Steroids, Classification of Steroids, Cholesterol, Testosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone, Aldosterone, Significance, Biosynthesis, Skeleton structure, History, Bile acids, Cardiac Glycosides, Steroid hormones, Saponins, Mode of Action, Tests of steroids, Sterol, Adrenocorticosteroids, Glucocorticoids, Cortisol, Hydrocortisone, Prednisolone, Mineralocorticoids, Steroid Contraceptives, Androgens, Vitamin D2&D3, Cardenolides
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This document provides an overview of steroids, including their core structure, nomenclature, stereochemistry, and classification. Steroids contain a 17 carbon core arranged in four fused rings. They are named based on this core structure and functional groups. Steroids can have 64 possible stereoisomers due to the asymmetric carbons in the core. They are classified into groups including sterols, sex hormones, cardiac glycosides, and bile acids based on the functional groups on the R group. Cholesterol is an important animal sterol that is a precursor to vitamins and hormones.
This document discusses steroids, their stereochemistry, nomenclature and the chemistry of cardiac glycosides and sterols. It describes how steroids have a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring nucleus and includes compounds like sterols, bile acids and hormones. It covers the classification, structures and examples of different types of cardiac glycosides like cardenolides and bufadienolides. Key cardiac glycosides discussed include digoxin, digitoxin and ouabain. The document also summarizes the chemistry of cholesterol, phytosterols and important plant sources of cardiac glycosides such as Digitalis, Strophanthus and Squill.
Prostaglandin, leukotriene, and thromboxaneGeeta Jaiswal
Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling. Examples of important eicosanoids include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
Steroids comprise a group of organic compounds containing four fused rings, including three six-membered rings and one five-membered ring. Cholesterol is a lipid found in animal cell membranes that is essential for membrane structure and fluidity. It has a four-ring structure with an eight-carbon side chain and a hydroxyl group. Woodward synthesized cholesterol through a multi-step process involving reactions such as Diels-Alder, Claisen condensation, and reductions to carefully construct the four-ring structure and install functional groups in the correct positions and orientations.
1. The document discusses steroidal sex hormones including androgens like testosterone, estrogens like estradiol, and progestational agents like progesterone.
2. It describes the synthesis, properties, mechanisms of action, uses and structure-activity relationships of these hormones.
3. The key hormones are produced in the testes, ovaries, adrenals and placenta and help regulate male and female sex characteristics and reproductive cycles through their effects on gene expression.
Yasin Arafat is presenting information about thromboxane as part of his studies in the Department of Pharmacy at World University of Bangladesh. Thromboxane is produced from arachidonic acid by platelets and causes vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation, facilitating blood clot formation. It works by binding to G-protein coupled receptors. Common thromboxane inhibitors include aspirin, which inhibits thromboxane synthesis, and thromboxane receptor antagonists.
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid. They were first discovered in seminal fluid in the 1930s. Prostaglandins are synthesized via the cyclooxygenase pathway while leukotrienes are synthesized via the lipoxygenase pathway. These lipid mediators act on specific G-protein coupled receptors and are involved in various physiological processes like contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles, inflammation, and platelet aggregation. Due to their role in inflammation and bronchoconstriction, leukotriene receptor antagonists are used to treat asthma.
INTRODUCTION OF STEROIDS,
SAR OF STEROIDS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
CLASSIFICATION OF STEROIDS
STEROLS
SYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL
STEROID HORMONES
BILE ACIDS
CONCLUSION
This document provides an overview of steroids, including their core structure, nomenclature, stereochemistry, and classification. Steroids contain a 17 carbon core arranged in four fused rings. They are named based on this core structure and functional groups. Steroids can have 64 possible stereoisomers due to the asymmetric carbons in the core. They are classified into groups including sterols, sex hormones, cardiac glycosides, and bile acids based on the functional groups on the R group. Cholesterol is an important animal sterol that is a precursor to vitamins and hormones.
This document discusses steroids, their stereochemistry, nomenclature and the chemistry of cardiac glycosides and sterols. It describes how steroids have a cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring nucleus and includes compounds like sterols, bile acids and hormones. It covers the classification, structures and examples of different types of cardiac glycosides like cardenolides and bufadienolides. Key cardiac glycosides discussed include digoxin, digitoxin and ouabain. The document also summarizes the chemistry of cholesterol, phytosterols and important plant sources of cardiac glycosides such as Digitalis, Strophanthus and Squill.
Prostaglandin, leukotriene, and thromboxaneGeeta Jaiswal
Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling. Examples of important eicosanoids include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
Steroids comprise a group of organic compounds containing four fused rings, including three six-membered rings and one five-membered ring. Cholesterol is a lipid found in animal cell membranes that is essential for membrane structure and fluidity. It has a four-ring structure with an eight-carbon side chain and a hydroxyl group. Woodward synthesized cholesterol through a multi-step process involving reactions such as Diels-Alder, Claisen condensation, and reductions to carefully construct the four-ring structure and install functional groups in the correct positions and orientations.
1. The document discusses steroidal sex hormones including androgens like testosterone, estrogens like estradiol, and progestational agents like progesterone.
2. It describes the synthesis, properties, mechanisms of action, uses and structure-activity relationships of these hormones.
3. The key hormones are produced in the testes, ovaries, adrenals and placenta and help regulate male and female sex characteristics and reproductive cycles through their effects on gene expression.
Yasin Arafat is presenting information about thromboxane as part of his studies in the Department of Pharmacy at World University of Bangladesh. Thromboxane is produced from arachidonic acid by platelets and causes vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation, facilitating blood clot formation. It works by binding to G-protein coupled receptors. Common thromboxane inhibitors include aspirin, which inhibits thromboxane synthesis, and thromboxane receptor antagonists.
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes are eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid. They were first discovered in seminal fluid in the 1930s. Prostaglandins are synthesized via the cyclooxygenase pathway while leukotrienes are synthesized via the lipoxygenase pathway. These lipid mediators act on specific G-protein coupled receptors and are involved in various physiological processes like contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles, inflammation, and platelet aggregation. Due to their role in inflammation and bronchoconstriction, leukotriene receptor antagonists are used to treat asthma.
INTRODUCTION OF STEROIDS,
SAR OF STEROIDS
MECHANISM OF ACTION
CLASSIFICATION OF STEROIDS
STEROLS
SYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL
STEROID HORMONES
BILE ACIDS
CONCLUSION
Leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators produced from the oxidation of arachidonic acid by leukocytes, mast cells, and macrophages. They are produced in response to immunological and non-immunological stimuli. There are two main types of leukotrienes - leukotriene B4, which is a chemoattractant for neutrophils, and cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4), which are produced by mast cells and eosinophils and cause bronchoconstriction. Leukotrienes exert their effects through G-protein coupled receptors and trigger intracellular signaling cascades involving phospholipase C and increases in intracellular calcium. They
Progesterone is a female sex hormone synthesized in the ovaries and placenta. It prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy and regulates the menstrual cycle. Progesterone is derived from cholesterol through a series of reactions. It is converted from pregnenolone by adding a keto group and shifting a double bond. Progesterone levels fluctuate over the menstrual cycle, rising after ovulation. It is eventually inactivated by the liver through reduction and conjugation reactions and excreted in urine.
This slide discusses about basic indole nucleus, its chemistry, synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of Indolyl derivatives..Indole is basically fused heterocyclic compound
This document discusses the nomenclature of steroids. It begins by introducing steroids as biologically active organic compounds found in plants and animals that contain four fused rings. The core steroid structure contains 17 carbon atoms arranged in three 6-membered rings and one 5-membered ring. There are five main types of steroid ring structures. Steroids are named based on their ring structure, substituents, and functional groups using IUPAC nomenclature conventions. Substituents are designated as being above or below the plane of the rings. Double bonds in rings are indicated by the number of the carbon atoms involved. IUPAC names specify functional groups and the locations and configurations of any substituents.
1. Quinoline is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C9H7N. It is colorless and hygroscopic, becoming yellow and brown over time when exposed to light.
2. Quinoline itself has few applications but many derivatives are useful, including quinine which is an important anti-malarial drug. Over 200 biologically active quinoline alkaloids have been identified.
3. The document discusses the structure, properties, synthesis methods like Skraup, Doebner-Miller, and Conrad-Limpach, reactions including electrophilic substitution, oxidation, and reduction, and applications of quinoline and its derivatives in dyes
This document discusses the process of transcription from DNA to RNA. It begins with an overview of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences and transcribes DNA into RNA. Eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases that recognize different promoters. The document then covers the stages of transcription including initiation, elongation, and termination. It describes the requirements for transcription including the DNA template, RNA polymerase, and ribonucleotide substrates. Differences between DNA and RNA as well as between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription are also summarized.
This document summarizes the biosynthesis, receptors, and pharmacological actions of eicosanoids including prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins, and leukotrienes. It describes that these molecules are derived from arachidonic acid and produced via the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. The document outlines the different receptors for each eicosanoid class and their downstream signaling effects. It also provides details on the physiological and pathological roles of eicosanoids in various organ systems such as the cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, renal and immune systems.
Serotonin (5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter that is synthesized from tryptophan. It acts through 14 different receptor subtypes located throughout the body. 5-HT is involved in many physiological functions like mood, vomiting, smooth muscle contraction, and platelet aggregation. Drugs that modulate 5-HT receptors or reuptake can be used to treat conditions like migraine, anxiety, vomiting, and gastrointestinal disorders. Specifically, triptans like sumatriptan are effective acute treatments for migraine while methysergide and propranolol can be used preventatively due to 5-HT's role in trigeminal nerve activation and neurogenic inflammation during migraine attacks.
This document summarizes the biosynthesis of cholesterol in 5 steps:
1) Mevalonate is formed from acetyl-CoA in the cytosol. 2) Isoprenoid units are formed from mevalonate. 3) Six isoprenoid units condense to form squalene. 4) Squalene is cyclized to form lanosterol. 5) Lanosterol is modified through a series of changes to ultimately form cholesterol in the endoplasmic reticulum. Cholesterol biosynthesis is a major regulatory point for cholesterol levels and is the target of statin drugs.
Parasympathomimetics medicinal chemistry b. pharm. AZCPh
This document contains numbers from 2 to 3 repeatedly listed for each month from 2017. It seems to suggest data was collected for some metric each month throughout the year 2017. However, without any additional context it is difficult to determine what specifically the numbers represent.
This document discusses Traube purine synthesis and several purine derivatives including mercaptopurine, theophylline, and thioguanine. It provides information on:
- Traube first introduced purine synthesis in 1900 involving introduction of a one carbon fragment to bridge nitrogen atoms in pyrimidine rings.
- Mercaptopurine is used to treat cancers and autoimmune diseases but has side effects like bone marrow suppression and increased cancer risk.
- Theophylline is found in tea and used for respiratory issues like asthma as it relaxes bronchial muscles and stimulates the respiratory center.
- Thioguanine is used for certain cancers and inflammatory bowel disease.
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. This document provides an introduction and overview of terpenoids, including their general properties, methods of isolation from plants, classification based on the number of isoprene units, and common analytical techniques used for structural elucidation such as determining functional groups, unsaturation, and the number of rings in the structure.
1. Imidazole, oxazole, thiazole are important 5-membered aromatic heterocyclic compounds. They contain nitrogen and other heteroatoms.
2. They undergo various electrophilic substitution and other reactions. Common syntheses include Debus-Radziszewski, Robinson-Gabriel, and from α-halo ketones.
3. These heterocycles are found in many pharmaceutical drugs like metronidazole, cimetidine, sulphathiazole which are used as antifungals, antiulcers, antibiotics respectively.
Chemistry of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanesAbhimanyu Awasthi
The document summarizes a presentation on the chemistry of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes are oxygen metabolites of arachidonic acid that form a family of lipid substances with intrinsic biological activities. They are involved in processes like inflammation, platelet aggregation, and vascular homeostasis. The presentation covers their biosynthesis from arachidonic acid, sub-families, properties, and biologically important examples like prostacyclin, thromboxane A2, and leukotriene B4. It also discusses the enzymes and pathways involved in their synthesis.
This slides discusses about Isoquinoline nucleus (fused heterocyclic compound). this ring contain benzene ring fused with pyridine nucleus with nitrogen atom
This document provides an overview of alkaloids. It defines alkaloids as basic, nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants. Alkaloids are classified in several ways, including by their chemical structure, biosynthetic pathway, pharmacological effects, and the taxonomic plant family they are found in. Methods for isolating and purifying individual alkaloids from crude mixtures are also described. The molecular modification of opioid alkaloids like morphine to enhance their medical usefulness is discussed. Finally, the document outlines some of the biological activities that alkaloids can have in plants and humans, ranging from protective effects to therapeutic applications to toxicity.
This document discusses steroidal hormones and contraceptive agents. It summarizes the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, including glucocorticoids like cortisol and androgens. It also discusses the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone, how they work together in the menstrual cycle, and examples of natural and synthetic estrogens. The document further summarizes the male sex hormone testosterone, anabolic androgens derived from testosterone, and anti-androgens used to treat conditions like prostate cancer.
This document provides information about steroids, including their structure, classification, identification tests, and history. It can be summarized as follows:
Steroids have a basic structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four fused rings, including three six-membered rings and one five-membered ring. They are classified based on their C-17 substituent into groups like sterols, sex hormones, cardiac glycosides, and bile acids. Common identification tests for steroids include the Liebermann-Burchard test and Salkowski reaction. The history of steroids research is traced from the early isolation of cholesterol in the 1920s-1930s to the elucidation of their structures and roles in physiology in later decades
Cholesterol is an important animal steroid that is synthesized in the liver and other tissues. It is a component of cell membranes and is also used to produce bile salts, hormones, and vitamin D. Cholesterol is absorbed from the diet through the small intestine and transported to the liver via chylomicrons. Cholesterol synthesis occurs through a multi-step process starting with acetyl-CoA and involving the rate-limiting enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. Cholesterol levels are regulated by feedback inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase as well as by hormones and drugs like statins that inhibit the enzyme. High cholesterol can lead to conditions like atherosclerosis and xanthomas.
This presentation contains topic related to
CHOLESTEROL, CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM & CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS.
Books referred: https://www.amazon.in/Biochemistry-2019-Satyanarayana-Satyanarayana-Author/dp/B07WGHCTKZ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&qid=1591114482&refinements=p_27%3AU+Satyanarayana&s=books&sr=1-1
Leukotrienes are inflammatory mediators produced from the oxidation of arachidonic acid by leukocytes, mast cells, and macrophages. They are produced in response to immunological and non-immunological stimuli. There are two main types of leukotrienes - leukotriene B4, which is a chemoattractant for neutrophils, and cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4), which are produced by mast cells and eosinophils and cause bronchoconstriction. Leukotrienes exert their effects through G-protein coupled receptors and trigger intracellular signaling cascades involving phospholipase C and increases in intracellular calcium. They
Progesterone is a female sex hormone synthesized in the ovaries and placenta. It prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy and regulates the menstrual cycle. Progesterone is derived from cholesterol through a series of reactions. It is converted from pregnenolone by adding a keto group and shifting a double bond. Progesterone levels fluctuate over the menstrual cycle, rising after ovulation. It is eventually inactivated by the liver through reduction and conjugation reactions and excreted in urine.
This slide discusses about basic indole nucleus, its chemistry, synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of Indolyl derivatives..Indole is basically fused heterocyclic compound
This document discusses the nomenclature of steroids. It begins by introducing steroids as biologically active organic compounds found in plants and animals that contain four fused rings. The core steroid structure contains 17 carbon atoms arranged in three 6-membered rings and one 5-membered ring. There are five main types of steroid ring structures. Steroids are named based on their ring structure, substituents, and functional groups using IUPAC nomenclature conventions. Substituents are designated as being above or below the plane of the rings. Double bonds in rings are indicated by the number of the carbon atoms involved. IUPAC names specify functional groups and the locations and configurations of any substituents.
1. Quinoline is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C9H7N. It is colorless and hygroscopic, becoming yellow and brown over time when exposed to light.
2. Quinoline itself has few applications but many derivatives are useful, including quinine which is an important anti-malarial drug. Over 200 biologically active quinoline alkaloids have been identified.
3. The document discusses the structure, properties, synthesis methods like Skraup, Doebner-Miller, and Conrad-Limpach, reactions including electrophilic substitution, oxidation, and reduction, and applications of quinoline and its derivatives in dyes
This document discusses the process of transcription from DNA to RNA. It begins with an overview of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences and transcribes DNA into RNA. Eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases that recognize different promoters. The document then covers the stages of transcription including initiation, elongation, and termination. It describes the requirements for transcription including the DNA template, RNA polymerase, and ribonucleotide substrates. Differences between DNA and RNA as well as between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription are also summarized.
This document summarizes the biosynthesis, receptors, and pharmacological actions of eicosanoids including prostaglandins, thromboxanes, prostacyclins, and leukotrienes. It describes that these molecules are derived from arachidonic acid and produced via the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. The document outlines the different receptors for each eicosanoid class and their downstream signaling effects. It also provides details on the physiological and pathological roles of eicosanoids in various organ systems such as the cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, renal and immune systems.
Serotonin (5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter that is synthesized from tryptophan. It acts through 14 different receptor subtypes located throughout the body. 5-HT is involved in many physiological functions like mood, vomiting, smooth muscle contraction, and platelet aggregation. Drugs that modulate 5-HT receptors or reuptake can be used to treat conditions like migraine, anxiety, vomiting, and gastrointestinal disorders. Specifically, triptans like sumatriptan are effective acute treatments for migraine while methysergide and propranolol can be used preventatively due to 5-HT's role in trigeminal nerve activation and neurogenic inflammation during migraine attacks.
This document summarizes the biosynthesis of cholesterol in 5 steps:
1) Mevalonate is formed from acetyl-CoA in the cytosol. 2) Isoprenoid units are formed from mevalonate. 3) Six isoprenoid units condense to form squalene. 4) Squalene is cyclized to form lanosterol. 5) Lanosterol is modified through a series of changes to ultimately form cholesterol in the endoplasmic reticulum. Cholesterol biosynthesis is a major regulatory point for cholesterol levels and is the target of statin drugs.
Parasympathomimetics medicinal chemistry b. pharm. AZCPh
This document contains numbers from 2 to 3 repeatedly listed for each month from 2017. It seems to suggest data was collected for some metric each month throughout the year 2017. However, without any additional context it is difficult to determine what specifically the numbers represent.
This document discusses Traube purine synthesis and several purine derivatives including mercaptopurine, theophylline, and thioguanine. It provides information on:
- Traube first introduced purine synthesis in 1900 involving introduction of a one carbon fragment to bridge nitrogen atoms in pyrimidine rings.
- Mercaptopurine is used to treat cancers and autoimmune diseases but has side effects like bone marrow suppression and increased cancer risk.
- Theophylline is found in tea and used for respiratory issues like asthma as it relaxes bronchial muscles and stimulates the respiratory center.
- Thioguanine is used for certain cancers and inflammatory bowel disease.
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. This document provides an introduction and overview of terpenoids, including their general properties, methods of isolation from plants, classification based on the number of isoprene units, and common analytical techniques used for structural elucidation such as determining functional groups, unsaturation, and the number of rings in the structure.
1. Imidazole, oxazole, thiazole are important 5-membered aromatic heterocyclic compounds. They contain nitrogen and other heteroatoms.
2. They undergo various electrophilic substitution and other reactions. Common syntheses include Debus-Radziszewski, Robinson-Gabriel, and from α-halo ketones.
3. These heterocycles are found in many pharmaceutical drugs like metronidazole, cimetidine, sulphathiazole which are used as antifungals, antiulcers, antibiotics respectively.
Chemistry of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanesAbhimanyu Awasthi
The document summarizes a presentation on the chemistry of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes are oxygen metabolites of arachidonic acid that form a family of lipid substances with intrinsic biological activities. They are involved in processes like inflammation, platelet aggregation, and vascular homeostasis. The presentation covers their biosynthesis from arachidonic acid, sub-families, properties, and biologically important examples like prostacyclin, thromboxane A2, and leukotriene B4. It also discusses the enzymes and pathways involved in their synthesis.
This slides discusses about Isoquinoline nucleus (fused heterocyclic compound). this ring contain benzene ring fused with pyridine nucleus with nitrogen atom
This document provides an overview of alkaloids. It defines alkaloids as basic, nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants. Alkaloids are classified in several ways, including by their chemical structure, biosynthetic pathway, pharmacological effects, and the taxonomic plant family they are found in. Methods for isolating and purifying individual alkaloids from crude mixtures are also described. The molecular modification of opioid alkaloids like morphine to enhance their medical usefulness is discussed. Finally, the document outlines some of the biological activities that alkaloids can have in plants and humans, ranging from protective effects to therapeutic applications to toxicity.
This document discusses steroidal hormones and contraceptive agents. It summarizes the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, including glucocorticoids like cortisol and androgens. It also discusses the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone, how they work together in the menstrual cycle, and examples of natural and synthetic estrogens. The document further summarizes the male sex hormone testosterone, anabolic androgens derived from testosterone, and anti-androgens used to treat conditions like prostate cancer.
This document provides information about steroids, including their structure, classification, identification tests, and history. It can be summarized as follows:
Steroids have a basic structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four fused rings, including three six-membered rings and one five-membered ring. They are classified based on their C-17 substituent into groups like sterols, sex hormones, cardiac glycosides, and bile acids. Common identification tests for steroids include the Liebermann-Burchard test and Salkowski reaction. The history of steroids research is traced from the early isolation of cholesterol in the 1920s-1930s to the elucidation of their structures and roles in physiology in later decades
Cholesterol is an important animal steroid that is synthesized in the liver and other tissues. It is a component of cell membranes and is also used to produce bile salts, hormones, and vitamin D. Cholesterol is absorbed from the diet through the small intestine and transported to the liver via chylomicrons. Cholesterol synthesis occurs through a multi-step process starting with acetyl-CoA and involving the rate-limiting enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. Cholesterol levels are regulated by feedback inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase as well as by hormones and drugs like statins that inhibit the enzyme. High cholesterol can lead to conditions like atherosclerosis and xanthomas.
This presentation contains topic related to
CHOLESTEROL, CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM & CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS.
Books referred: https://www.amazon.in/Biochemistry-2019-Satyanarayana-Satyanarayana-Author/dp/B07WGHCTKZ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&qid=1591114482&refinements=p_27%3AU+Satyanarayana&s=books&sr=1-1
Cholesterol Biosynthesis and catabolism for MBBS, Lab. MEd. BDS.pptxRajendra Dev Bhatt
Cholesterol is found exclusively in animals, hence it is often called as animal sterol.
The total body content of cholesterol in an
adult man weighing 70 kg is about 140 g i.e., around 2 g/kg body weight.
The level of cholesterol in blood is related to the development of atherosclerosis & MI.
Cholesterol is synthesized in animal cells through a multi-step pathway that begins with acetyl-CoA and produces the 30-carbon squalene and the four-ringed lanosterol and cholesterol. The pathway involves four stages: 1) condensation of acetyl-CoA units to form mevalonate, 2) conversion of mevalonate to activated isoprene units, 3) polymerization of isoprene units to form squalene, and 4) cyclization and modifications of squalene to form the steroid nucleus and cholesterol. Key enzymes and intermediates in cholesterol biosynthesis include HMG-CoA reductase, mevalonate, geranyl pyrophosphate, and farn
Cholesterol is a waxy substance found in animal tissues that is essential for cell membrane structure and function. The liver produces most of the body's cholesterol through a multi-step process involving acetyl-CoA and mevalonate. Cholesterol is also a precursor for bile acid synthesis in the liver and the production of steroid hormones. Clinical significance includes atherosclerosis resulting from high cholesterol levels and malnutrition leading to low cholesterol levels. Cholesterol metabolism and its roles are essential for many bodily processes but imbalances can cause disease.
The document discusses cholesterol metabolism. Cholesterol is synthesized in the body and obtained through diet. It is an important component of cell membranes and is also a precursor for other steroid hormones. Cholesterol synthesis is a multi-step process regulated by feedback mechanisms. Defects in cholesterol metabolism can lead to genetic disorders like Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome or familial hypercholesterolemia.
Cholesterol is one of the most studied molecules in biology. It plays essential roles in animal cell membranes and is a precursor for bile acids, steroid hormones, and vitamin D. Cholesterol is synthesized endogenously through a complex multi-step process and is also obtained through diet. High levels of cholesterol are linked to atherosclerosis and heart disease, while adequate levels are important for various biological functions. Tight regulation of cholesterol homeostasis is necessary for health.
Cholesterol biosynthesis is a complex pathway that begins with acetyl-CoA and produces cholesterol in four main stages:
1) Three acetyl units are condensed to form mevalonate.
2) Mevalonate is converted to two activated isoprene units.
3) Six isoprene units are polymerized to form squalene.
4) Squalene is cyclized to form the four rings of cholesterol.
The rate-limiting step is the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, and HMG-CoA reductase is the major point of regulation in the pathway. Dysregulation can lead to diseases like familial hypercholester
Cholesterol is the major sterol in the animal tissues.
Cholesterol is present in tissues and in plasma either as free cholesterol or as a storage form, combined with a long-chain fatty acid as cholesteryl ester.
In plasma, both forms are transported in lipoproteins
removed from tissues by plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and transported to the liver, where it is eliminated from the body either unchanged or after conversion to bile acids in the process known as reverse cholesterol transport
This document discusses steroid biotransformation, which is the biological modification of steroids through microbial enzymes. It describes various types of microbial transformations of steroids including hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, epoxidation, and others. Commonly transformed steroids include progesterone, cortisol, and testosterone. Microorganisms like fungi and bacteria are used in fermentation to commercially produce steroid hormones and derivatives for uses as medications. The advantages of microbial transformations include enzyme selectivity and ability to produce novel compounds, while disadvantages include potential toxicity and low chemical yields.
The document summarizes lipid metabolism, including the digestion and absorption of lipids. Key points include:
- Lipids are digested in the mouth, stomach, and small intestines by lingual lipase, gastric lipase, and pancreatic lipase. Emulsification by bile salts and enzymes increases the surface area for digestion.
- The products of digestion are incorporated into mixed micelles for absorption. Long chain fatty acids are absorbed into lymph rather than blood.
- Beta-oxidation is the principal method of fatty acid oxidation, occurring in the liver, heart, and other tissues. It involves activation to acyl-CoA, transport into mitochondria, and four steps to oxidize fatty acids
This document discusses steroid biotransformation, which is the biological modification of steroids through microbial enzymes. It describes various types of microbial transformations of steroids including hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, epoxidation, aromatization, and degradation. These transformations are commercially important for producing steroid hormones used in pharmaceuticals. The document outlines fermentation conditions for transforming some steroids and notes advantages like enzyme selectivity and ability to produce novel reactions, though yields can be low and not all chemical transformations have biological equivalents.
This document discusses cholesterol metabolism. It begins by defining different types of steroids like cholesterol, sterols, and steroid hormones. It then covers the structure, sources, functions, sites of biosynthesis, biosynthesis steps, regulation, and excretion of cholesterol. Key points include that the liver plays a central role in cholesterol homeostasis, cholesterol is synthesized from acetyl-CoA and is a precursor for other steroids, and HMG-CoA reductase is the rate-limiting step whose activity is regulated by feedback inhibition, phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, and competitive inhibitors like statins.
It mainly contains metabolism of saturated and unsaturated fats. It also contains utilisation of cholesterol after degradation in body i.e. synthesis of bile acids, Vit. D, steroid hormone etc. It also describe synthesis of ketone bodies and utilisation.
- DNA is made up of nucleotides containing nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphates. It takes the form of a double helix with the bases pairing across the strands.
- DNA carries genetic information and can be replicated using its base-pairing properties. It is found within chromosomes in the cell nucleus.
- Chromosomes package long DNA molecules into a compact structure using associated proteins like histones. This allows the DNA to fit within the nucleus.
the slides aim at providing explanations on cholesterol biosynthesis, regulations, functions of cholesterol, and their consequences. facts about lipoproteins have also been included. enjoy the reading
prepared by Asangalwisye Deo
St. john's University of Tanzania
The document discusses lipids, which are a diverse group of organic compounds that include fats, waxes, sterols, and phospholipids. Lipids serve important biological functions such as energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and hormones. They are classified into simple lipids, compound/complex lipids, derived lipids, and miscellaneous lipids based on their chemical structure and composition. Key lipids discussed include fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols like cholesterol, and lipoproteins. The document also describes the process of beta-oxidation, where fatty acids undergo stepwise degradation within mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA molecules for energy production.
This presentation is based on the main topics dealing with chapter no 14.of chemistry.this chapter deals with the introduction ,classification,properties and functions of carbohydrates,proteins, Enzymes,vitamins,nucleic acids,lipid etc. this presentation will help students as well as teachers in the teaching learning process
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Our backs are like superheroes, holding us up and helping us move around. But sometimes, even superheroes can get hurt. That’s where slip discs come in.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Introduction:
Lipids are substances soluble in organic
solvents and insoluble in water. The extraction
of plant and animal tissues with organic
solvents such as ether, chloroform Or benzene
yields Lipids. Lipids so obtained are of two
main categories;
• The 1st are converted into water soluble matter on
sponification (Alkaline hydrolysis)
• The 2nd are do not get converted Into water soluble matter
on sponification Like STEROIDS. Steroids (Greek stereos
= solid) are compounds possessing a characteristic
tetracyclic carbon skeleton, the perhydrocyclopentano
phenanthrene nucleus.
4.
5. Structure:
A steroid is an organic compound with Four
fused rings arranged in a specific
molecular configuration.
The steroid core structure is composed of
seventeen carbon atoms(17), bonded in
four rings.
Three six-member cyclohexane rings (rings
A , B and C in the first illustration) and one
five-member cyclopentane ring (the D ring).
Steroids vary by the functional groups
attached to this four- ring core and by the
oxidation state of the rings.
6. History:
Most sources suggest
that scientists began to
experiment with synthetic
testosterone in the late
1880s.
The first steroid was
synthesized in 1938.
The Health Organization
of the League of Nations
immediately recognized
Anabolic steroids as
performance-enhancing
drugs.
However, health
companies did not begin
to regulate steroids until
the late 1990s.
7. Classification:
Sterol:
• Also known as steroid alcohols.
• where R is an aliphatic side chain.They contain usually
one or more hydroxyl groups(-OH) attached in alicyclic
linkage.
• Occur naturally in plants, animals, and fungi, with the
most familiar type of animal sterol being cholesterol.
8. Types:
• Phytosterols – plant sterol (Campesterol, Sitosterol,
and Stigmasterol).
(Blocks cholesterol absorption sites in the human
intestine, thus helping to reduce cholesterol in humans)
• Zoosterol – animal sterol (Cholesterol).
• Ergosterol – sterol present in the cell membrane of
fungi.
9. Bile acids:
• Are steroid acids found predominantly in the bile of mammals and other
vertebrates.
• where R is essentially a five-carbon side chain ending with a carboxylic acid
moiety
• Are conjugated with taurine or glycine in the liver, forming bile salts.
Primary bile acids are those synthesized by the liver. Secondary bile acids
result from bacterial actions in the colon.
• Functions:
• To remove unwanted cholesterol from the body.
• To aid in lipid digestion in the intestine.
10. Cardiac glycosides:
• Are glycosides of mostly C23-steroidal compounds.
• where R is a lactone ring.
• Are called cardiac glycosides because they modify
heart action.
Medicinal importance:
• They are cardiotonics used to treat Congestive heart
failure (CHF).
• They increase force of contraction of cardiac
muscles without increase oxygen consumption.
11. Steroid
hormones:
• where R bears a ketonic (C=O) or hydroxyl group(-OH) and
mostly possess a two carbon side chain
• A steroid that acts as a hormone
• Can be grouped into five groups by the receptors to which they
bind: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens,
estrogens, and progestogens.
• Steroid hormones help control Metabolism, inflammation,
immune functions, salt and water balance, development of
sexual characteristics, and the ability to withstand illness and
injury.
12. Sapogenins:
• Sapogenins :- where R
contains an oxacyclic
(etheral) ring system.
• Sapogenin, any of a class
of organic compounds
occurring in many species
of plants as derivatives of
the Steroids.
• Sapogenins
contain steroids or
other triterpene framewor
ks as their key organic
feature.
13. Mechanism of action:
• Simple Diffusion: The lipid soluble hormones diffuses through the cell membrane to enter the cell.
• Hormone binds to the intracellular receptor composed of a "Hormone binding" domain, a "DNA binding"
domain and a "amino terminal" which interacts with other transcription factors. Binding of the hormone leads
to exposure of DNA binding zone.
• Hormone-receptor complex enters nucleus and dimerizes.
• Binding to HREs: Hormone-recpetor dimers bind to Hormone (Steroid) Receptor Elements (SREs or HREs)
of DNA.
• Transcription: DNA transcription leads to formation of mRNA.
• Translation: mRNA undergoes translation to produce new proteins. e.g. Calbindin for Vitamin D
• Physiologic action of hormones.
14.
15. Tests of
steroids:
(a) Liebermann-Burchard’s test:
2 mg of dry extract was dissolved in acetic anhydride,
heated to boiling, cooled and then 1 ml of concentrated
sulphuric acid was added along the sides of the test tube.
Formation of green colour indicates the presence of
steroids.
(b) Salkowski reaction:
2 mg of dry extract was shaken with chloroform, to the
chloroform layer sulphuric acid was added slowly by the
sides of test tube.
Formation of red colour indicated the presence of
steroids.
17. STEROL
Sterol is a class of steroids
containing OH group at C-3
position and a side chain of
8 to 10 carbon atoms.
Sterol is a chemical
compound with
formula C17H28O.
18.
19. CHOLESTEROL
• Cholesterol is the major sterol in the animal tissues.
• Cholesterol is present in tissues and in plasma
either as free cholesterol or as a storage form,
combined with a long-chain fatty acid as cholesteryl
ester.
• In plasma, both forms are transported in
lipoproteins.
20. CHOLESTEROL
• The structure of
cholesterol consists of
four fused rings (The
rings in steroids are
denoted by the letters
A, B, C, and D.), with
the carbons numbered
in the sequence, and
an eight numbered, and
branched hydrocarbon
chain attached to the D
ring.
21. SALIENT FEATURES OF CHOLSTEROL
BIOSYNTHESIS
Substrate : Acetyl CoA
Site: Liver, intestine, skin, adrenal cortex, gonads, neural
tissues, placenta
Nature: Anabolic
Compartment: Cytoplasm
Rate limiting enzyme: HMG CoA reductase
22. BIOSYNTHESIS OF
CHOLSTEROL
• Biosynthesis of cholesterol generally takes place in the
endoplasmic reticulum of hepatic cells and begins with acetyl-
CoA, which is mainly derived from an oxidation reaction in the
mitochondria. However, acetyl-CoA can also be derived from
the cytoplasmic oxidation of ethanol by acetyl-CoA synthetase.
Acetyl-CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA are converted to 3-hydroxy-
3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) by HMG-CoA synthase.
• HMG-CoA is then converted to mevalonate by HMG-CoA
reductase (HMGR). This reaction is completed with the aid of
NADPH, which is used as a cofactor for all reduction reactions
throughout cholesterol synthesis. Mevalonate undergoes a
series of phosphorylations and a decarboxylation yielding the
isoprenoid, isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP). A series of
condensing reactions occur, catalyzed by squalene synthase,
leading to the production of squalene. From squalene,
lanosterol, the first of the sterols is formed. The conversion of
lanosterol to cholesterol requires 19 additional reaction steps.
23.
24. FUNCTION OF CHOLESTEROL
Cholesterol is the most abundant sterol in humans and
performs a number of essential functions.
It is a major constituent of the plasma membrane and of plasma
lipoproteins.
It is a precursor of bile salts/bile acid.
It is a precursor of steroid hormones that include adrenocortical
hormones, sex hormones, placental hormones etc
26. Testosterone
Testosterone is the hormone responsible for
the development of male sexual
characteristics.
Hormones are chemical messengers that
trigger necessary changes in the body.
Females also produce testosterone, usually
in smaller amounts.
It is a type of androgen produced primarily by
the testicles in cells called the Leydig cells.
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27. Role of Testosterone:
Mind
Helps to
maintain a
feeling of
wellbeing.
Sexual
function
Maintain
sexdrive and
fertility.
Body
Helps to
maintain
healthy bones
and muscle
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28. Role in body:
In men, testosterone is thought to regulate a number of functions alongside sperm production.
These include:
sex drive
bone mass
fat distribution
muscle size and strength
red blood cell production
Without adequate amounts of testosterone, men become infertile. This is because testosterone
assists the development of mature sperm.
Despite being a male sex hormone, testosterone also contributes to sex drive, bone density, and
muscle strength in women. However, an excess of testosterone can also cause women to
experience male pattern baldness and infertility.
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30. Synthesis of testosterone:
A- F R O M C H O L E S T E R O L
B - F R O M
D I H Y D R O E P I AN D R O S T R E O N E
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31. Synthesis:
• Cholesterol acetate dibromide is first prepared by the acylation of cholesterol and its
subsequent bromination, this is oxidation with chromium-6-oxide which on reduction
yields dehydroepiandrosterone.
• The resulting product on acylation and with the treatment with sodium peroxide
introduces a hydroxyl group.
• Benzoylation followed by mild hydrolysis causes the reappearance of free OH
constituent.
• Oppeanauer oxidation caused by refluxing the resulting secondary alcohol with
aluminium tertiary butoxide in excess of acetone affords a ketonic function at C-3
which on hydrolysis yields the official compound.
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32. Metabolism of action:
Testosterone binds to a specific receptor in a
target cell.
Telesteron itself is the active ligand in muscle
and liver but in other organs it must be
metabolized to dihydroxytestosterone (DHT)
to show its action.
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33. Fun facts:
A mother testosterone level during pregnancy is correlated with her
daughter’s sex-typical behavior as an adult, the correlation is even
stronger than the daughter’s own adult testosterone level.
Falling in love decreases men’s testosterone level while increasing
women’s testosterone level.
Fatherhood decreases testosterone levels in men.
Testosterone levels plays a major role in risk-taking during financial
decisions.
Testosterone in the presence of a slow-growing cancer is assumed to
increase its growth.
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35. Estrogens are hormones
that are important for
sexual and reproductive
development, mainly in
women.
They are also referred to
as female sex hormones.
Estrogen
39. Function of
estrogen
• Ovaries: Estrogen helps stimulate the growth of
the egg follicle.
• Vagina: In the vagina, estrogen maintains the
thickness of the vaginal wall and promotes
lubrication.
40. Conti..
• Uterus: Estrogen enhances and maintains the
mucous membrane that lines the uterus. It also
regulates the flow and thickness of uterine mucus
secretions.
• Breasts: The body uses estrogen in the formation of
breast tissue.
41. Progesterone
• Progesterone belongs to a group of steroid
hormones called progestogens.
• Progesterone is a hormone released by the
corpus luteum in the ovary. It plays important roles
in the menstrual cycle and in maintaining the early
stages of pregnancy. It may also be involved in the
growth of certain cancers.
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43. Uses
• Prevention of abortion
• Function in bone strength, skin elasticity,
nerve tissue.
• Receptors in certain muscle and fat
tissues.
• Treatment of breast carcinoma
• Treatment of dysmenorrhea
• Treatment of catamenial epilepsy
• Oral contraceptives
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44. Adrenocorticosteroid
s
Adrenocorticosteroids are group of hormones
that are produced in the adrenal cortex of
humans.
They are involved in many types of functions
including:
• Stress response
• Immune response
• Regulation of inflammation
• Carbohydrate metabolism
• Protein Catabolism
• Blood electrolyte levels
• Behavior
2/8/20XX
Sample Footer Text 44
45. Glucocorticoids
• Glucocorticoids are steroid
hormones synthesized and
secreted by the adrenal gland
in response to stress.
• Both natural and synthetic
glucocorticoids are widely
prescribed as anti-
inflammatory drugs
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47. Cortisol/ Hydrocortisone
• Cortisol plays an important role in a number of
things your body does. For example, it:
• Manages how your body uses carbohydrates,
fats, and proteins
• Keeps inflammation down
• Regulates your blood pressure
• Increases your blood sugar (glucose)
• Controls your sleep/wake cycle
• Boosts energy so you can handle stress and
restores balance afterward
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48. Prednisolone
Prednisone is a corticosteroid
that is used to reduce
inflammation and calm down an
overactive immune system. Its
glucocorticoid activity is greater
than its mineralocorticoid activity,
which means that it has more
effects on the immune response
and inflammation than it does on
electrolytes and fluid.
2/8/20XX
Sample Footer Text 48
49. Mineralocorticoids
• Mineralocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids, which
in turn are a class of steroid hormones.
• Mineralocorticoids are produced in the adrenal
cortex and influence salt and water balances
(electrolyte balance and fluid balance).
• The primary mineralocorticoid is aldosterone.
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50. Aldosterone
• Aldosterone, a steroid
hormone secreted by
the adrenal glands.
Aldosterone serves as
the principal regulator
of the salt and water
balance of the body
and thus is categorized
as a mineralocorticoid.
It also has a small
effect on the
metabolism
of fats, carbohydrates,
and proteins.
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52. Cholesterol
• Cholesterol is the most common steroid and is the
precursor to vitamin D, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone,
aldosterone, cortisol, and bile salts.
• Cholesterol is a component of the phospholipid bilayer and
plays a role in the structure and function of membranes.
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53. Steroids & Brain
• Steroids are found in the brain and alter electrical activity in the
brain.
• Because they can tone down receptors that communicate messages
from neurotransmitters, steroids are often used in anesthetic
medicines.
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54. Cholesterol & Atherosclerosis
In the disease atherosclerosis, fatty materials
containing cholesterol form deposits (plaques),
especially in the walls of the major blood vessels, and
vascular function may be fatally impaired. The
disease has many contributory factors but typically is
associated with elevated concentrations of
cholesterol in the blood plasma. One aim of medical
treatment is to lower the plasma cholesterol level.
2/8/20XX
Sample Footer Text 54
55. Cardiotonic
steroids
• Preparations in which cardiotonic
steroids of both vegetable
and animal origin are the active
principles have been used as
emetics, diuretics, and arrow poisons
for centuries.
• The use of digitalis, ouabain, and
strophanthin glycosides to slow the
rate and strengthen the contractility of
the failing heart is one of the most
important methods of treatment of
this condition.
• Of these agents, the digitalis
glycosides are the most widely used.
The therapeutic effects of these
agents are related to their influence
on muscle cells of the heart.
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56. Steroid contraceptives
• The most effective method of contraception uses
combinations of synthetic estrogen and progesterone that
prevent ovulation.
• Unlike the natural hormones, these synthetic steroids are
highly active when taken orally as tablets.
• Estrogens that have been used in oral contraceptives include
estranol which has about the same potency as estradiol, and
mestranol, which is less potent.
• Contraceptive steroid preparations are also used for control of
breeding cycles and synchronization of estrus in farm animals.
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57. Androgens and anabolic steroids
• A growing number of amateur and professional
athletes have made use of synthetic analogs
of testosterone to accelerate muscular
development and to improve strength.
• Medical researchers have determined that the
use of anabolic steroids may lead to heart disease,
sexual and reproductive disorders, immune
deficiencies, liver damage, stunted growth (in
teenagers and young adults), and aggressive,
violent behaviour.
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58. Vitamin D2 & D3
• In
mammalian skin one precursor of cholesterol, 7-
dehydrocholesterol, is converted by
solar ultraviolet light to cholecalciferol, vitamin D3,
which controls calcification of bone by regulating
intestinal absorption of calcium. The
disease rickets, which results from lack of
exposure to sunlight or lack of intake of vitamin D,
can be treated by administration of the vitamin or
of the corresponding derivative of ergosterol,
ergocalciferol (vitamin D2).
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59. Adrenal Steroids
• Failure of the adrenal cortex in humans gives rise
to Addison disease, a formerly fatal condition that
can now be successfully treated
with synthetic adrenal steroids.
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60. Glucocorticoids
• The glucocorticoids promote
the deposition of glycogen in the
liver and the breakdown of
body proteins.
• The secretion of
glucocorticoids is exquisitely
responsive to injury and fear in
animals and is primarily
responsible for
metabolic adaptation to stressful
conditions.
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61. Cardenolide:
Nature’s
weapon
• Cardenolide and bufanolide
derivatives, found in many plants and
in the skin of toads, cause vomiting,
visual disturbances, and slowing of
the heart in vertebrates and are
strong deterrents to predators. Birds
and other predators instinctively
avoid
certain grasshoppers and butterflies t
hat store cardenolides of the plants
upon which they feed.
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62. Summary
• Steroid, any of a class of natural or synthetic organic
compounds characterized by a molecular structure of 17 carbon atoms
arranged in four rings.
• Steroids are important in biology, chemistry, and medicine.
• The steroid group includes all the sex hormones, adrenal cortical
hormones, bile acids, and sterols of vertebrates, as well as
the molting hormones of insects and many other physiologically active
substances of animals and plants.
• Among the synthetic steroids of therapeutic value are a large number of
anti-inflammatory agents, anabolic (growth-stimulating) agents, and oral
contraceptives.
• Steroids vary from one another in attached groups, the position of the
groups, and the configuration of the steroid nucleus (or gonane).
• Small modifications in the molecular structures of steroids can produce
remarkable differences in their biological activities.
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63. Thank You
A N Y Q U E S T I O N S ?
Sample Footer Text 63