposting for Kitchen WasteValmik Mahajan
This document discusses composting and vermicomposting as methods for managing kitchen waste. It begins by defining the composition of kitchen waste and what items can and cannot be composted. It then explains the basics of composting, including the aerobic and anaerobic processes. Vermicomposting is introduced as using earthworms to break down organic materials. The roles of earthworms and types of earthworms are outlined. Issues around kitchen waste management include proper separation and maintaining ideal moisture and environmental conditions for microbes and worms. The document concludes by noting that vermicomposting can help reduce problems from kitchen waste like odors and nutrient loss.
NatureVel - SW was formulated in technical collaboration with Biosa, Denmark to aid in composting. It consists of naturally occurring microorganisms that can compost organic biomass into compost within 30-40 days. Using NatureVel - SW results in faster composting with less turning and odor, enriched compost, and control of vectors and greenhouse gases. The document provides guidelines for making compost using the heap method or windrow method along with NatureVel - SW to optimize the composting process.
Vermicomposting is a process that uses earthworms and microorganisms to break down organic materials. It has higher rates of stabilization than traditional composting and produces an end product with a lower carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and more uniform properties. An integrated approach using both composting and vermicomposting can achieve better results. Optimal conditions for vermicomposting include a temperature range of 25-37°C, moisture content of 50-80%, and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio below 20. Earthworm species like Eisenia fetida are commonly used and help improve soil quality and plant growth through their waste excretion.
This document discusses biomass energy and biogas production. It describes photosynthesis, biomass fuels, and factors that affect biogas generation such as pH, temperature, loading rate, and retention time. It also discusses types of biogas plants and the advantages of anaerobic digestion which include producing a stable sludge and reducing pathogens. Biogas can be used to reduce coal consumption and air pollution. The document classifies biogas plants as either continuous or batch systems and describes common dome and drum reactor designs.
Vermitechnology is the science dealing with the importance and utilization of earthworm species in addressing environmental issues. It uses earthworms to stabilize organic waste through vermicomposting, an aerobic decomposition process where earthworms fragment waste, increasing surface area for microorganisms. Key factors that affect vermicomposting include moisture content, pH, temperature, aeration, and feed quality. Optimal conditions are 60-80% moisture, pH 5.5-8.5, 12-28°C temperature, and small particle size feed waste to aid aeration.
This document provides an overview of biocomposting. It describes the three phases of composting (mesophilic, thermophilic, and curing), the key organisms involved (bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, earthworms), materials used, and common composting methods like the Indore and Bangalore approaches. The benefits of composting are highlighted as improving soil quality by adding nutrients, improving soil structure, and enabling plant growth. In conclusion, composting is presented as an economically and environmentally sound waste management process.
This document discusses different methods for producing energy from solid waste including pyrolysis to produce biooil, composting, vermiculture, and biogas production. Pyrolysis uses high heat to break down municipal solid waste into biooil that can be used as fuel. Composting is the natural breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms into a nutrient-rich material. Vermiculture uses earthworms to break down organic waste into castings. Biogas is produced through anaerobic digestion of organic materials by bacteria and is composed primarily of methane and carbon dioxide.
Vermitechnology is the science dealing with the importance and use of earthworm species in addressing environmental and ecological problems. It utilizes earthworms like Eisenia fetida and Perionyx excavates to stabilize organic wastes through vermicomposting. During vermicomposting, earthworms physically fragment waste and increase its surface area while promoting microbial activity. This aerobic decomposition converts nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium into more soluble and available forms, producing a nutrient-rich end product called vermicompost. Vermicompost has physical and chemical properties that make it a valuable organic fertilizer and soil conditioner.
1. The study aimed to characterize Rhizobia isolated from a hot spring in Bakreshwar and evaluate its potential as a biofertilizer. Samples were collected from the hot spring, cultured, and a pure bacterial strain was isolated.
2. The isolate was identified through biochemical tests as Rhizobium and produced in mass quantity using a charcoal-soil carrier mixture.
3. A field application study showed that plants treated with the Rhizobium isolate had higher chlorophyll, carbohydrate, and protein content compared to control plants, indicating its effectiveness as a biofertilizer.
This document provides instructions for making compost from biodegradable waste. It discusses mixing household waste materials like food scraps and yard waste to achieve the proper carbon to nitrogen ratio. The compost was monitored and maintained at optimal moisture and oxygen levels to promote microbial breakdown of materials. The composting process generated heat and resulted in a stabilized organic fertilizer that can be used to supplement soil and support plant growth while reducing waste.
There are several methods for composting organic waste materials. The Indore method involves filling pits layered with dry waste, cattle dung, soil, and ash. The materials are turned three times over 2-3 months for aeration and decomposition. The Bangalore method fills pits without turning, allowing decomposition over 8-9 months. The NADEP method facilitates composting with minimum cattle dung use through aerobic decomposition. The Coimbatore method composts in pits by layering waste with cow dung and bone meal mixtures.
There are several methods for composting organic waste materials. The Indore method involves filling pits layered with dry waste, cattle dung, soil, and ash. The materials are turned three times over 2-3 months for aeration and decomposition. The Bangalore method fills pits without turning for 8-9 months of decomposition. The NADEP method facilitates composting with minimum cattle dung use through aerobic decomposition. The Coimbatore method uses pits layered with waste, cattle dung suspension, and bone meal, left undisturbed for 8-10 weeks before shaping into a heap.
This document is a seminar paper on composting presented by Sourabh M. Kulkarni. It includes an introduction to composting, a brief history of composting, and an index of topics to be covered. The paper will discuss the microbiology and chemical and physical processes involved in composting, including the roles of bacteria, temperature, moisture, nutrients and aeration. It will also address pathogen destruction during composting and methods and steps in the composting process.
The company has developed a new biodegradation system that uses unique thermophilic organisms. This system addresses many of the disadvantages of conventional composting such as lengthy processing times, odor issues, and inability to treat all waste types. The system operates at high temperatures that kill pathogens quickly and can process difficult waste streams in around 21 days. The end products are high-quality, nutrient-rich soil amendments.
Compost is a mixture of ingredients used to fertilize and improve the soil. It is commonly prepared by decomposing plant and food waste and recycling organic materials. The resulting mixture is rich in plant nutrients and beneficial organisms, such as worms and fungal mycelium. Compost improves soil fertility in gardens, landscaping, horticulture, urban agriculture, and organic farming. The benefits of compost include providing nutrients to crops as fertilizer, acting as a soil conditioner, increasing the humus or humic acid contents of the soil, and introducing beneficial colonies of microbes that help to suppress pathogens in the soil. It also reduces expenses on commercial chemical fertilizers for recreational gardeners and commercial farmers alike.
This document discusses different methods of solid waste management. It describes the types and sources of solid waste and provides details on various disposal and processing methods like open dumping, sanitary landfilling, composting, incineration, and pyrolysis. Landfilling is explained as the most common disposal method, where waste is buried in engineered pits with liners, leachate collection systems, and gas extraction. Composting converts organic waste into fertilizer via aerobic or anaerobic biological processes. Vermicomposting specifically uses earthworms. Site selection criteria for landfills and requirements for optimal composting are also outlined.
This document provides information on the compost process, including different types of composting methods and the microbial ecology involved. It discusses aerobic composting in detail, outlining the three phases: mesophilic, thermophilic, and curing. Key factors that optimize compost include oxygen supply, particle size and structure, moisture and temperature control, carbon to nitrogen ratio, balance of nutrients, and pH. Industrial composting operations are also described.
In recent years, it is no doubt that in India, where on one side pollution is increasing day by day due to accumulation of organic waste and on the other side there is a great shortage of organic manure.
It has been estimated that India, as a whole, generates as much as 25 million tonnes of urban solid waste of diverse composition per year. Solid waste comprises of both organic and inorganic matter.
Under the present condition of environmental degradation, vermicomposting technology is the best way to meet all the requirements of the society. This is a process of recycling trash/agricultural wastes in an efficient and eco-friendly manner in order to produce quality compost.
Organic wastes can be broken down and fragmented rapidly by earthworms, resulting in a stable non-toxic material with good structure, which has a potentially high economic value and also acts as a soil conditioner for plant growth.
It is a type of composting in which worms eat and metabolize organic matter that comprises to a better end product known as Vermicast (commonly called as BLACK GOLD) which has a stuff of nutrients that can be directly incorporated into the soil to help with plant fertilization, soil enrichment and soil stability.From a social point of view, organic fertilizers will:
Improve the social status of the individuals and the community.
Create motivation for people to live in the countryside by providing job
opportunities and business plans.
From a hygienic point of view, organic fertilizers will:
Produce chemical-free crops which will improve people's health.
Reduce the danger of lung diseases and other diseases resulting from burning the organic wastes in the field.EPIGEIC EARTHWORMS:
Earthworms of this group cannot make burrows in the soil. They can only move through crevices of the surface. They feed exclusively on decomposing organic wastes.
ENDOGEIC EARTHWORMS:
They are subsoil dwellers. Secretions of body wall of earthworms cement and smoothen the walls of the burrows and protect the wall from collapsing easily. They move below 30cm or more in the soil
ANECIC EARTHWORMS:
They are found in the soil, which is not frequently disturbed. They make very complicated burrows in the sol and they firmly pack their burrow walls with their castings. The Anecic earthworms like Epigeic earthworms are commonly found in temperate countries.Vermicompost is an excellent soil additive made up of digested compost. Worm castings are much higher in nutrients and microbial life and therefore, are considered as a higher value product. Worm castings contain up to 5 times the plant available nutrients. It not only adds microbial organisms and nutrients that have long lasting residual effects, it also modulates structure to the existing soil, increases water retention capacity. Vermicompost contains an average of 1.5% - 2.2% N, 1.8% - 2.2% P and 1.0% - 1.5% K. The organic carbon is ranging from 9.15 to 17.98 and contains micronutrients Nitrogen, phosphorus, Potassium..
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Ssac 353 lecture no. 7 9, classification of manures bulkey and concentrated, composting methods
1. Definition, properties and classification of bulky and
concentrated organic manures, their composition
and nutrient availability.
Preparation of FYM, composts, different methods
of composting, decomposition process and nutrient
losses during handling and storage
Marks 6
Lecture No. 7-8-9
Dr. AB Jadhav,
Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry,
Agriculture College , Pune
2. Compost
Composting is
the biochemical
processes
of converting
organic residue
of plant and
animal origin
into organic
manures, rich in
humus and plant
nutrients by a
variety of
microorganisms
in a warm,
moist, aerobic or
anaerobic
condition
Manures
These are the
materials
naturally
available in farm
or locality and
are constituted
mainly of
remains of
plants and
animals which
are added to a
soil as a source
of nutrients and
for modifying
the soil
properties
Bulky Organic
Manures
Organic material
of natural origin
having greater
volume per unit
nutrient content.
C/N ratio may be
about 20 : 1
examples - FYM,
compost and
green manuring.
Concentrated
Organic
Manures
Organic material
of natural origin
having small
volume per unit
nutrient content.
These are
generally
undecomposed
having C:N ratio
may be less than
10 : 1.
Examples: Oil
cakes, blood
meal, fish meal
3.
4.
5. S.No MANURES FERTILIZERS
1 Organic in nature Inorganic in nature
2 Slow acting Quick acting
3 Having low analytical value Having high analytical value
4 Having no definite chemical
composition
Having definite chemical
composition
5
Obtained from plant , animal and
human resources
Mined or manufactured
6 Improves physical properties of soils Don’t improve the physical
properties of soils
7 Supply almost all major, minor and
micronutrients.
Supply one or very few plant
nutrients.
8
Derived from French word
‘MANOEUVRER’ to work with soil
Derived from Latin word Fertil (
means Fertile )
9 Bulky in nature Non-bulky in nature
8. 1 Composting is basically a biological process in which
aerobic and anaerobic microbes decompose organic
matter and narrow down the C: N ratio of substrate used
2 The final product is formed is an amorphous, brown to
dark brown, humified material known as compost
3 Compost is more stable and richer in nutrients than FYM
4 The difference in FYM and compost is the substrate
5 In FYM substrates are dung, cattle urine and litter
6 In compost-substrates are diverse waste organic materials
like straw, stalks/stubbles/husk/weeds/
biodegradable house holds and factory
Concept of Decomposition
10. Aerobic
• Composting takes place in
presence of O2 (Indore
method)
• Characterized by high temp.
• Presence of aerobic
microbes
• High optimum moisture
• Rapid process
• CO2 is largely produced
Anaerobic
• Composting takes place in
absence of O2 (Bangalore
method)
• Low temp. and foul smell
• Anaerobic microbes
• Less water content
• Slow process
• Methane gas is released
Decomposition
12. Aeration
• Requires large amount of O2 at initial
• O2 supply is less growth of microbes slower and
decomposition rate less
• Aeration removes excessive heat, water vapor and
other gases trapped in the pile
• Heat is removed
• Turning and ventilation of pile is important
Moisture
•Necessary for metabolic activity of the microbes.
• Optimum moisture content should be 40–65 %.
•Pile too dry, composting occurs slowly, while
moisture content in excess of 65 percent develops
anaerobic conditions
13. Nutrients
• Micro-organisms require C, N, P and K nutrients.
• C:N ratio of raw materials.
• Optimum C:N ratio of raw materials is between 25:1 and 30:1
although ratios between 20:1 and 40:1 are also acceptable.
• Higher C:N ratio > 40:1 less microbial growth and long
decomposition time
• The C:N ratio of the final product should be between about 10:1
and 15:1.
Temperature
• Ideal temperature for the initial composting stage is 20–45 °C
mesophillic organisms
• Subsequent stage thermophilic microbes 50 to 700C is ideal.
• High temperatures characterize the aerobic composting process
and serve as signs of vigorous microbial activities.
• Pathogens are normally destroyed at 55 °C and above, while the
critical point for elimination of weed seeds is 62 °C. Turnings and
aeration can be used to regulate temperature
• Losses of NH3 is high when temp is more than 40°C and pH > 7.0
14. Lignins
• Lignin - Highly resistant to microbial degradation (Richard,
1996).
• Presence of cellulose or complex sugars requires long
period.
Polyphenols
• Polyphenols include hydrolysable and condensed tannins
• Insoluble condensed tannins bind the cell walls and proteins
and make them physically or chemically less accessible to
decomposers.
• Soluble condensed and hydrolysable tannins react with
proteins and reduce their microbial degradation and thus N
release
15. Farm Yard Manure (FYM)
The FYM refers to the refuse from farm animals, mainly sheep,
cattle and poultry.
This is one of the oldest manure known and is highly valued
for its many of the beneficial properties that are said to be
produced when this manure is added to the soil. It not only
adds the constituents to the soil but also adds organic matter
to the soil.
16. Composition of Farm Manure
Several factors influence the composition of farm manure
and they are the following
1. Source of manure
2. Feed of the animals
3. Age of the animals
4. Condition of the animals
5. Manner of storage and handling
6. Litter use etc.,
On an average the composition of FYM is usually 0.5 % N, .25
% P2O5 and 0.5 %
K2O.