Stress is a normal human reaction that happens to everyone. In fact, the human body is designed to experience stress and react to it.
When you experience changes or challenges (stressors), your body produces physical and mental responses. That’s stress.
Stress responses help your body adjust to new situations.
Stress can be positive, keeping us alert, motivated and ready to avoid danger.
For example, if you have an important test coming up, a stress response might help your body work harder and stay awake longer.
But stress becomes a problem when stressors continue without relief or periods of relaxation.
Stress is the non specific response of the body to any kind of demand made upon it.
-Hans Selye, 1956
Stress is the arousal of mind and body in response to demands made upon them.
-Schafer, 2000
A stressor is any event, experience, or environmental stimulus that causes stress in an individual.
These events or experiences are perceived as threats or challenges to the individual and can be either physical or psychological.
Researchers have found that stressors can make individuals more prone to both physical and psychological problems, including heart disease and anxiety.
In psychology, researchers generally classify the different types of stressors into four categories:
Crises/Catastrophes,
Major Life Events,
Daily Hassles/Micro Stressors, And
Ambient Stressors.
Crises/Catastrophes
This type of stressor is unforeseen and unpredictable and, as such, is completely out of the control of the individual.
Examples of crises and catastrophes include: devastating natural disasters, such as major floods, earthquakes, wars, pandemics etc….
Though rare in occurrence, this type of stressor typically causes a great deal of stress in a person's life.
Major life events
Common examples of major life events include: marriage, going to college, death of a loved one, birth of a child, divorce, moving houses etc…
These events, either positive or negative, can create a sense of uncertainty and fear, which will ultimately lead to stress.
For instance, research has found the elevation of stress during the transition from high school to university, with college freshmen being about two times more likely to be stressed than final year students.
Research has found major life events are somewhat rare to be major causes of stress, due to its rare occurrences.
Daily Hassles/Microstressors
This category includes daily annoyances and minor hassles.
Examples include: making decisions, meeting deadlines at work or school, traffic jams, encounters with irritating personalities, etc.
Often, this type of stressor includes conflicts with other people.
Daily stressors, however, are different for each individual, as not everyone perceives a certain event as stressful.
For example, most people find public speaking to be stressful, nevertheless, a seasoned politician most likely will not.
Daily hassles are the most frequently occurring.
The term stress was introduced in medicine in 1949 by Canadian endocrinologist – Hans Selye. To him, stress is described as the body’s adjustment to a new circumstance, and the body’s stereotypical and non-specific response to environmental stimuli that disrupt a personal balance, and described also as a psychosomatic mechanism to regulate and balance the tensions, which means the perception and preparation of the body to the specific loads.
GERO 508 Spring 2021
Week 2
The Mind & Body Connection
Timothy Lu Office Hours: By Appointment Email: [email protected]
Dr Paul Nash CPsychol, AFBPsS, FHEA
Office: GERO 231E
Office Hours: Thurs 09.00-12.00
(OR AGREED APPOINTMENT)
Email: [email protected]
Gillian Fennell
Email: [email protected]
Questions about assessments?
2
The session in brief
Biological – What is stress?
Biological consequences of stress
Biological models of stress
Measuring biological stress
What does stress look like?
The meaning of sex
Psychological approaches to stress
Environmental approaches to stress
Specific models of stress
Bio-Psycho-Social models of stress
Measuring psychological components of stress
3
What forms can stress take?
4
Stress – The overview
Actual Stress
- See a predator / See a car coming towards you
5
Perceived Stress
- In a situation where something may or may not happen
Which do you think happens with humans? Why?
Humans exhibit the anticipatory stress response, well done us!! Turn on stress response for psychological reasons
- memory, emotions, thoughts
NOT what stress was designed for which leads to potential for chronic stress
Essentially the aim of the stress response is to return us to the homeostatic equilibrium we are in.
Acute or Chronic?
6
The meaning of sex
7
Fight or Flight
Tend and Befriend
Evolutionary
Protection of self and offspring
Nurturing offspring under stressful situation
Protect from harm (tend)
Create / join social groups to maximize resource and protection (befriend)
Evolutionary
Protection of self
Fight a stressor
Escape a stressor
Short lived
Few mins – Alive or dead
Most research based on males until the tend / befriend hypothesis produced. Mainly due to different cyclical variation in hormones and endocrine responses making research with women less predictable.
Not the whole story and we have biological and psychological differences later in the course!
Stress – The psychological approach
8
Stress as a response
The ways in which we respond to a stressor
Storm and stress approach
Coping & resilience
Effects of prolonged stress
Stress as a stimulus
Views stress as a significant life event or change that demands response, adjustment, or adaptation
Sees change as inherently stressful
Stress is dealt with uniformly across populations
Illness outcome thresholds are uniform
Stress as a transaction
Stress is a product of the human – environment transaction
Hardiness, resilience, locus of control and self-efficacy are important constructs
Duration of transaction (Episodic, Acute, Chronic)
Environmental stressors
9
Suboptimal environmental conditions pose demands that may exceed an individuals ability to cope
The imbalance between environmental demands and response capabilities is called…..?
…Stress
Environmental stressors include:
Chronic
Noise when living by a freeway
Acute
Noise when in a tunnel
Which is more ...
Stress can be defined as any type of change that causes physical, emotional or psychological strain. Stress is your body's response to anything that requires attention or action. Everyone experiences stress to some degree. The way you respond to stress, however, make a big difference to your overall well-being.
Stress is the body’s physical and psychological response to a specific demand made of us or to an event in our life. In some cases it motivates and encourages us to complete a task we find difficult so that we can take pride in ourselves and what we achieve.
Unconsciousness. Medical Surgical Nursing pptxPatelVedanti
The brain requires a constant supply of oxygenated blood and glucose to function. Interruption of this supply will cause loss of consciousness within a few seconds and permanent brain damage in minutes.
Unconsciousness:
A state of unarousable responsiveness, where the client is unaware of the self or the surroundings and no purposeful response can be obtained to external stimuli. May be –
Brief – lasting for few seconds to an hour
Sustained – lasting for a few hours or longer
Etiology:
Blood oxygenation problems
Blood circulation problems
Metabolic problems (Diabetes mellitus, over dosage) CNS problems (head injury, stroke, tumor , epilepsy)
pain. Medical Surgical Nursing ......pptxPatelVedanti
Pain is a complex, multidimensional phenomenon. Everyone has experienced some types or degrees of pain. Pain is the most common reason for physician and also common problems faced by nurses when they are dealing with the patients.
The word pain is derived from the Latin word ‘Poena’ which means punishment. It is a major symptom in many medical conditions, and can significantly interfere with a person's quality of life and general functioning.
Pain motivates us to withdraw from potentially damaging situations, protect a damaged body part while it heals, and avoid those situations in the future.
Most pain resolves promptly once the painful stimulus is removed and the body has healed, but sometimes pain persists despite removal of the stimulus and apparent healing of the body; and sometimes pain arises in the absence of any detectable stimulus, damage or disease.
The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely used definition states:
"Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage".
The processes in the body that are involved in the perception of pain are called "nociception."
Mount castle defined pain as “that sensory experiences evoked by stimuli that injure or threaten to destroy tissue, defined introspectively by every man as that which hurts”.
The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) classification system describes pain according to five categories:
Duration And Severity,
Anatomical Location,
Body System Involved,
Cause, And
Temporal Characteristics (Intermittent, Constant, Etc)
Acute pain lasts a short time, or is expected to be over soon. The time frame may be as brief as seconds or as long as weeks.
Chronic pain may be defined as pain that lasts beyond the healing of an injury, continues for a period of several months or longer, or occurs frequently for at least months and is more difficult to manage.eg-rheumatoid arthritis
Cutaneous or superficial pain- it is directly precised &readily localized i.e. patient can indicate exactly where it hurt.
Referred pain- pain felt at a site distinct from site of pain. eg-cardiac pain is present in the heart, but felt in the left arm
Intractable pain- persistent, severe pain that cannot be effectively controlled by the usual medication is referred to as “Intractable pain”.
Localized pain- Localized pain arises directly from the site of the disturbance.
Differentiation of neurolapatic pain- severs pain caused by nervous system damage, when the flow of afferent nerve impulse has been partially or completely interrupted. eg accident.
Pain of muscular or bonny origin- the muscular ischemia of intermittent claudication(a in commonly in the legs or arms that comes on with walking or using the arms.) & occlusion vascular induce pain in the extrimities. eg joint pain
Testicular torsion occurs when a testicle rotates, twisting the spermatic cord that brings blood to the scrotum.
Testicular torsion is most common between ages 12 and 18, but it can occur at any age, even before birth often severe pain and swelling.
Age Testicular torsion is most common between ages 12 and 18.
Previous testicular torsion
Family history of testicular torsion
Sudden, severe pain in the scrotum
Swelling of the scrotum
Abdominal pain
Nausea and vomiting
A testicle that's positioned higher than normal or at an unusual angle
Frequent urination
Fever
Blood in semen
Redness of scrotum
Contenu connexe
Similaire à STRESS. Medical Surgical Nursing ....pptx
The term stress was introduced in medicine in 1949 by Canadian endocrinologist – Hans Selye. To him, stress is described as the body’s adjustment to a new circumstance, and the body’s stereotypical and non-specific response to environmental stimuli that disrupt a personal balance, and described also as a psychosomatic mechanism to regulate and balance the tensions, which means the perception and preparation of the body to the specific loads.
GERO 508 Spring 2021
Week 2
The Mind & Body Connection
Timothy Lu Office Hours: By Appointment Email: [email protected]
Dr Paul Nash CPsychol, AFBPsS, FHEA
Office: GERO 231E
Office Hours: Thurs 09.00-12.00
(OR AGREED APPOINTMENT)
Email: [email protected]
Gillian Fennell
Email: [email protected]
Questions about assessments?
2
The session in brief
Biological – What is stress?
Biological consequences of stress
Biological models of stress
Measuring biological stress
What does stress look like?
The meaning of sex
Psychological approaches to stress
Environmental approaches to stress
Specific models of stress
Bio-Psycho-Social models of stress
Measuring psychological components of stress
3
What forms can stress take?
4
Stress – The overview
Actual Stress
- See a predator / See a car coming towards you
5
Perceived Stress
- In a situation where something may or may not happen
Which do you think happens with humans? Why?
Humans exhibit the anticipatory stress response, well done us!! Turn on stress response for psychological reasons
- memory, emotions, thoughts
NOT what stress was designed for which leads to potential for chronic stress
Essentially the aim of the stress response is to return us to the homeostatic equilibrium we are in.
Acute or Chronic?
6
The meaning of sex
7
Fight or Flight
Tend and Befriend
Evolutionary
Protection of self and offspring
Nurturing offspring under stressful situation
Protect from harm (tend)
Create / join social groups to maximize resource and protection (befriend)
Evolutionary
Protection of self
Fight a stressor
Escape a stressor
Short lived
Few mins – Alive or dead
Most research based on males until the tend / befriend hypothesis produced. Mainly due to different cyclical variation in hormones and endocrine responses making research with women less predictable.
Not the whole story and we have biological and psychological differences later in the course!
Stress – The psychological approach
8
Stress as a response
The ways in which we respond to a stressor
Storm and stress approach
Coping & resilience
Effects of prolonged stress
Stress as a stimulus
Views stress as a significant life event or change that demands response, adjustment, or adaptation
Sees change as inherently stressful
Stress is dealt with uniformly across populations
Illness outcome thresholds are uniform
Stress as a transaction
Stress is a product of the human – environment transaction
Hardiness, resilience, locus of control and self-efficacy are important constructs
Duration of transaction (Episodic, Acute, Chronic)
Environmental stressors
9
Suboptimal environmental conditions pose demands that may exceed an individuals ability to cope
The imbalance between environmental demands and response capabilities is called…..?
…Stress
Environmental stressors include:
Chronic
Noise when living by a freeway
Acute
Noise when in a tunnel
Which is more ...
Stress can be defined as any type of change that causes physical, emotional or psychological strain. Stress is your body's response to anything that requires attention or action. Everyone experiences stress to some degree. The way you respond to stress, however, make a big difference to your overall well-being.
Stress is the body’s physical and psychological response to a specific demand made of us or to an event in our life. In some cases it motivates and encourages us to complete a task we find difficult so that we can take pride in ourselves and what we achieve.
Similaire à STRESS. Medical Surgical Nursing ....pptx (19)
Unconsciousness. Medical Surgical Nursing pptxPatelVedanti
The brain requires a constant supply of oxygenated blood and glucose to function. Interruption of this supply will cause loss of consciousness within a few seconds and permanent brain damage in minutes.
Unconsciousness:
A state of unarousable responsiveness, where the client is unaware of the self or the surroundings and no purposeful response can be obtained to external stimuli. May be –
Brief – lasting for few seconds to an hour
Sustained – lasting for a few hours or longer
Etiology:
Blood oxygenation problems
Blood circulation problems
Metabolic problems (Diabetes mellitus, over dosage) CNS problems (head injury, stroke, tumor , epilepsy)
pain. Medical Surgical Nursing ......pptxPatelVedanti
Pain is a complex, multidimensional phenomenon. Everyone has experienced some types or degrees of pain. Pain is the most common reason for physician and also common problems faced by nurses when they are dealing with the patients.
The word pain is derived from the Latin word ‘Poena’ which means punishment. It is a major symptom in many medical conditions, and can significantly interfere with a person's quality of life and general functioning.
Pain motivates us to withdraw from potentially damaging situations, protect a damaged body part while it heals, and avoid those situations in the future.
Most pain resolves promptly once the painful stimulus is removed and the body has healed, but sometimes pain persists despite removal of the stimulus and apparent healing of the body; and sometimes pain arises in the absence of any detectable stimulus, damage or disease.
The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely used definition states:
"Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage".
The processes in the body that are involved in the perception of pain are called "nociception."
Mount castle defined pain as “that sensory experiences evoked by stimuli that injure or threaten to destroy tissue, defined introspectively by every man as that which hurts”.
The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) classification system describes pain according to five categories:
Duration And Severity,
Anatomical Location,
Body System Involved,
Cause, And
Temporal Characteristics (Intermittent, Constant, Etc)
Acute pain lasts a short time, or is expected to be over soon. The time frame may be as brief as seconds or as long as weeks.
Chronic pain may be defined as pain that lasts beyond the healing of an injury, continues for a period of several months or longer, or occurs frequently for at least months and is more difficult to manage.eg-rheumatoid arthritis
Cutaneous or superficial pain- it is directly precised &readily localized i.e. patient can indicate exactly where it hurt.
Referred pain- pain felt at a site distinct from site of pain. eg-cardiac pain is present in the heart, but felt in the left arm
Intractable pain- persistent, severe pain that cannot be effectively controlled by the usual medication is referred to as “Intractable pain”.
Localized pain- Localized pain arises directly from the site of the disturbance.
Differentiation of neurolapatic pain- severs pain caused by nervous system damage, when the flow of afferent nerve impulse has been partially or completely interrupted. eg accident.
Pain of muscular or bonny origin- the muscular ischemia of intermittent claudication(a in commonly in the legs or arms that comes on with walking or using the arms.) & occlusion vascular induce pain in the extrimities. eg joint pain
Testicular torsion occurs when a testicle rotates, twisting the spermatic cord that brings blood to the scrotum.
Testicular torsion is most common between ages 12 and 18, but it can occur at any age, even before birth often severe pain and swelling.
Age Testicular torsion is most common between ages 12 and 18.
Previous testicular torsion
Family history of testicular torsion
Sudden, severe pain in the scrotum
Swelling of the scrotum
Abdominal pain
Nausea and vomiting
A testicle that's positioned higher than normal or at an unusual angle
Frequent urination
Fever
Blood in semen
Redness of scrotum
Gynecomastia & Male Breast Cancer.pptx (Male Reproductive System)PatelVedanti
Gynecomastia is often due to an imbalance of testosterone and estrogen hormones.
It is an increase in the amount of breast gland tissue in boys or men.
Gynecomastia can affect one or both breasts, sometimes unevenly.
Genetic disorder
Malnutrition
Testicular cancer
Aging
Disorder of testes
causes:
Genetic disorder
Malnutrition
Testicular cancer
Aging
Disorder of testes
S/S
Pain, particularly in adolescents
Swollen breast tissue
Breast tenderness
Nipple discharge in one or both breasts
Prostatitis is a disorder of the prostate gland usually associated with inflammation.
Prostatitis often causes painful or difficult urination, as well as pain in the groin, pelvic area or genitals.
Acute bacterial prostatitis: a bacterial infection of the prostate usually with sudden, severe symptoms
Chronic bacterial prostatitis: ongoing or recurring bacterial infection usually with less severe symptoms
Causes:
Bacterial infection
Autoimmune diseases
Pelvic floor muscle spasms
Stress
Bladder infections or bladder stones
Surgery or biopsy requiring use of a urinary catheter
Prostate stones
Urinary retention (not emptying the bladder completely).
UTIs.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Prostate cancer is cancer that occurs in the prostate.
It is a growth of abnormal cell in the prostate, it may be malignant or benign.
Alopecia can mean baldness,
Compulsive pulling of hair (trichotillomania) can also produce hair loss.
Hairstyling routines such as tight ponytails may induce Traction alopecia. hot hair irons can also induce hair loss. In some cases, alopecia is due to underlying medical conditions, such as iron deficiency.
Hair styles & Hair treatments (chemicals in relaxers, hair straighteners)
Causes:
Hereditary disorders
Hormonal change
Iron deficiency
Medications (side effects from drugs, including chemotherapy, anabolic steroids, and birth control pills)
Radiation therapy
Stress
Age
Poor nutrition
Hair transplant: A dermatologist or cosmetic surgeon takes tiny plugs of skin, each which contains a few hairs, and implants the plugs into bald sections.
Wigs: As an alternative to medical and surgical treatment, some patients wear a wig or hairpiece. They can be used permanently or temporarily to cover the hair loss. Quality, and natural looking wigs and hairpieces are available.
It is an immune system condition that causes the rapid buildup of skin cells.
It is a long term (chronic) disease.
It is most commonly seen the knees, elbows, trunk, and scalp.
It is a chronic inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands.
It may be occur on areas of the body that have sebaceous glands such as face, neck, back and shoulders.
It is associated with high rail of sebum secretion.
It has two types of acne such as inflammatory, in which the hair follicle is blocked by sebum that may be cause by bacteria and eventually rupture the follicle and second non inflammatory, in which the follicle doesn't rupture but remains dilated.
Acne is a disease that involves the oil glands of the skin.
It is not dangerous.
Acne occurs most commonly during adolescence, and often continues into adulthood. In adolescence, acne is usually caused by an increase in testosterone, which people of both genders during puberty.
There are various types of pimples
Whiteheads - remain under the skin and are very small.
Blackheads - clearly visible, they are black and appear on the surface of the skin.
Papules - visible on the surface of the skin. They are small bumps, usually pink.
Pustules - clearly visible on the surface of the skin. They are red at their base and have pus at the top.
Nodules - clearly visible on the surface of the skin. They are large, solid pimples. They are painful and are embedded deep in the skin.
The word Gastritis comes from two words “gastro” referring to the stomach and “itis” means inflammation.
Gastritis is an inflammation, irritation, or erosion of the lining of the stomach mucosa.
Inflammation of the lining of the stomach.
INCIDENCE:
The incidence of gastritis is highest in the fifth and sixth decades of life; men are more frequently affected than women. The incidence is greater in clients who are heavy drinkers and smokers.
Acute gastritis is considered one of the most common type of gastritis. This is a painful inflammation of the lining of the stomach that occur suddenly and may involve bleeding of the stomach mucosa
Chronic gastritis involve s long- term inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach and this inflammatory condition of upper digestive system can last for years.
Chronic gastritis, on the other hand, is more often found in older people
Rhinitis commonly known as a stuffy
nose,
is the medical term describing
irritation and inflammation of some internal areas of the nose .
It is the inflammation of the nasal mucosa.
Acute Rhinitis is also known as the common cold.
It may be bacterial or viral.
It may be classified as acute & allergic .
It usually lasts 5 to 7 days.
It may be bacterial or viral or irritants.
Which is caused by Rhinoviruses and Coronaviruses , or bacterial sinusitis .
Sinusitis is an inflammation of the mucus membrane of the Paranasal sinuses.
Pansinusitis is infection of more than one sinus.
This condition in GI system disorder.
Cholecystitis And Cholelithiasis slidesharePatelVedanti
Cholecystitis: It is defined as the inflammation of the Gall Bladder.
Cholelithiasis: Stones in the Gall Bladder specially seen in the neck of the Gall Bladder or the cystic duct.
Most important for in GI system.
Fracture regarding information and also useful in nursing in that types of fracture included and also include treatment regarding fracture , nursing care plan...commonly fracture is more so its very useful for study.....
All information regarding dermatitis definition, causes, risk factors , sign and symptoms and also related treatment and nursing care plan its useful in the nursing.
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
Cold Sores: Causes, Treatments, and Prevention Strategies | The Lifesciences ...The Lifesciences Magazine
Cold Sores, medically known as herpes labialis, are caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). HSV-1 is primarily responsible for cold sores, although HSV-2 can also contribute in some cases.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Feeding plate for a newborn with Cleft Palate.pptxSatvikaPrasad
A feeding plate is a prosthetic device used for newborns with a cleft palate to assist in feeding and improve nutrition intake. From a prosthodontic perspective, this plate acts as a barrier between the oral and nasal cavities, facilitating effective sucking and swallowing by providing a more normal anatomical structure. It helps to prevent milk from entering the nasal passage, thereby reducing the risk of aspiration and enhancing the infant's ability to feed efficiently. The feeding plate also aids in the development of the oral muscles and can contribute to better growth and weight gain. Its custom fabrication and proper fitting by a prosthodontist are crucial for ensuring comfort and functionality, as well as for minimizing potential complications. Early intervention with a feeding plate can significantly improve the quality of life for both the infant and the parents.
International Cancer Survivors Day is celebrated during June, placing the spotlight not only on cancer survivors, but also their caregivers.
CANSA has compiled a list of tips and guidelines of support:
https://cansa.org.za/who-cares-for-cancer-patients-caregivers/
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
DECODING THE RISKS - ALCOHOL, TOBACCO & DRUGS.pdfDr Rachana Gujar
Introduction: Substance use education is crucial due to its prevalence and societal impact.
Alcohol Use: Immediate and long-term risks include impaired judgment, health issues, and social consequences.
Tobacco Use: Immediate effects include increased heart rate, while long-term risks encompass cancer and heart disease.
Drug Use: Risks vary depending on the drug type, including health and psychological implications.
Prevention Strategies: Education, healthy coping mechanisms, community support, and policies are vital in preventing substance use.
Harm Reduction Strategies: Safe use practices, medication-assisted treatment, and naloxone availability aim to reduce harm.
Seeking Help for Addiction: Recognizing signs, available treatments, support systems, and resources are essential for recovery.
Personal Stories: Real stories of recovery emphasize hope and resilience.
Interactive Q&A: Engage the audience and encourage discussion.
Conclusion: Recap key points and emphasize the importance of awareness, prevention, and seeking help.
Resources: Provide contact information and links for further support.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
We are one of the top Massage Spa Ajman Our highly skilled, experienced, and certified massage therapists from different corners of the world are committed to serving you with a soothing and relaxing experience. Luxuriate yourself at our spas in Sharjah and Ajman, which are indeed enriched with an ambiance of relaxation and tranquility. We could confidently claim that we are one of the most affordable Spa Ajman and Sharjah as well, where you can book the massage session of your choice for just 99 AED at any time as we are open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Visit : https://massagespaajman.com/
Call : 052 987 1315
KEY Points of Leicester travel clinic In London doc.docxNX Healthcare
In order to protect visitors' safety and wellbeing, Travel Clinic Leicester offers a wide range of travel-related health treatments, including individualized counseling and vaccines. Our team of medical experts specializes in getting people ready for international travel, with a particular emphasis on vaccines and health consultations to prevent travel-related illnesses. We provide a range of travel-related services, such as health concerns unique to a trip, prevention of malaria, and travel-related medical supplies. Our clinic is dedicated to providing top-notch care, keeping abreast of the most recent recommendations for vaccinations and travel health precautions. The goal of Travel Clinic Leicester is to keep you safe and well-rested no matter what kind of travel you choose—business, pleasure, or adventure.
This document is designed as an introductory to medical students,nursing students,midwives or other healthcare trainees to improve their understanding about how health system in Sri Lanka cares children health.
Under Pressure : Kenneth Kruk's StrategyKenneth Kruk
Kenneth Kruk's story of transforming challenges into opportunities by leading successful medical record transitions and bridging scientific knowledge gaps during COVID-19.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...
STRESS. Medical Surgical Nursing ....pptx
1. N A M E : M I S S V E D A N T I PAT E L
D E S I G N AT I O N : A S S I . P R O F E S S O R
STRESS
2. Introduction
Stress is a normal human reaction that happens to
everyone. In fact, the human body is designed to experience
stress and react to it.
When you experience changes or challenges (stressors),
your body produces physical and mental responses. That’s
stress.
Stress responses help your body adjust to new situations.
3. Introduction
Stress can be positive, keeping us alert, motivated and
ready to avoid danger.
For example, if you have an important test coming up, a
stress response might help your body work harder and stay
awake longer.
But stress becomes a problem when stressors continue
without relief or periods of relaxation.
4. Definition
Stress is the non specific response of the body to any
kind of demand made upon it.
-Hans Selye, 1956
Stress is the arousal of mind and body in response to
demands made upon them.
-Schafer, 2000
5. Stressors
A stressor is any event, experience, or environmental
stimulus that causes stress in an individual.
These events or experiences are perceived as threats or
challenges to the individual and can be either physical or
psychological.
Researchers have found that stressors can make individuals
more prone to both physical and psychological problems,
including heart disease and anxiety.
6. Stressors
In psychology, researchers generally classify the
different types of stressors into four categories:
1. Crises/Catastrophes,
2. Major Life Events,
3. Daily Hassles/Micro Stressors, And
4. Ambient Stressors.
7. Stressors
Crises/Catastrophes
This type of stressor is unforeseen and unpredictable and,
as such, is completely out of the control of the individual.
Examples of crises and catastrophes include: devastating
natural disasters, such as major floods, earthquakes, wars,
pandemics etc….
Though rare in occurrence, this type of stressor typically
causes a great deal of stress in a person's life.
8. Stressors
Major life events
Common examples of major life events include: marriage,
going to college, death of a loved one, birth of a child,
divorce, moving houses etc…
These events, either positive or negative, can create a sense
of uncertainty and fear, which will ultimately lead to stress.
9. Stressors
Major life events
For instance, research has found the elevation of stress
during the transition from high school to university, with
college freshmen being about two times more likely to be
stressed than final year students.
Research has found major life events are somewhat rare to
be major causes of stress, due to its rare occurrences.
10. Stressors
Daily Hassles/Microstressors
This category includes daily annoyances and minor hassles.
Examples include: making decisions, meeting deadlines at
work or school, traffic jams, encounters with irritating
personalities, etc.
Often, this type of stressor includes conflicts with other
people.
11. Stressors
Daily Hassles/Microstressors
Daily stressors, however, are different for each individual,
as not everyone perceives a certain event as stressful.
For example, most people find public speaking to be
stressful, nevertheless, a seasoned politician most likely
will not.
Daily hassles are the most frequently occurring type of
stressor in most adults.
12. Stressors
Ambient stressors
As their name implies, these are global (as opposed to
individual) low-grade stressors that are a part of the
background environment.
Typical examples of ambient stressors are pollution, noise,
crowding, and traffic. Unlike the other three types of
stressor, ambient stressors can (but do not necessarily have
to) negatively impact stress without conscious awareness.
13. Types of Stress
Not all types of stress are harmful or even negative. Some of
the different types of stress that you might experience
include:
Acute stress: Acute stress is a very short-term type of
stress that can either be positive or more distressing; this is
the type of stress we most often encounter in day-to-day
life.
14. Types of Stress
Chronic stress: Chronic stress is stress that seems never-
ending and inescapable, like the stress of a bad marriage or
an extremely taxing job; chronic stress can also stem from
traumatic experiences and childhood trauma.
Episodic acute stress: Episodic acute stress is acute stress
that seems to run rampant and be a way of life, creating a
life of ongoing distress.
15. Types of Stress
Eustress: Eustress is fun and exciting. It's known as a
positive type of stress that can keep you energized. It's
associated with surges of adrenaline, such as when you are
skiing or racing to meet a deadline.
16. Types of Stress
Eustress: Eustress is fun and exciting. It's known as a
positive type of stress that can keep you energized. It's
associated with surges of adrenaline, such as when you are
skiing or racing to meet a deadline.
18. Stress Cycle
Stressor:
Any stimulus that causes individual to experience stress.
Ex. Death, Divorce, New Job, Marriage
Way to reduce stress: Avoiding or managing stress,
Choosing what is important in life, Simple living, Time
Management
19. Stress Cycle
Reaction to Stress:
When the person feels stressed from stressor, the body
begins to release chemicals to confront the stressor.
Reducing the reactions to stress: Asking God for help,
Spiritual practices, Cognitive behviour therapy
20. Stress Cycle
Wear & Tear on the Body and Organ system:
When the stressor is not corrected, the body worn out.
Remedies: Improving diet, Regular exercises, Yoga,
Meditation
21. Stress Cycle
Reduced Optimal Health:
Once the stress is present for long time, the body become
prone to develop the serious health problems.
Remedies: Consulting allopathic or homeopathy doctor or
acupuncturist
22. Stress Cycle
Increased Sensitivity to Stress:
Once the body is worn down and emotions worn and
exhausted, sensitivity to stress increases.
Remedies: Deep breathing exercises or meditation, Taking
walks or talking an objective friend
23.
24.
25. General Adaptation Syndrome
Homeostasis is a state of physiological calmness or
balance, and occurs when our bodily functions are running
smoothly in conjunction with low stress levels.
When exposed to stressors, this causes an imbalance to
occur as the body responds to the perceived threat, and
then tries to return to normal functioning.
Hans Selye, a medical doctor and researcher, came up with
the theory of GAS.
26. General Adaptation Syndrome
GAS is the three-stage process that describes the
physiological changes the body goes through when under
stress.
Selye identified these stages as alarm, resistance, and
exhaustion.
Understanding these different responses and how they
relate to each other may help you cope with stress.
27. General Adaptation Syndrome
1. Alarm reaction stage
The alarm reaction stage refers to the initial symptoms the
body experiences when under stress.
You may be familiar with the “fight-or-flight” response,
which is a physiological response to stress.
This natural reaction prepares you to either flee or protect
yourself in dangerous situations.
28. General Adaptation Syndrome
1. Alarm reaction stage
Your heart rate increases, your adrenal gland releases
cortisol (a stress hormone), and you receive a boost of
adrenaline, which increases energy.
This fight-or-flight response occurs in the alarm reaction
stage.
29.
30. General Adaptation Syndrome
2. Resistance stage
After the initial shock of a stressful event and having a fight-
or-flight response, the body begins to repair itself.
It releases a lower amount of cortisol, and your heart rate
and blood pressure begin to normalize.
Although your body enters this recovery phase, it remains
on high alert for a while.
32. General Adaptation Syndrome
2. Resistance stage
If you overcome stress and the situation is no longer an
issue, your body continues to repair itself until your
hormone levels, heart rate, and blood pressure reach a pre-
stress state.
Some stressful situations continue for extended periods of
time.
33. General Adaptation Syndrome
2. Resistance stage
If you don’t resolve the stress and your body remains on
high alert, it eventually adapts and learns how to live with a
higher stress level.
In this stage, the body goes through changes that you’re
unaware of in an attempt to cope with stress.
If the resistance stage continues for too long of a period
without pauses to offset the effects of stress, this can lead to
the exhaustion stage.
34. General Adaptation Syndrome
3. Exhaustion
Prolonged exposure to the stressor will result in the
depletion of the body’s resources, and the resulting wear
and tear will suppress the immune system and cause bodily
functions to deteriorate.
This can lead to a variety of health issues and illnesses,
including heart disease, digestive problems, depression,
and diabetes.
37. Coping with Stress
Coping is the process of spending conscious effort and
energy to solve personal and interpersonal problems.
In the case of stress, coping mechanisms seek to master,
minimize, or tolerate stress and stressors that occur in
everyday life.
These mechanisms are commonly called coping
skills or coping strategies.
38. Coping with Stress
All coping strategies have the adaptive goal of reducing or
dealing with stress, but some strategies can actually be
maladaptive (unhealthy) or merely ineffective.
Maladaptive behaviors are those that inhibit a person’s
ability to adjust to particular situations.
This type of behavior is often used to reduce one’s anxiety,
but the result is dysfunctional and non-productive.
39. Coping with Stress
Coping Strategies
While psychologists disagree on the specific classification
of the hundreds of coping strategies available today,
distinctions are often made among various contrasting
strategies.
The three most common distinctions are appraisal-focused,
problem-focused, and emotion-focused coping strategies.
40. Coping with Stress
Emotion-Focused Strategies :
Emotion-focused strategies address the feelings associated
with the stressor. People modify the emotions that
accompany stress perception by releasing, distracting, or
managing their mental state.
A typical person will employ a mixture of all of these
strategies when attempting to cope with stress. Skill or
prowess at employing these strategies changes over time.
41. Coping with Stress
Problem-Focused Strategies :
Problem-focused strategies aim to deal with the cause of
the problem or stressor.
People try to change or eliminate the source of stress by
researching the problem and learning management skills to
solve it.
42. Coping with Stress
Appraisal-Focused Strategies :
Appraisal-focused strategies attempt to modify thought
processes associated with stress.
People alter the way they think about a problem by
approaching it differently or altering their goals and values.
43. Coping with Stress
Adaptive Style:
It involves appropriate adjustment to the environment and
gaining from experience.
Maladaptive Style:
It involves failing to adjust to environment, experiencing
misery and unhappiness as a result.