Look at two main types
Explain mechanisms
Explain prevention of cracking
Three main types
1 Carbon cracking
2 Boudouard carbon formation
3 CO reduction
This document discusses operating pre-reformers at high temperatures and the associated benefits and drawbacks. It notes that while higher temperatures allow for better thermal efficiency and feedstock flexibility in reformers, they can also cause hydrothermal sintering of catalysts over time from high heat and steam. The document provides guidelines for startup, reduction, and operation of pre-reformer catalysts to maximize performance while mitigating sintering risks.
1. Introduction reasons for purification, types of poisons, and typical systems
2. Hydrogenation
3. Dechlorination
4. Sulfur Removal
5. Purification system start-up and shut-down
Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Underpinning Theory
2.1 Conceptualization
2.2 Reforming Reactions
2.3 Carbon Formation Chemistry
2.3.1 Natural Gas
2.3.2 Carbon Formation for Naphtha Feeds
2.3.3 Carbon Gasification
2.4 Heat Transfer
3 Causes
3.1 Effects of Carbon Formation
3.2 Types of Carbon
4 What are the Effects of Carbon Formation?
4.1 Why does Carbon Formation Get Worse?
4.1.1 So what is the Next Step?
4.2 Consequences of Carbon Formation
4.3 Why does Carbon Form where it does?
4.3.1 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
4.4 Why does Carbon Formation Propagate Down the Tube?
4.4.1 Effect on Radiation on the Fluegas Side
4.5 Why does Carbon Formation propagate Up the Tube?
5 How do we Prevent Carbon Formation
5.1 The Role of Potash
5.2 Inclusion of Pre-reformer
5.3 Primary Reformer Catalyst Parameters
5.3.1 Activity
5.3.2 Heat Transfer
5.3.3 Increased Steam to Carbon Ratio
6 Steam Out
6.1 Why does increasing the Steam to Carbon Ratio Not Work?
6.2 Why does reducing the Feed Rate not help?
6.3 Fundamental Principles of Steam Outs
TABLES
1 Heat Transfer Coefficients in a Typical Reformer
2 Typical Catalyst Loading Options
FIGURES
1 Hot Bands
2 Conceptual Pellet
3 Naphtha Carbon Formation
4 Heat Transfer within an Reformer
5 Types of Carbon Formation
6 Effect of Carbon on Nickel Crystallites
7 Absorption of Heat
8 Comparison of "Base Case" v Carbon Forming Tube
9 Carbon Formation Vicious Circle
10 Temperature Profiles
11 Carbon Pinch Point
12 Carbon Formation
13 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
14 How does Carbon Propagate into an Unaffected Zone?
15 Movement of the Carbon Forming Region
16 Effect of Hot Bands on Radiative Heat Transfer
17 Effect of Potash on Carbon Formation
18 Application of a Pre-reformer
19 Effect of Activity on Carbon Formation
(LTS) Low Temperature Shift Catalyst - Comprehensive OverviewGerard B. Hawkins
The document discusses low temperature shift catalysts used in hydrogen production plants. It describes the purpose of low temperature shift catalysts in further converting carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide to improve hydrogen yield and remove impurities. It then covers the chemistry, typical operating conditions, factors influencing catalyst activity like temperature profile and poisons, and byproduct formation issues. The document promotes the VSG-C111/112 series as superior catalysts, highlighting their resistance to poisons like sulfur and chloride, low methanol byproduct formation, high activity, and strength properties.
Steam Reformer Surveys - Techniques for Optimization of Primary Reformer Oper...Gerard B. Hawkins
Introduction
Background Radiation and Temperature Measurement
Reformer Survey Inputs
Other Troubleshooting Tools
Safety
Preparation
Onsite Data Collection
TWT Survey
Observation/Troubleshooting
Modelling and Analysis
Results/Outputs
Case Studies
Conclusions
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Conclusions
Look at two main types
Explain mechanisms
Explain prevention of cracking
Three main types
1 Carbon cracking
2 Boudouard carbon formation
3 CO reduction
This document discusses operating pre-reformers at high temperatures and the associated benefits and drawbacks. It notes that while higher temperatures allow for better thermal efficiency and feedstock flexibility in reformers, they can also cause hydrothermal sintering of catalysts over time from high heat and steam. The document provides guidelines for startup, reduction, and operation of pre-reformer catalysts to maximize performance while mitigating sintering risks.
1. Introduction reasons for purification, types of poisons, and typical systems
2. Hydrogenation
3. Dechlorination
4. Sulfur Removal
5. Purification system start-up and shut-down
Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Underpinning Theory
2.1 Conceptualization
2.2 Reforming Reactions
2.3 Carbon Formation Chemistry
2.3.1 Natural Gas
2.3.2 Carbon Formation for Naphtha Feeds
2.3.3 Carbon Gasification
2.4 Heat Transfer
3 Causes
3.1 Effects of Carbon Formation
3.2 Types of Carbon
4 What are the Effects of Carbon Formation?
4.1 Why does Carbon Formation Get Worse?
4.1.1 So what is the Next Step?
4.2 Consequences of Carbon Formation
4.3 Why does Carbon Form where it does?
4.3.1 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
4.4 Why does Carbon Formation Propagate Down the Tube?
4.4.1 Effect on Radiation on the Fluegas Side
4.5 Why does Carbon Formation propagate Up the Tube?
5 How do we Prevent Carbon Formation
5.1 The Role of Potash
5.2 Inclusion of Pre-reformer
5.3 Primary Reformer Catalyst Parameters
5.3.1 Activity
5.3.2 Heat Transfer
5.3.3 Increased Steam to Carbon Ratio
6 Steam Out
6.1 Why does increasing the Steam to Carbon Ratio Not Work?
6.2 Why does reducing the Feed Rate not help?
6.3 Fundamental Principles of Steam Outs
TABLES
1 Heat Transfer Coefficients in a Typical Reformer
2 Typical Catalyst Loading Options
FIGURES
1 Hot Bands
2 Conceptual Pellet
3 Naphtha Carbon Formation
4 Heat Transfer within an Reformer
5 Types of Carbon Formation
6 Effect of Carbon on Nickel Crystallites
7 Absorption of Heat
8 Comparison of "Base Case" v Carbon Forming Tube
9 Carbon Formation Vicious Circle
10 Temperature Profiles
11 Carbon Pinch Point
12 Carbon Formation
13 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
14 How does Carbon Propagate into an Unaffected Zone?
15 Movement of the Carbon Forming Region
16 Effect of Hot Bands on Radiative Heat Transfer
17 Effect of Potash on Carbon Formation
18 Application of a Pre-reformer
19 Effect of Activity on Carbon Formation
(LTS) Low Temperature Shift Catalyst - Comprehensive OverviewGerard B. Hawkins
The document discusses low temperature shift catalysts used in hydrogen production plants. It describes the purpose of low temperature shift catalysts in further converting carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide to improve hydrogen yield and remove impurities. It then covers the chemistry, typical operating conditions, factors influencing catalyst activity like temperature profile and poisons, and byproduct formation issues. The document promotes the VSG-C111/112 series as superior catalysts, highlighting their resistance to poisons like sulfur and chloride, low methanol byproduct formation, high activity, and strength properties.
Steam Reformer Surveys - Techniques for Optimization of Primary Reformer Oper...Gerard B. Hawkins
Introduction
Background Radiation and Temperature Measurement
Reformer Survey Inputs
Other Troubleshooting Tools
Safety
Preparation
Onsite Data Collection
TWT Survey
Observation/Troubleshooting
Modelling and Analysis
Results/Outputs
Case Studies
Conclusions
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Conclusions
(HTS) High Temperature Shift Catalyst (VSG-F101) - Comprehensiev OverviewGerard B. Hawkins
The document discusses improvements in high temperature shift catalysts. It describes the characteristics and operational issues of traditional HTS catalysts and how the new VULCAN Series VSG-F101 catalyst has addressed these issues through modifications to its microstructure and composition. The VSG-F101 has shown improved activity, strength, and resistance to thermal and mechanical stresses during plant upsets compared to previous catalysts.
This document discusses primary reforming processes for producing hydrogen and ammonia. It describes a simplified steam reforming process that involves steam reforming, water-gas shift reaction, hydrogen purification, and ammonia synthesis. Steam reforming converts hydrocarbon feeds to hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water using steam and a catalyst inside heated tubes. There are various options for reforming sections, including pre-reformers, secondary reformers, and gas-heated reformers. Tubular steam reformers are commonly used and can be top fired, side fired, or use a terraced wall design depending on the process designer and plant capacity.
VULCAN Series VSG-Z101 Primary Reforming
Initial Catalyst Reduction
Activating (reducing) the catalyst involves changing the nickel oxide to nickel, represented by:
NiO + H2 <==========> Ni + H2O
Natural gas is typically used as the hydrogen source. When it is, the catalyst reduction and putting the reformer on-line are accompanied in the same step.
Reformer Tube design principles
- Larsen Miller Plot
- Larsen Miller & Tube Design
- Design Margins - Stress Data Used
- Max Allowable & Design Temperature
- Tube Life
- Effect of Temperature on Life
- Material Types
HK40: 25 Cr / 20 Ni
HP Modified: 25 Cr / 35 Ni + Nb
Microalloy: 25 Cr / 35 Ni + Nb + Ti
- Alloy Developments
- Comparison of Alloys
Manufacturing Technology
- Welds
Failure mechanisms
- Failure Mechanisms - Creep
- Creep Propagation
- Common Failure Modes
- Uncommon Failure Modes
- Failure by Creep
- Creep Rupture - Cross Section
- Failure at Weld
Actions to Take if Tube Fails
- Pigtail Nipping
Inspection techniques
Classification of Problems
- Visual Examination
- Girth Measurement
- Ultrasonic Attenuation
- Radiography
Eddy Current Measurement
LOTIS Tube Inspection
LOTIS Compared to External Inspection
Purpose
Key to good performance
Problem Areas
Catalysts, heat shields and plant up-rates
Burner Guns
Development of High Intensity Ring Burner
Case Studies
Conclusions
The document provides guidelines for safely starting up and reducing steam reforming catalyst. It discusses warm-up procedures to avoid condensation, reducing the catalyst with hydrogen or hydrocarbons, and gradually introducing feedstock. It also summarizes a case study where overfiring during start-up led to tube failures due to much higher than normal temperatures as a result of deviations from proper procedures.
Common poisons include
Sulfur
Chlorides and other halides
Metals including arsenic, vanadium, mercury, alkali metals (including potassium)
Phosphates
Organo-metalics
High Temperature Shift Catalyst Reduction ProcedureGerard B. Hawkins
High Temperature Shift Catalyst Reduction Procedure
The catalyst, as supplied, is Fe2O3. This reduces to the active form, Fe3O4, in the presence of hydrogen when process gas is admitted to the reactor.
1. The mildly exothermic reactions are:
3 Fe2O3 + H2 ========= 2 Fe3O4 + H2O
3 Fe2O3 + CO ========= 2 Fe3O4 + CO2
The document discusses different types of reformers used in ammonia plants, including pre-reformers, primary reformers, and secondary reformers. It provides details on the process, internals, catalysts, and operating conditions of each reformer type. Primary reformers are described as duplex reforming furnaces containing nickel catalyst-loaded tubes that are fired by natural gas burners to drive the endothermic reforming reactions. Key variables that impact the reforming reactions such as temperature, pressure, steam-to-carbon ratio, and catalyst activity are also summarized.
Tube Wall Temperature Measurement On Steam Reformers - Best PracticesGerard B. Hawkins
GBH Enterprises provides guidance on best practices for measuring tube wall temperatures in steam reformers using optical pyrometers. It is important to measure temperatures accurately to prevent overheating tubes while maximizing plant efficiency. GBH recommends taking multiple temperature and background readings per tube using handheld pyrometers and an emissivity correction factor. Safety precautions like protective equipment are also advised. Detailed procedures are outlined for top-fired, side-fired and terrace wall furnace configurations.
101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer - Best Practices GuideGerard B. Hawkins
This document discusses common problems that can occur in primary reformers and associated equipment. It identifies issues that can lead to plant shutdowns or efficiency losses, grouping them under catalysts, tubes, furnace boxes, burners, flue gas ducts, headers, and refractories. Some examples discussed include carbon formation, tube overheating, flame impingement, leaks in air preheaters, combustion air maldistribution, and damage to coffins. The document provides an overview of these issues to improve plant reliability over its lifespan.
This document provides best practices for loading catalyst into steam reformer tubes. It discusses using socks to uniformly distribute catalyst at a controlled rate of 3 feet or less of freefall. Pressure drop should be measured across tubes to ensure uniform packing. Common problems like bridging or uneven settling can be addressed through vibration or repacking. Precise loading techniques help minimize issues like temperature variations or methane slip that reduce efficiency and tube life.
Equilibrium Effects
- Methane Steam
- Water Gas Shift
Relationship of Kp to Temperature
Relationship of WGS Kp to Temperature
Effect of Temperature on Methane Slip
Approach to Equilibrium
Reaction Path and Equilibrium
Effect of Pressure Increase
Operating Parameters
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Feed Rate
- Steam to Carbon
Effect of Exit Temperature Spread
Useful Tools
Calculating ATM
Introduction High temperature shift Catalysts
Low temperature shift catalysts
Catalyst storage, handling, charging and discharging
Health and safety precautions
Reduction and start-up of high temperature shift catalysts
Operation of high temperature shift catalysts
Reduction and start-up of low temperature shift catalysts
Operation of low temperature shift catalysts
Burner Design, Operation and Maintenance on Ammonia PlantsGerard B. Hawkins
The document discusses burner design, operation, and maintenance on ammonia plants. It covers reformer burner types and designs, including premix and staged burners. It also addresses combustion characteristics like excess air and fuel viscosity effects. Maintenance best practices like checking burner pressures and atomizing steam temperatures are emphasized. Low NOx equipment uses techniques like staged air, fuel, and flue gas recirculation to reduce emissions. Good combustion requires attention to design, operation, maintenance, and partnership among related roles.
This document discusses catalyst process technology for steam reforming of hydrocarbons. It covers the chemical reactions involved, catalyst design considerations like shape and chemistry, and carbon formation and removal. Key points discussed include the conversion of hydrocarbons to syngas, reforming and shift reactions, factors that influence methane conversion, reformer design, optimizing catalyst shape for heat transfer and pressure drop, using alkali-doped catalysts to prevent carbon formation, and tailored catalyst requirements.
(HTS) High Temperature Shift Catalyst (VSG-F101) - Comprehensiev OverviewGerard B. Hawkins
The document discusses improvements in high temperature shift catalysts. It describes the characteristics and operational issues of traditional HTS catalysts and how the new VULCAN Series VSG-F101 catalyst has addressed these issues through modifications to its microstructure and composition. The VSG-F101 has shown improved activity, strength, and resistance to thermal and mechanical stresses during plant upsets compared to previous catalysts.
This document discusses primary reforming processes for producing hydrogen and ammonia. It describes a simplified steam reforming process that involves steam reforming, water-gas shift reaction, hydrogen purification, and ammonia synthesis. Steam reforming converts hydrocarbon feeds to hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water using steam and a catalyst inside heated tubes. There are various options for reforming sections, including pre-reformers, secondary reformers, and gas-heated reformers. Tubular steam reformers are commonly used and can be top fired, side fired, or use a terraced wall design depending on the process designer and plant capacity.
VULCAN Series VSG-Z101 Primary Reforming
Initial Catalyst Reduction
Activating (reducing) the catalyst involves changing the nickel oxide to nickel, represented by:
NiO + H2 <==========> Ni + H2O
Natural gas is typically used as the hydrogen source. When it is, the catalyst reduction and putting the reformer on-line are accompanied in the same step.
Reformer Tube design principles
- Larsen Miller Plot
- Larsen Miller & Tube Design
- Design Margins - Stress Data Used
- Max Allowable & Design Temperature
- Tube Life
- Effect of Temperature on Life
- Material Types
HK40: 25 Cr / 20 Ni
HP Modified: 25 Cr / 35 Ni + Nb
Microalloy: 25 Cr / 35 Ni + Nb + Ti
- Alloy Developments
- Comparison of Alloys
Manufacturing Technology
- Welds
Failure mechanisms
- Failure Mechanisms - Creep
- Creep Propagation
- Common Failure Modes
- Uncommon Failure Modes
- Failure by Creep
- Creep Rupture - Cross Section
- Failure at Weld
Actions to Take if Tube Fails
- Pigtail Nipping
Inspection techniques
Classification of Problems
- Visual Examination
- Girth Measurement
- Ultrasonic Attenuation
- Radiography
Eddy Current Measurement
LOTIS Tube Inspection
LOTIS Compared to External Inspection
Purpose
Key to good performance
Problem Areas
Catalysts, heat shields and plant up-rates
Burner Guns
Development of High Intensity Ring Burner
Case Studies
Conclusions
The document provides guidelines for safely starting up and reducing steam reforming catalyst. It discusses warm-up procedures to avoid condensation, reducing the catalyst with hydrogen or hydrocarbons, and gradually introducing feedstock. It also summarizes a case study where overfiring during start-up led to tube failures due to much higher than normal temperatures as a result of deviations from proper procedures.
Common poisons include
Sulfur
Chlorides and other halides
Metals including arsenic, vanadium, mercury, alkali metals (including potassium)
Phosphates
Organo-metalics
High Temperature Shift Catalyst Reduction ProcedureGerard B. Hawkins
High Temperature Shift Catalyst Reduction Procedure
The catalyst, as supplied, is Fe2O3. This reduces to the active form, Fe3O4, in the presence of hydrogen when process gas is admitted to the reactor.
1. The mildly exothermic reactions are:
3 Fe2O3 + H2 ========= 2 Fe3O4 + H2O
3 Fe2O3 + CO ========= 2 Fe3O4 + CO2
The document discusses different types of reformers used in ammonia plants, including pre-reformers, primary reformers, and secondary reformers. It provides details on the process, internals, catalysts, and operating conditions of each reformer type. Primary reformers are described as duplex reforming furnaces containing nickel catalyst-loaded tubes that are fired by natural gas burners to drive the endothermic reforming reactions. Key variables that impact the reforming reactions such as temperature, pressure, steam-to-carbon ratio, and catalyst activity are also summarized.
Tube Wall Temperature Measurement On Steam Reformers - Best PracticesGerard B. Hawkins
GBH Enterprises provides guidance on best practices for measuring tube wall temperatures in steam reformers using optical pyrometers. It is important to measure temperatures accurately to prevent overheating tubes while maximizing plant efficiency. GBH recommends taking multiple temperature and background readings per tube using handheld pyrometers and an emissivity correction factor. Safety precautions like protective equipment are also advised. Detailed procedures are outlined for top-fired, side-fired and terrace wall furnace configurations.
101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer - Best Practices GuideGerard B. Hawkins
This document discusses common problems that can occur in primary reformers and associated equipment. It identifies issues that can lead to plant shutdowns or efficiency losses, grouping them under catalysts, tubes, furnace boxes, burners, flue gas ducts, headers, and refractories. Some examples discussed include carbon formation, tube overheating, flame impingement, leaks in air preheaters, combustion air maldistribution, and damage to coffins. The document provides an overview of these issues to improve plant reliability over its lifespan.
This document provides best practices for loading catalyst into steam reformer tubes. It discusses using socks to uniformly distribute catalyst at a controlled rate of 3 feet or less of freefall. Pressure drop should be measured across tubes to ensure uniform packing. Common problems like bridging or uneven settling can be addressed through vibration or repacking. Precise loading techniques help minimize issues like temperature variations or methane slip that reduce efficiency and tube life.
Equilibrium Effects
- Methane Steam
- Water Gas Shift
Relationship of Kp to Temperature
Relationship of WGS Kp to Temperature
Effect of Temperature on Methane Slip
Approach to Equilibrium
Reaction Path and Equilibrium
Effect of Pressure Increase
Operating Parameters
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Feed Rate
- Steam to Carbon
Effect of Exit Temperature Spread
Useful Tools
Calculating ATM
Introduction High temperature shift Catalysts
Low temperature shift catalysts
Catalyst storage, handling, charging and discharging
Health and safety precautions
Reduction and start-up of high temperature shift catalysts
Operation of high temperature shift catalysts
Reduction and start-up of low temperature shift catalysts
Operation of low temperature shift catalysts
Burner Design, Operation and Maintenance on Ammonia PlantsGerard B. Hawkins
The document discusses burner design, operation, and maintenance on ammonia plants. It covers reformer burner types and designs, including premix and staged burners. It also addresses combustion characteristics like excess air and fuel viscosity effects. Maintenance best practices like checking burner pressures and atomizing steam temperatures are emphasized. Low NOx equipment uses techniques like staged air, fuel, and flue gas recirculation to reduce emissions. Good combustion requires attention to design, operation, maintenance, and partnership among related roles.
This document discusses catalyst process technology for steam reforming of hydrocarbons. It covers the chemical reactions involved, catalyst design considerations like shape and chemistry, and carbon formation and removal. Key points discussed include the conversion of hydrocarbons to syngas, reforming and shift reactions, factors that influence methane conversion, reformer design, optimizing catalyst shape for heat transfer and pressure drop, using alkali-doped catalysts to prevent carbon formation, and tailored catalyst requirements.
Production of Syngas from biomass and its purificationAwais Chaudhary
This document summarizes a project proposal for a biomass gasification plant in Pakistan. It discusses the motivation, basic chemistry, advantages of syngas, availability of raw materials, effects of temperature and residence time on syngas production, particulate matter, tars, sulfur, nitrogen compounds in biomass gasification. It also describes the gasification process selected, purification of syngas using hot gas cleanup technology, equipment list, environmental considerations, and concludes with recommendations for syngas production from biomass.
High level introduction
Mainstream syngas = steam reforming processes
Ammonia; methanol; hydrogen/HyCO
Town gas
Steam reforming; low pressure cyclic
Direct reduction iron (DRI)
HYL type processes; Midrex type processes
Maters Thesis - CO2 Hydrogenation to fuelsTomasz Miotk
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can offer significant health benefits over time such as improved focus, better sleep, and a more positive outlook.
1) CO2 levels in the atmosphere are rising due to increased emissions, causing global warming and imbalance in the carbon cycle.
2) Converting CO2 into value-added chemicals like methanol and methane can help reduce CO2 levels while producing useful products.
3) Several pilot plants around the world have demonstrated the technical feasibility of converting CO2 into methanol and dimethyl ether, but further reducing production costs is still needed for wide commercial application of these technologies.
This document outlines research into catalyzing the hydrogenation of CO2 using metal oxides. It discusses the background and challenges, investigating the reaction mechanism and factors that influence catalyst performance. The research aims to understand the process at a microscopic level to optimize catalyst design without trial and error. Methods explored include comparing catalysts in a database, mapping electron density changes during reaction, and applying machine learning to understand structure-activity relationships. Future work involves further computational modeling and analysis to refine rate constants and transition state theory.
Carbon Dioxide to Chemicals and Fuels Course Material.
National Centre for Catalysis Research (NCCR, IIT Madras), considered for the first on-line course the topic of Carbon dioxide to Chemicals and Fuels. NCCR has learnt many such lessons which are necessary for the researchers to understand and also have a complete comprehension of the limitations.
Clipping algorithms identify portions of an image that are inside or outside a specified clipping region. They are used to extract a defined scene for viewing, identify visible surfaces, and perform other drawing and display operations. Common types of clipping include point, line, polygon, and curve clipping. Algorithms like Cohen-Sutherland and mid-point subdivision use codes and binary subdivision to efficiently determine which image portions are visible and should be displayed.
Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane trapping heat in the atmosphere. This is warming the planet and causing sea levels to rise, harming plants and animals. One contributor is burning fossil fuels which release pollutants into the air. Cutting down forests also exacerbates the problem since trees absorb carbon dioxide. To address global warming, people are carpooling, conserving energy, and governments are implementing acts like the Clean Air Act to reduce industrial and vehicle emissions. Protecting the environment is important for health, safety, and longevity.
This document discusses climate change and provides information about the difference between weather and climate. It explains that climate is affected by both abiotic and biotic factors. Greenhouse gases are essential to our climate by trapping heat in our atmosphere. However, human activity has increased greenhouse gas levels, resulting in global warming. Evidence of climate change comes from melting glaciers, tree rings, and changes in plant and animal ranges. The document suggests various ways individuals can reduce their carbon footprint through conserving energy use at home, in transportation, and reducing waste.
Global warming poses serious threats to human health and the environment. Individual actions like reducing energy usage and advocating for sustainable policies can help address the problem. Nurses are well-positioned to educate about impacts of climate change and encourage solutions through their work in communities, organizations, and with policymakers. Collective efforts are needed at all levels to mitigate global warming and its effects.
Global warming occurs naturally but is now exacerbated by human activities like industrialization. The greenhouse effect involves gases in the atmosphere trapping heat from the sun, warming the planet. Increased greenhouse gases from human activities have raised the Earth's surface temperature to new highs and caused severe weather events. If emissions are not reduced, scientists warn of even greater temperature rises, more extreme storms, floods and droughts, and small island nations being submerged due to sea level rise from melting ice sheets and thermal expansion of oceans. International agreements like the Kyoto Protocol have aimed to reduce emissions but more action is still needed to prevent destructive climate change impacts.
The document discusses burner design, operation, and maintenance on ammonia plants. It covers reformer burner types and designs, including premix and staged burners. It also addresses combustion characteristics like excess air and fuel viscosity effects. Maintenance best practices like checking burner pressures and atomizing steam temperatures are emphasized. Low NOx equipment uses techniques like staged air, fuel, and flue gas recirculation to reduce emissions. Good combustion requires attention to design, operation, maintenance, and partnership among related roles.
Heaters are used in refineries to raise the temperature of process fluids. There are different types of heaters classified by design and firing method. Key components include tubes, burners, and sections for convection and radiation. Proper draft, excess air, and complete combustion are important for safe and efficient operation. Regular checks help ensure heaters are functioning properly and identify any issues.
The Benefits and Disadvantages of Potash in Steam ReformingGerard B. Hawkins
Why do we include potash ?
What are the benefits ?
What are the disadvantages ?
Catalyst Deactivation
Carbon Deposition : Thermodynamics & Kinetics
Carbon formation margin
Reaction chemistry (Tube inlet)
Hydrocarbons undergo cracking reactions on hot surfaces at the tube inlet
Products of catalytic cracking reactions can form polymeric carbon
La recupercion de Energia termica que eliminan los gases de escape a la atmotfera de las turbinas o generadores de combustion interna. Pueden ser aprovechadas para producir vapor de media presion y ser utilizadas en la industria. La cogeneracion es una importante alternativa para generar grandes ahorros de combustible. Te invito a investigar y tomar las mejores decisiones para tus proyectos de ahorro energetico.
Fired heaters are used for heating hydrocarbons fluids in the refineries and petrochemical plants. They are used for high temperature heat transfer. In most fired heaters, we are burning fuel gas as source of heat . There are many heaters in the world where liquid fuel is also burnt in the fired heaters to provide the energy, but their number is decreasing due to tighter pollution laws. Heaters that are processing hydrocarbons services are prone to coking and cracking depending upon the nature of the hydrocarbons being processed. Typically heaters may run length of anywhere from 3 months for coking service to 6 years for different services. Heater designers and operators are always faced with the challenge of providing uniform heat transfer to all the tubes. Engineers use equations that assume uniform heat transfer to heater tubes When designing fired heaters. However, in reality, most fired heaters do not experience uniform heat transfer, and as a result, hot spots develop on the tubes. These hot spots cause coking inside the tubes which requires the heater be shutdown periodically to remove the coke and clean the tubes. Any shutdown to clean the tubes in a fired heater causes a substantial production loss. The owners want to extend the run length of fired heaters. Furnace Improvements has developed a new patented firing technology that provides uniform heat transfer to heater tubes. This technology can be applied to most fired heaters. Our patented technology reorients the burners at a slight angle away from the tubes. We are able to direct the hottest part of the flames and flue gases away from the tubes without affecting the heat transfer in any way. FIS has installed this in 5 heaters ranging from 14 MMBtu/hr. to 280 MMBtu/hr. The clients are experiencing significant reduction in tube metal temperatures. This is translating into lower coking rates and higher tube life. We have been able to increase the capacity of the heaters in most of the cases. In one of the case study that has been presented in this heater, the heater duty was increased from 14 MMBtu/hr. to 21 MMBtu/hr. Inclined firing improves the heat transfer to the tubes and makes in uniform.
The document describes an industrial company that manufactures air and gas compressor packages and dryer units for industrial, commercial, and residential applications out of multiple facilities across North America; it also provides details on their products for natural gas compression, vapor recovery, fuel conditioning, and gas boosting, as well as an overview of their technologies, customers, and benefits.
This document provides an overview of power plant steam generators. It discusses the basic components and functioning of steam generators, including the causes and effects of steam generation through combustion and heat transfer processes. The document also covers the historical development of steam generators from shell-type boilers to modern water tube boilers. It describes the key differences between steam generators and conventional steam boilers and discusses design considerations like thermodynamic analysis, heat transfer design, and hydraulic design.
The document provides information about steam generators used in power plants. It discusses the key components and processes involved, including combustion causing heat generation, heat transfer through radiation and convection, steam generation through evaporation, and the historical development of water tube boilers. It also summarizes the causes of furnace explosions and the controls used to prevent them, such as burner flame safeguard systems.
This document provides an overview of steam generators used in power plants. It discusses the key components and processes involved, including:
- Steam generators use heat transfer to generate steam through combustion, with combustion causing heat generation and heat transfer processes evaporating water into steam.
- Historically, steam generators have evolved from shell-type boilers to modern water tube boilers to efficiently transfer heat from hot gases to water.
- Modern steam generators precisely control combustion and heat transfer processes to fully evaporate feedwater as it circulates through tubes, generating steam.
The document provides information about steam generators used in power plants. It discusses the key components and processes involved, including combustion causing heat generation, heat transfer through radiation and convection, steam generation through evaporation, and the historical development of water tube boilers. It also summarizes the causes of furnace explosions and the controls used to prevent them, such as burner flame safeguard systems.
This document provides an overview of steam generators used in power plants. It discusses the key components and processes involved, including:
- Steam generators use heat transfer to generate steam through combustion, with combustion causing heat generation and heat transfer processes evaporating water into steam.
- Historically, steam generators have evolved from shell-type boilers to modern water tube boilers to efficiently transfer heat from hot gases to water circulating through tubes.
- Modern steam generators precisely control combustion and heat transfer processes to fully evaporate feedwater as it circulates through tubes, generating steam.
- Water tube boilers have greater mechanical flexibility and efficiency compared to fire tube boilers. They are better suited for high pressure and temperature applications like power generation.
- D-type boilers have superheater tubes located in the high temperature furnace region, leading to more failures. ESD boilers move the superheater outside the furnace for better performance and life. ESD-III uses water attemperation and roof firing for best results.
- Reheat boilers increase efficiency by reheating steam, reducing plant size for same output. However, protection during maneuvers and complex installation are disadvantages.
We have been recently Certified by Engineers India Limited ( EIL) for the Shell & Tube Waste Heat Recovery Boilers WHRB are fire tube industrial boilers equipped with advanced instrumentation to deliver maximum possible heat recovery.
Why have a Secondary Reformer ?
Need nitrogen to make ammonia
Wish to make primary as small as possible
Wish to minimise methane slip since methane is an inert in the ammonia synthesis loop
Other methods of achieving this
Braun Purifier process
Can address all these with an air blown secondary
A new approach to improving heater efficiencyAshutosh Garg
The document describes improvements to heater efficiency using a split flow approach. In a typical implementation, the process stream is split, with the main flow heated through the radiant section and a split flow heated in the convection section before being recombined. Case studies at Citgo and Valero refineries achieved significant efficiency gains through split flow designs, reducing pressure drops, heat fluxes, and costs compared to conventional approaches.
This document discusses steam boilers, their classifications, components, and accessories. It begins by defining steam generators/boilers as equipment used for producing and transferring steam. It then classifies boilers based on factors like the relative position of hot gases and water, method of firing, pressure, circulation method, and intended use. Examples of fire tube and water tube boilers are described in more detail, including locomotive, Lancashire, and Babcock & Wilcox boilers. Mountings for safety and control are outlined. Finally, essential characteristics of a good boiler and common accessories are summarized.
The document provides information on different types of steam boilers. It discusses Cochran, Babcock and Wilcox, and Lancashire boilers. For each boiler type, it describes the key characteristics, construction, working, advantages, and disadvantages. The Cochran boiler is a vertical, multi-tube, low pressure boiler with internal firing and natural circulation. The Babcock and Wilcox boiler is a large, horizontal, water tube boiler commonly used in power stations. The Lancashire boiler is a fire tube boiler with a horizontal cylindrical shell and internal flues for increased heating surface. Videos are also included to demonstrate how each boiler functions.
DEBOTTLENECKING METALLURGICAL AND SULPHUR-BURNING SULPHURIC ACID PLANTS: CAPA...COBRAS
This document discusses concepts for debottlenecking and increasing capacity in sulfuric acid plants. It outlines strategies to unplug arteries by reducing pressure drops through improvements to catalysts, heat exchangers, packing, and mist eliminators. Performance can be enhanced by increasing SO2 gas strength, utilizing furnace bypasses, and adjusting blower locations. Emissions can be reduced through catalyst and tower design improvements as well as gas bypassing and tail gas scrubbing. The document provides examples of projects that have used these strategies to increase acid production and reduce operating costs at various sulfuric acid plants.
Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2
Causes of Relief Situations
This Volume 2 is a guide to the qualitative identification of common causes of overpressure in process equipment. It cannot be exhaustive; the process engineer and relief systems team should look for any credible situation in addition to those given in this Part which could lead to a need for pressure relief (a relief situation).
This document provides guidelines for engineering design of pressure relief systems. It discusses key principles such as identifying potential overpressure and underpressure causes, sizing relief systems to prevent hazards, and safely disposing of relieved materials. The guidelines cover statutory requirements, recommended design procedures, and documentation standards. The overall goal is to preserve equipment integrity and prevent failure from over or under pressure during all process phases.
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy GasesGerard B. Hawkins
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
This Process Safety Guide has been written with the aim of assisting process engineers, hazard analysts and environmental advisers in carrying out gas dispersion calculations. The Guide aims to provide assistance by:
• Improving awareness of the range of dispersion models available within GBHE, and providing guidance in choosing the most appropriate model for a particular application.
• Providing guidance to ensure that source terms and other model inputs are correctly specified, and the models are used within their range of applicability.
• Providing guidance to deal with particular topics in gas dispersion such as dense gas dispersion, complex terrain, and modeling the chemistry of oxides of nitrogen.
• Providing general background on air quality and dispersion modeling issues such as meteorology and air quality standards.
• Providing example calculations for real practical problems.
SCOPE
The gas dispersion guide contains the following Parts:
1 Fundamentals of meteorology.
2 Overview of air quality standards.
3 Comparison between different air quality models.
4 Designing a stack.
5 Dense gas dispersion.
6 Calculation of source terms.
7 Building wake effects.
8 Overview of the chemistry of the oxides of nitrogen.
9 Overview of the ADMS complex terrain module.
10 Overview of the ADMS deposition module.
11 ADMS examples.
12 Modeling odorous releases.
13 Bibliography of useful gas dispersion books and reports.
14 Glossary of gas dispersion modeling terms.
Appendix A : Modeling Wind Generation of Particulates.
APPENDIX B TABLE OF PROPERTY VALUES FOR SPECIFIC CHEMICALS
El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...Gerard B. Hawkins
El documento describe los procesos de refinería y catalizadores, así como los efectos del envenenamiento y ensuciamiento en el rendimiento de los catalizadores. El envenenamiento reduce la actividad de los catalizadores al bloquear los sitios activos o modificar la química de la superficie, lo que afecta la actividad y selectividad. Los niveles bajos de contaminantes tienen un mayor impacto en catalizadores con menor área de superficie. El envenenamiento también puede causar cambios estructurales en el catalizador y permitir
Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis Plant Note Book Series: P...Gerard B. Hawkins
The document discusses adiabatic reactor analysis for methanol synthesis from syngas. It provides the reaction kinetics and calculates conversion, temperature, and reactor volume needed at different conversions. Energy and mass balances are used to derive relationships between conversion, temperature and reaction rate. Data is generated to plot conversion versus volumetric flow rate for reactor sizing. The plot indicates a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) could achieve 85% conversion before switching to a plug flow reactor (PFR) for higher conversion with less volume.
STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTSGerard B. Hawkins
The document discusses procedures for steaming Vulcan steam reforming catalysts to recover from sulfur poisoning and carbon formation incidents. It describes maintaining steam flow at 30-40% of design levels and an outlet temperature above 780°C. Gas samples should be taken hourly to monitor CO2, CH4, H2S and SO2. Steaming is complete when CO2 levels stabilize over 2-3 samples after increasing the temperature. The process typically takes 12-24 hours to complete and closely monitors pressure drop and tube conditions. After steaming, the catalyst requires reduction before restarting hydrocarbon feed.
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption: Gerard B. Hawkins
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:
Case Study: #06023300
Plant Note Book Series: PNBS-0602
CONTENTS
0 SCOPE
1 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FEED CONSUMPTION
2 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FUEL CONSUMPTION
3 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION FOR PILOT BURNERS OF FLARES
4 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER FROM DEMIN. UNIT
5 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER TO PACKAGE BOILERS
6 CALCULATION OF MP STEAM EXPORT
7 CALCULATION OF LP STEAM IMPORT
8 DETERMINATION OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION
9 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT ISBL
10 ADJUSTMENT OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION FOR TEST RUN CONDITIONS
11 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN MP STEAM CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES
12 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES
13 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT OSBL
14 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT
Ammonia Plant Technology
Pre-Commissioning Best Practices
GBHE-APT-0102
PICKLING & PASSIVATION
CONTENTS
1 PURPOSE OF THE WORK
2 CHEMICAL CONCEPT
3 TECHNICAL CONCEPT
4 WASTES & SAFETY CONCEPT
5 TARGET RESULTS
6 THE GENERAL CLEANING SEQUENCE MANAGEMENT
6.6.1 Pre-cleaning or “Physical Cleaning
6.6.2 Pre-rinsing
6.6.3 Chemical Cleaning
6.6.4 Critical Factors in Cleaning Success
6.6.5 Rinsing
6.6.6 Inspection and Re-Cleaning, if Necessary
7 Systems to be treated by Pickling/Passivation
Ammonia Plant Technology
Pre-Commissioning Best Practices
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
CONTENTS
1 Scope
2 Aim/purpose
3 Responsibilities
4 Procedure
4.1 Main cleaning methods
4.1.1 Mechanical cleaning
4.1.2 Cleaning with air
4.1.3 Cleaning with steam (for steam networks only)
4.1.4 Cleaning with water
4.2 Choice of the cleaning method
4.3 Cleaning preparation
4.4 Protection of the devices included in the network
4.5 Protection of devices in the vicinity of the network
4.6 Water flushing procedure
4.6.1 Specific problems of water flushing
4.6.2 Preparation for water flushing
4.6.3 Performing a water flush
4.6.4 Cleanliness criteria
4.7 Air blowing procedure
4.7.1 Specific problems of air blowing
4.7.2 Preparation for air blowing
4.7.3 Performing air blowing
4.7.4 Cleanliness checks
4.8 Steam blowing procedure
4.8.1 Specific problems of steam blowing
4.8.2 Preparation for steam blowing
4.8.3 Performing steam blowing
4.8.4 Cleanliness checks
4.9 Chemical cleaning procedure
4.9.1 Specific problems of cleaning with a chemical solution
4.9.2 Preparation for chemical cleaning
4.9.3 Performing a chemical cleaning
4.9.4 Cleanliness criteria
4.10 Re-assembly - general guideline
4.11 Preservation of flushed piping
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS Gerard B. Hawkins
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Scope of this Guide
1.3 Use of the Guide
2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
2.1 Principal Concerns
2.2 Mechanisms for Ozone Formation
2.3 Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential
2.4 Health and Environmental Effects
2.5 Air Quality Standards for Ground Level Concentrations of Ozone, Targets for Reduction of VOC Discharges and Statutory Discharge Limits
3 VENTS REDUCTION PHILOSOPHY
3.1 Reduction at Source
3.2 End-of-pipe Treatment
4 METHODOLOGY FOR COLLECTION & ASSESSMENT OF PROCESS FLOW DATA
4.1 General
4.2 Identification of Vent Sources
4.3 Characterization of Vents
4.4 Quantification of Process Vent Flows
4.5 Component Flammability Data Collection
4.6 Identification of Operating Scenarios
4.7 Quantification of Flammability Characteristics for Combined Vents
4.8 Identification, Quantification and Assessment of Possibility of Air Ingress Routes
4.9 Tabulation of Data
4.10 Hazard Study and Risk Assessment
4.11 Note on Aqueous / Organic Wastes
4.12 Complexity of Systems
4.13 Summary
5 SAFE DESIGN OF VENT COLLECTION HEADER SYSTEMS
5.1 General
5.2 Process Design of Vent Headers
5.3 Liquid in Vent Headers
5.4 Materials of Construction
5.5 Static Electricity Hazard
5.6 Diversion Systems
5.7 Snuffing Systems
6 SAFE DESIGN OF THERMAL OXIDISERS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Design Basis
6.3 Types of High Temperature Thermal Oxidizer
6.4 Refractories
6.5 Flue Gas Treatment
6.6 Control and Safety Systems
6.7 Project Program
6.8 Commissioning
6.9 Operational and Maintenance Management
APPENDICES
A GLOSSARY
B FLAMMABILITY
C EXAMPLE PROFORMA
D REFERENCES
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS GUIDE
TABLE
1 PHOTOCHEMICAL OZONE CREATION POTENTIAL REFERENCED
TO ETHYLENE AS UNITY
FIGURES
1 SCHEMATIC OF TYPICAL VENT COLLECTION AND THERMAL OXIDIZER SYSTEM
2 TYPICAL KNOCK-OUT POT WITH LUTED DRAIN
3 SCHEMATIC OF DIVERSION SYSTEM
4 CONVENTIONAL VERTICAL THERMAL OXIDIZER
5 CONVENTIONAL OXIDIZER WITH INTEGRAL WATER SPARGER
6 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH STAGED AIR INJECTION
7 DOWN-FIRED UNIT WITH WATER BATH QUENCH
8 FLAMELESS THERMAL OXIDATION UNIT
9 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH REGENERATIVE HEAT RECOVERY
10 TYPICAL PROJECT PROGRAM
11 TYPICAL FLAMMABILITY DIAGRAM
12 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR
13 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR ON 100 Rm³ OF FLAMMABLE GAS
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...Gerard B. Hawkins
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC EFFLUENT STREAMS
CONTENTS
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
3.1 IPU
3.2 AOS
3.3 BODs
3.4 COD
3.5 TOC
3.6 Toxicity
3.7 Refractory Organics/Hard COD
3.8 Heavy Metals
3.9 EA
3.10 Biological Treatment Terms
3.11 BATNEEC
3.12 BPEO
3.13 EQS/LV
3.14 IPC
3.15 VOC
3.16 F/M Ratio
3.17 MLSS
3.18 MLVSS
4 DESIGN/ECONOMIC GUIDELINES
5 EUROPEAN LEGISLATION
5.1 General
5.2 Integrated Pollution Control (IPC)
5.3 Best Available Techniques Not Entailing Excessive Costs (BATNEEC)
5.4 Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO)
5.5 Environmental Quality Standards(EQS)
6 IPU EXIT CONCENTRATION
7 SITE/LOCAL REQUIREMENTS
8 PROCESS SELECTION PROCEDURE
8.1 Waste Minimization Techniques (WMT)
8.2 AOS Stream Definition
8.3 Technical Check List
8.4 Preliminary Selection of Suitable Technologies
8.5 Process Sequences
8.6 Economic Evaluation
8.7 Process Selection
APPENDICES
A DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 1
B DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 2
C THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION PRIORITY CANDIDATE LIST
D THE UK RED LIST
E CURRENT VALUES FOR EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS AND CORRESPONDING LIMIT VALUES
F ESTABLISHED TECHNOLOGIES
G EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
H PROPRIETARY/LESS COMMON TECHNOLOGIES
J COMPARATIVE COST DATA
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...Gerard B. Hawkins
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCs)
FOREWORD
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 THE NEED FOR VOC CONTROL
3 CONTROL AT SOURCE
3.1 Choice or Solvent
3.2 Venting Arrangements
3.3 Nitrogen Blanketing
3.4 Pump Versus Pneumatic Transfer
3.5 Batch Charging
3.6 Reduction of Volumetric Flow
3.7 Stock Tank Design
4 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT
4.1 By Inference or Calculation
4.2 Flow Monitoring Equipment
4.3 Analytical Instruments
4.4 Vent Emissions Database
5 ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGY
5.1 Available Options
5.2 Selection of Preferred Option
5.3 Condensation
5.4 Adsorption
5.5 Absorption
5.6 Thermal Incineration
5.7 Catalytic Oxidation
5.8 Biological Filtration
5.9 Combinations of Process technologies
5.10 Processes Under Development
6 GLOSSARY OF TERMS
7 REFERENCES
Appendix 1. Photochemical Ozone Creation Potentials
Appendix 2. Examples of Adsorption Preliminary Calculations
Appendix 3. Example of Thermal Incineration Heat and Mass Balance
Appendix 4. Cost Correlations
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen PlantGerard B. Hawkins
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Contents
Summary
1 Introduction
2 "On-purpose" Hydrogen Production
3 Operational Aspects
4 Uprating Options on the Steam Reformer
4.1 Steam Reforming Catalysts and Tube Metallurgy
4.2 Oxygen-blown Secondary Reformer
4.3 Pre-reforming
4.4 Post-reforming
5 Downstream Units
6 Summary of Uprating Options
7 Conclusions
EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 When should Emergency Isolation Valves be Installed
3 Emergency Isolation Valves and Associated Equipment
3.1 Installations on existing plant
3.2 Actuators
3.3 Power to close or power to open
3.4 The need for testing
3.5 Hand operated Emergency Valves
3.6 The need to stop pumps in an emergency
3.7 Location of Operating Buttons
3.8 Use of control valves for Isolation
4 Detection of Leaks and Fires
5 Precautions during Maintenance
6 Training Operators to use Emergency Isolation Valves
7 Emergency Isolation when no remotely operated valve is available
References
Glossary
Appendix I Some Fires or Serious Escapes of Flammable Gases or Liquids that could have been controlled by Emergency Isolation Valves
Appendix II Some typical Installations
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide Gerard B. Hawkins
Amine Gas Treating Unit Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide for H2S/CO2 Amine Systems
Contents
Process Capabilities for gas treating process
Typical Amine Treating
Typical Amine System Improvements
Primary Equipment Overview
Inlet Gas Knockout
Absorber
Three Phase Flash Tank
Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger
Regenerator
Filtration
Amine Reclaimer
Operating Difficulties Overview
Foaming
Failure to Meet Gas Specification
Solvent Losses
Corrosion
Typical Amine System Improvements
Degradation of Amines and Alkanolamines during Sour Gas Treating
APPENDIX
Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
Investigation of the Potential Use of (IILs) Immobilized Ionic Liquids in Sha...Gerard B. Hawkins
The document discusses using immobilized ionic liquids (IILs) in shale gas sweetening reactions. It proposes immobilizing a cobalt catalyst in the surface ionic liquid layer of a solid supported ionic liquid catalyst. This would create a "homogeneous catalyst" dissolved within the fixed IIL layer. Competing reactions like oxidation of sulfides to sulfones would need to be considered. Related work on using similar approaches for hydroformylation reactions is referenced. The concept aims to develop a solid IIL catalyst for sweetening reactions involving oxidation using techniques from other areas like hydroformylation.
El documento proporciona una descripción general de los servicios y tecnologías de procesamiento de catalizadores de GBH Enterprises Ltd. (GBHE), incluyendo refinación de petróleo, procesamiento de gas, industrias petroquímicas y venta de catalizadores. GBHE ofrece servicios de ingeniería, soporte técnico y consultoría, así como una línea de catalizadores patentados para aplicaciones como desulfuración y purificación de gas.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Webinar: Designing a schema for a Data WarehouseFederico Razzoli
Are you new to data warehouses (DWH)? Do you need to check whether your data warehouse follows the best practices for a good design? In both cases, this webinar is for you.
A data warehouse is a central relational database that contains all measurements about a business or an organisation. This data comes from a variety of heterogeneous data sources, which includes databases of any type that back the applications used by the company, data files exported by some applications, or APIs provided by internal or external services.
But designing a data warehouse correctly is a hard task, which requires gathering information about the business processes that need to be analysed in the first place. These processes must be translated into so-called star schemas, which means, denormalised databases where each table represents a dimension or facts.
We will discuss these topics:
- How to gather information about a business;
- Understanding dictionaries and how to identify business entities;
- Dimensions and facts;
- Setting a table granularity;
- Types of facts;
- Types of dimensions;
- Snowflakes and how to avoid them;
- Expanding existing dimensions and facts.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
1. Types of Reformer Design
Gerard B. Hawkins
Managing Director
GBH Enterprises Ltd.
2. Four main types
• Pre reformers
• Primary reformers
◦ Main different designs
• Secondary reformers
• Compact reformers
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3. • Need
◦ To contain the catalyst - use tubes
◦ High heat transfer area - lots of narrow ID tubes
◦ To supply heat - combustion of fuel
◦ To distribute feed - headers
◦ To collect effluent - headers
◦ To supply fuel/combustion air - headers & duct
◦ To contain combustion gases - casing
◦ To recover heat - flue gas duct and coils
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4. • Three main types considered
◦ Top Fired
◦ Foster Wheeler Terrace Wall
◦ Side Fired
• Many other types
◦ Not considered
◦ Not encountered frequently
◦ Same principles still apply
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8. Nearly all heat transfer is by
radiation
Radiation from the flue gas to
the tubes
Little direct radiation from
refractory to tube
Refractory acts as a reflector
Radiation from flame to tube at
tube top
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9. Top Fired Temperature Profiles
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
0 20 40 60
Distance Down Tube (ft)
ProcessandOutside
TubeWall
Temperature(°F)
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
FluegasTemperature
(°F)
Outside Tube Wall
Temperature
Process Gas
Temperature
Fluegas Temperature
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10. • The key advantages of this design are
• Small catalyst volume
• A relative small number of burners
• Combustion air preheat is simple to install
• The key disadvantages of this design are
◦ High heat fluxes at the top of the tubes can lead to carbon
formation and hence to hot bands
• The heat flux down the tube can not be varied
• Burner control is coarse due to the low number of burners
used on top fired reformers
• A temperature pinch between the flue gas and process gas at
the exit of the tubes
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14. • Nearly all heat transfer is by
radiation from flames and
refractory
◦ Major portion is from
refractory
◦ Some from flame
◦ Some from flue gas
• Heat is transferred from
flame to the walls
◦ By convection/radiation
Radiative
heat flows
Convection
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15. Foster Wheeler Temperature Profiles
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
0 20 40 60
Distance Down Tube (ft)
Temperature(°F)
FluegasTemperature
(°F)
Outside Tube Wall
Temperature
Process Gas
Temperature
Fluegas Temperature
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16. • The key advantages of this design are,
◦ Ability to alter the firing between the two levels to either,
Reduce methane slip,
Or increase the flue gas temperature and hence raise more
steam,
◦ A low heat flux which means carbon formation should not be
an issue.
• The key disadvantages of this design are,
◦ Relatively high catalyst volume,
◦ The feed and fuel gases must be balanced between the two
cells,
◦ A large number of burners.
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17. Convection section is placed
above transfer duct
Elevated - makes
modifications difficult
Long tubes in coil
Multiple fans in some cases
Can include auxiliary burners
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21. • Nearly all heat transfer is by
radiation from flames and
refractory
◦ Major portion is from
refractory
◦ Some from the flames - less
than for Foster Wheeler
• Some from flue gas
• Heat is transferred from flame
to the walls
◦ By convection/radiation
Convection
Radiative
heat flows
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22. Side Fired Temperature Profiles
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
0 10 20 30 40
Distance Down Tube (ft)
ProcessandOutside
TubeWall
Temperature(°F)
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
FluegasTemperature
(°F)
Outside Tube Wall
Temperature
Process Gas
Temperature
Fluegas Temperature
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23. • The key advantages of this design are,
◦ Ability to alter the firing between the burner levels to either,
Reduce methane slip,
Or increase the flue gas temperature and hence raise more
steam,
◦ A low heat flux which means carbon formation should not be
an issue.
• The key disadvantages of this design are,
◦ Relatively high catalyst volume,
◦ The feed and fuel gases must be balanced between the two
cells,
◦ A large number of burners.
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25. Issues
• Variation of tube wall temperature
• Tubes are at different distances from burners
• Leads to high methane slip
• Variability of tube life
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28. • Most of these reformers are
◦ Upfired
◦ Upflow
◦ Therefore same as a top fired
reformer
• Small plant capacities
• Always have uneven heat flux and
therefore un-even temperatures
• One side hotter than the other
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29. Offered by
• Howmar
◦ Now designing Top Fired furnaces
• Howe Baker
◦ Now designing Top Fired furnaces
• Chemico
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31. • Use low grade heat from
flue gas duct to preheat air
• Maximize efficiency as stack
temperature is reduced
• Minimizes fuel used
• No preheating in primary of
the combustion air
• Must ensure symmetry
◦ Prevents mal-distribution
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42. Main types include
• Gas Heated Reformer (GHR)
• Advanced Gas Heat Reformer (AGHR)
• Enhanced Heat Transfer Reformer (EHTR)
• KRES
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43. Aim is to
• Minimize plot area
◦ Eliminate large fired box
◦ Eliminate convection section
• Maximise heat integration
• Eliminate HP steam system
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44. • Developed for ammonia process - LCA
• Early 1980’s - Paper exercise
• Mid 1980's - Sidestream unit at Billingham
• Mid 1980's - LCA design developed
• Late 1980's - ICI Severnside plants start up
• 1991 - BHPP LCM plant designed
• 1994 - BHPP plant start up
• 1998 - AGHR Start Up
• 1998 - MCC Start Up
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48. • Shellside heat transfer usually poor
• Minimize tube count with expensive alloys
• Tubes are externally finned
• Designed as double tubes
• Sheath tube
• Produces much smaller tube bundle
• Allows scale up to higher capacities
Catalyst tube Fins
Double tube
Hot shellside gas
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52. • GHR operates in extremely corrosive duty
• Metal dusting - catastrophic carburization
• Need for materials research
• Suitable high temperature alloys identified
• Many years of operation in LCA plants
• Also confirmed in Methanol plant
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53. • Retain
• Series reforming scheme
• Shellside heat transfer enhancement
• Mechanical & process design methods
• Change to
• Non bayonet design
• Hot end tubesheet
• Sliding seal system
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54. • Novel seal system
• Prevents leakage from tubeside to shellside
• Not sensitive to wear of sliding surfaces
• Allows independent tube expansion
• Proven in full scale pilot plant tests
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55. • Easier to replace tubes
• Easier to load catalyst
• Capacity of up to 6,500 mtpd in single shell
◦ Would need 2 conventional primaries
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