The Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) In the Computational Optimization of Sustained Release (SR) For Phenothiazine Derivative Matrix Tablet
Introduction: This study explores the use of Response Surface Methodology (RSM), a statistical optimization technique, to optimize the SR properties of prochlorperazine maleate (PCM) matrix tablets. PCM is a phenothiazine derivative used for treating schizophrenia, nausea, and vomiting. Sustained-release formulations offer extended drug delivery, potentially improving patient compliance and reducing side effects. RSM helps identify optimal combinations of critical formulation factors influencing drug release, such as polymer type and concentration, filler type, and drug/polymer ratio. The study likely involves designing experiments based on chosen RSM designs (e.g., Box-Behnken) with varying factor levels. Formulate SR tablets with different factor combinations. Evaluating the drug release profiles of each tablet formulation. Analyzing data using RSM software to build mathematical models relating factors to drug release and identifying optimal factor combinations that maximize desired release characteristics.
Objective: The ongoing research purpose to improve the advancement of a sustained release tablet containing Phenothiazine derivative PCM loaded matrix. This is achieved by utilizing DoE as a computational method to statistically validate the formulation.
Objective: The purpose of present research work is to develop the sustained release formulation for Telmisartan using 32 factorial design. Telmisartan an Antihypertensive agent, nonpeptide angiotensin-II receptor (type AT1) antagonist and BCS class-II agent. Methods: Sustained Release tablet formulations of Telmisartan were prepared using different quantities of HPMCK100M and Xanthan Gum in combinations by direct compression technique. The concentration of Polymers, HPMCK100M and Xanthan gum required to achieve the drug release was selected as independent variables, X1 and X2 respectively whereas, time required for 10% of drug release (t10%), 50% (t50%), 75% (t75%) and 90% (t90%) were selected as dependent variables. Nine formulations were prepared and are evaluated for various pharmacopoeial tests. Results: The results reveals that all formulations were found to be with in the pharmacopoeial limits and In vitro drug release profiles of all formulations were fitted in to various Kinetic models. The statistical parameters like intercept, slope & correlation coefficient were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for dependent variables. Validity of developed polynomial equations were checked by designing 2 check point formulations (C1, C2). Conclusion: According to SUPAC guidelines formulation (F5) containing combination of 15% HPMCK100M and 15% Xanthan gum, is the most identical formulation (similarity factor f2= 90.863, dissimilarity factor f1= 1.665 & No significant difference, t= 0.03379) to marketed product (TELVAS). Best Formulation F5 follows First order, Higuchi’s kinetics, and the mechanism of drug release was found to be Non-Fickian Diffusion Anomalous Transport. (n= 0.828).
Objective: The purpose of the present research investigation was to formulate sustained release (SR) formulations for
losartan potassium using 32
factorial designs. Methods: Losartan potassium is an antihypertensive agent, non-peptide
angiotensin-II receptor (type AT1) blocker, and BCS class-III agent. SR tablet formulations of losartan potassium were
formulated using variable quantities of hydroxymethyl propyl cellulose (HPMC) K100M and xanthan gum in combinations
by direct compression technique. The amount of polymers, HPMC K100M, and xanthan gum required to achieve the drug
release was selected as independent variables, X1
and X2
, respectively, whereas time required to release 10% (t10%), 50%
(t50%), 75% (t75%), and 90% (t90%) of drug from formulation was selected as dependent variables. Nine formulations were
prepared and evaluated for various pharmacopoeial tests. Results: The results reveal that all formulations were found to be
with in the pharmacopoeial limits and in vitro drug release profiles of all formulations were subjected to kinetic modeling.
The statistical parameters such as intercept, slope, and correlation coefficient were determined. Polynomial equations were
developed for dependent variables. Validity of developed polynomial equations was checked by designing two checkpoint
formulations (C1
and C2
). According to SUPAC guidelines, formulation (F4
) containing mixture of 15% HPMC K100M
and 20% xanthan gum is the most identical formulation (similarity factor f2 = 86.747, dissimilarity factor f1 = 1.760, and no
significant difference, t = 0.0477) to marketed product (LOSACAR). Conclusion: Best Formulation F4 follows the first-order,
Higuchi kinetics, and the mechanism of drug release was found to be non-Fickian diffusion anomalous transport (n = 0.825).
KEY WORDS: 32 factorial design, First-order kinetics, Hydroxymethyl propyl cellulose K100M, Losartan potassium,
Non-fickian diffusion mechanism, Sustained release tablet, Xanthan gum
Objective: The purpose of present research work is to develop the sustained release
formulation for Olmesartan medoxomil using 32
factorial design. Olmesartan an
Antihypertensive agent, angiotensin‒II receptor (type AT1) blocker and BCS class‒II
agent.
Methods: Sustained Release tablets of Olmesartan medoxomil were prepared using
different quantities of HPMCK4M and Xanthan Gum in combinations by direct
compression technique. The concentration of Polymers, HPMCK4M and Xanthan gum
required to achieve the drug release was selected as independent variables, X1 and X2
respectively whereas, time required for 10% of drug release (t10%), 50% (t50%), 75%
(t75%) and 90% (t90%) were selected as dependent variables.
Results: Nine formulations were prepared and are evaluated for various
pharmacopoeial tests. The results reveals that all formulations were found to be with
in the pharmacopoeial limits and In vitro drug release profiles of all formulations were
fitted in to various Kinetic models. The statistical parameters like intercept, slope
& correlation coefficient were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for
dependent variables. Validity of developed polynomial equations were checked by
designing 2 check point formulations (C1
, C2
).
Conclusion: According to SUPAC guidelines formulation (F5
) containing combination
of 15% HPMCK4M and 15% Xanthan gum, is the most identical formulation (similarity
factor f2
= 91.979, dissimilarity factor f1
= 1.546 & No significant difference, t=0.0338)
to marketed product (BENICAR). Best Formulation F5 follows First order, Higuchi’s
kinetics, and the mechanism of drug release was found to be Non‒Fickian Diffusion
Anomalous Transport. (n=0.828).
Design expert software assisted development and evaluation of cefpodoxime pro...Makrani Shaharukh
This document describes a study that developed and evaluated sustained release matrix tablets of the antibiotic drug Cefpodoxime Proxetil using natural polymers like karaya gum and acacia gum. 32 factorial designs were used to optimize the tablet formulations and evaluate the effect of polymer concentration on tablet properties like hardness and drug release. Tablets were prepared by direct compression and evaluated for drug-polymer compatibility, pre-compression parameters, post-compression parameters, in-vitro drug release, release kinetics, and stability. The optimized formulation F5 showed sustained drug release over 12 hours and maintained stability over time, indicating these matrix tablets could improve the oral bioavailability of Cefpodoxime Proxetil.
The document summarizes the formulation, development, and evaluation of modified release capsules containing a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant. It outlines the objectives to develop an extended release capsule formulation using release controlling polymers and achieve a comparable dissolution profile to an innovator product. The plan of work involves characterization of the active ingredient and excipients, preparation of mini tablets, application of coatings, filling capsules, and evaluation including dissolution testing and stability studies. Optimization of a formulation was achieved using different polymers to provide extended release of the active ingredient from the capsule over time.
Abstract:
The Chronopharmacotherapy the drug administration is synchronised with circadian rhythms Formulation development of Microspheres is more reliable formulation as compare to single type dosage formulation due to it avoids dose dumping, as per required drug release profile is achieved For microspheres many polymers are used such as albumin, gelatine, starch, Eudragit, Polyacrylamide (“PAM”) these material loading capacity is high. Micro sponges which are Spherical are called as micro-balloons. Due to its hollow structure it shows good floating properties. In these systems use of Carbon-dioxide (CO2) as gas generating system which are used for floating purpose. The objective of present investigation is to prepared and evaluate a floating pulsatile drug delivery system of Aceclofenac. The strategy adopted for microspheres containing Aceclofenac as a material were prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion technique. Drug and polymer were mixed in dichloromethane and ethanol at 1:1 ratio. The drug and polymer solution were poured in water 50% W/V polyvinyl alcohol maintained at 30-40 C and the solution was stir at 500rpm using mechanical stirrer, The microspheres obtain were washed repeatedly with water until free from poly vinyl alcohol. The developed formulations were evaluated yield of floating microspheres particle size and shape, drug entrapment efficiency in-vitro evolution of floating ability, in-vitro drug release study. On the basis of these evolution parameters it was found that optimised floating pulsatile release formulation F7 showed higher drug entrapment efficiency floating time 6.8 minutes and the drug and polymer 32 1:3 ratio the particle size was increased.
Key Words: Chronopharmacotherapy, Floating pulsatile drug delivery, Aceclofenac.
Ijpar 14 619 sreekanth goudDesign and evaluation of Bilayered tablets of Simv...pharmaindexing
The document describes the design and evaluation of bilayer tablets containing simvastatin. Bilayer tablets were developed with one layer for immediate release and another for extended release of simvastatin. Various formulations of the immediate release layer were prepared with different ratios of simvastatin to croscarmellose sodium. The extended release layer formulations contained simvastatin with varying ratios of HPMC K4M and ethyl cellulose polymers. The bilayer tablets were developed using direct compression method and evaluated for angle of repose, bulk density, compressibility index, Hausner’s ratio, and loss on drying. In vitro drug release studies showed that the polymers retarded the release of simvastatin from the extended release layer for 12 hours
Objective: The purpose of present research work is to develop the sustained release formulation for Telmisartan using 32 factorial design. Telmisartan an Antihypertensive agent, nonpeptide angiotensin-II receptor (type AT1) antagonist and BCS class-II agent. Methods: Sustained Release tablet formulations of Telmisartan were prepared using different quantities of HPMCK100M and Xanthan Gum in combinations by direct compression technique. The concentration of Polymers, HPMCK100M and Xanthan gum required to achieve the drug release was selected as independent variables, X1 and X2 respectively whereas, time required for 10% of drug release (t10%), 50% (t50%), 75% (t75%) and 90% (t90%) were selected as dependent variables. Nine formulations were prepared and are evaluated for various pharmacopoeial tests. Results: The results reveals that all formulations were found to be with in the pharmacopoeial limits and In vitro drug release profiles of all formulations were fitted in to various Kinetic models. The statistical parameters like intercept, slope & correlation coefficient were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for dependent variables. Validity of developed polynomial equations were checked by designing 2 check point formulations (C1, C2). Conclusion: According to SUPAC guidelines formulation (F5) containing combination of 15% HPMCK100M and 15% Xanthan gum, is the most identical formulation (similarity factor f2= 90.863, dissimilarity factor f1= 1.665 & No significant difference, t= 0.03379) to marketed product (TELVAS). Best Formulation F5 follows First order, Higuchi’s kinetics, and the mechanism of drug release was found to be Non-Fickian Diffusion Anomalous Transport. (n= 0.828).
Objective: The purpose of the present research investigation was to formulate sustained release (SR) formulations for
losartan potassium using 32
factorial designs. Methods: Losartan potassium is an antihypertensive agent, non-peptide
angiotensin-II receptor (type AT1) blocker, and BCS class-III agent. SR tablet formulations of losartan potassium were
formulated using variable quantities of hydroxymethyl propyl cellulose (HPMC) K100M and xanthan gum in combinations
by direct compression technique. The amount of polymers, HPMC K100M, and xanthan gum required to achieve the drug
release was selected as independent variables, X1
and X2
, respectively, whereas time required to release 10% (t10%), 50%
(t50%), 75% (t75%), and 90% (t90%) of drug from formulation was selected as dependent variables. Nine formulations were
prepared and evaluated for various pharmacopoeial tests. Results: The results reveal that all formulations were found to be
with in the pharmacopoeial limits and in vitro drug release profiles of all formulations were subjected to kinetic modeling.
The statistical parameters such as intercept, slope, and correlation coefficient were determined. Polynomial equations were
developed for dependent variables. Validity of developed polynomial equations was checked by designing two checkpoint
formulations (C1
and C2
). According to SUPAC guidelines, formulation (F4
) containing mixture of 15% HPMC K100M
and 20% xanthan gum is the most identical formulation (similarity factor f2 = 86.747, dissimilarity factor f1 = 1.760, and no
significant difference, t = 0.0477) to marketed product (LOSACAR). Conclusion: Best Formulation F4 follows the first-order,
Higuchi kinetics, and the mechanism of drug release was found to be non-Fickian diffusion anomalous transport (n = 0.825).
KEY WORDS: 32 factorial design, First-order kinetics, Hydroxymethyl propyl cellulose K100M, Losartan potassium,
Non-fickian diffusion mechanism, Sustained release tablet, Xanthan gum
Objective: The purpose of present research work is to develop the sustained release
formulation for Olmesartan medoxomil using 32
factorial design. Olmesartan an
Antihypertensive agent, angiotensin‒II receptor (type AT1) blocker and BCS class‒II
agent.
Methods: Sustained Release tablets of Olmesartan medoxomil were prepared using
different quantities of HPMCK4M and Xanthan Gum in combinations by direct
compression technique. The concentration of Polymers, HPMCK4M and Xanthan gum
required to achieve the drug release was selected as independent variables, X1 and X2
respectively whereas, time required for 10% of drug release (t10%), 50% (t50%), 75%
(t75%) and 90% (t90%) were selected as dependent variables.
Results: Nine formulations were prepared and are evaluated for various
pharmacopoeial tests. The results reveals that all formulations were found to be with
in the pharmacopoeial limits and In vitro drug release profiles of all formulations were
fitted in to various Kinetic models. The statistical parameters like intercept, slope
& correlation coefficient were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for
dependent variables. Validity of developed polynomial equations were checked by
designing 2 check point formulations (C1
, C2
).
Conclusion: According to SUPAC guidelines formulation (F5
) containing combination
of 15% HPMCK4M and 15% Xanthan gum, is the most identical formulation (similarity
factor f2
= 91.979, dissimilarity factor f1
= 1.546 & No significant difference, t=0.0338)
to marketed product (BENICAR). Best Formulation F5 follows First order, Higuchi’s
kinetics, and the mechanism of drug release was found to be Non‒Fickian Diffusion
Anomalous Transport. (n=0.828).
Design expert software assisted development and evaluation of cefpodoxime pro...Makrani Shaharukh
This document describes a study that developed and evaluated sustained release matrix tablets of the antibiotic drug Cefpodoxime Proxetil using natural polymers like karaya gum and acacia gum. 32 factorial designs were used to optimize the tablet formulations and evaluate the effect of polymer concentration on tablet properties like hardness and drug release. Tablets were prepared by direct compression and evaluated for drug-polymer compatibility, pre-compression parameters, post-compression parameters, in-vitro drug release, release kinetics, and stability. The optimized formulation F5 showed sustained drug release over 12 hours and maintained stability over time, indicating these matrix tablets could improve the oral bioavailability of Cefpodoxime Proxetil.
The document summarizes the formulation, development, and evaluation of modified release capsules containing a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant. It outlines the objectives to develop an extended release capsule formulation using release controlling polymers and achieve a comparable dissolution profile to an innovator product. The plan of work involves characterization of the active ingredient and excipients, preparation of mini tablets, application of coatings, filling capsules, and evaluation including dissolution testing and stability studies. Optimization of a formulation was achieved using different polymers to provide extended release of the active ingredient from the capsule over time.
Abstract:
The Chronopharmacotherapy the drug administration is synchronised with circadian rhythms Formulation development of Microspheres is more reliable formulation as compare to single type dosage formulation due to it avoids dose dumping, as per required drug release profile is achieved For microspheres many polymers are used such as albumin, gelatine, starch, Eudragit, Polyacrylamide (“PAM”) these material loading capacity is high. Micro sponges which are Spherical are called as micro-balloons. Due to its hollow structure it shows good floating properties. In these systems use of Carbon-dioxide (CO2) as gas generating system which are used for floating purpose. The objective of present investigation is to prepared and evaluate a floating pulsatile drug delivery system of Aceclofenac. The strategy adopted for microspheres containing Aceclofenac as a material were prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion technique. Drug and polymer were mixed in dichloromethane and ethanol at 1:1 ratio. The drug and polymer solution were poured in water 50% W/V polyvinyl alcohol maintained at 30-40 C and the solution was stir at 500rpm using mechanical stirrer, The microspheres obtain were washed repeatedly with water until free from poly vinyl alcohol. The developed formulations were evaluated yield of floating microspheres particle size and shape, drug entrapment efficiency in-vitro evolution of floating ability, in-vitro drug release study. On the basis of these evolution parameters it was found that optimised floating pulsatile release formulation F7 showed higher drug entrapment efficiency floating time 6.8 minutes and the drug and polymer 32 1:3 ratio the particle size was increased.
Key Words: Chronopharmacotherapy, Floating pulsatile drug delivery, Aceclofenac.
Ijpar 14 619 sreekanth goudDesign and evaluation of Bilayered tablets of Simv...pharmaindexing
The document describes the design and evaluation of bilayer tablets containing simvastatin. Bilayer tablets were developed with one layer for immediate release and another for extended release of simvastatin. Various formulations of the immediate release layer were prepared with different ratios of simvastatin to croscarmellose sodium. The extended release layer formulations contained simvastatin with varying ratios of HPMC K4M and ethyl cellulose polymers. The bilayer tablets were developed using direct compression method and evaluated for angle of repose, bulk density, compressibility index, Hausner’s ratio, and loss on drying. In vitro drug release studies showed that the polymers retarded the release of simvastatin from the extended release layer for 12 hours
This document describes optimization of nutrient components for tacrolimus production by Streptomyces tsukubaensis using statistical experimental designs. Plackett-Burman design identified dextrine white, cotton seed meal, and polyethylene glycol as significant factors affecting tacrolimus yield. Central composite design further optimized these components, determining optimal levels of 173.94 g/L dextrine white, 19.83 g/L cotton seed meal, and 24.72 g/L polyethylene glycol, achieving a maximum tacrolimus yield of 1.08 mg/g. Validation experiments confirmed the adequacy of the statistical model.
3 D printing technology in pharmaceutical drug delivery systemMOHAMMAD ASIM
3D printing shows promise for personalized medicine by allowing precise, customized drug formulations and dosages. However, several challenges must still be addressed, including high development costs, potential safety issues if doses are tampered with, and ensuring drug properties are not altered by the 3D printing process itself. Regulatory standards for 3D printed drugs will also need to be stringent. Overall 3D printing could revolutionize pharmaceuticals if these challenges are overcome through continued research, development of new excipients, clinical studies, and potentially hybrid systems combining 3D printing with conventional drug manufacturing methods.
Design of Pulsatile Tablets of Pantoprazole Sodium: Factorial Design ApproachReshma Fathima .K
This document describes a study that developed and optimized a pulsatile drug delivery system containing pantoprazole sodium using a 32 full factorial design approach. Six core tablets were initially prepared and evaluated. Amounts of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) were selected as independent variables in the factorial design to study their effects on tablet properties. The optimized core formulation (f3) was then coated with Eudragit S to produce pulsatile tablets. In vitro dissolution studies showed the coated tablets remained intact in acid media and released drug after reaching the intestine, indicating successful development of a pulsatile delivery system for pantoprazole sodium.
Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Estimation of Dasatinib an...YogeshIJTSRD
The document describes the development and validation of an isocratic reverse phase HPLC method for the simultaneous quantification of Dasatinib and Erlotinib in pharmaceutical formulations. The method was optimized using a response surface methodology with a central composite design to evaluate the effects of varying the methanol percentage, pH, and flow rate on the separation. The optimized conditions provided good resolution of Dasatinib, Erlotinib and the internal standard within 9 minutes. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines and successfully applied to the analysis of commercial tablet and capsule formulations containing the two drugs.
Comparison between Oral Delivery of Eudragit RSPO Microsphere-Based Matrix Ta...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study aimed to develop and compare modified release tablet formulations containing ziprasidone-loaded Eudragit RSPO microspheres (ZEmsp) and conventional HPMC and EC matrix tablets. ZEmsp microspheres were prepared using emulsion solvent evaporation and optimized for particle size, drug loading, and in vitro release. Matrix tablets were prepared from the microspheres and evaluated. The optimized ZEmsp tablets showed sustained release while the HPMC/EC tablets did not, demonstrating the suitability of the microsphere approach for once-daily ziprasidone delivery.
INTRODUCTION TO BIOPHARMACEUTICS & ABSORPTION Ram Kanth
Greetings!
Good Day to All..
This presentation is all about the Introduction of Biopharmaceutics and Absorption.
The detailed discussion about the various definitions in relation to Biopharmaceutics. Also it includes the introduction to Absorption of drug, Plasma drug Conc. Vs Time Profile and about Cell membrane - its structure and functions.
Your suggestion and comments are welcome for further improvement in my presentations.
Thank you all for your valuable time.
Disclaimer Note: Some contents in the presentation were taken from online sources which is purely used for education purpose and for any personal financial or commercial aspects. I thank all the source providers in online for your efforts and support in sharing of knowledge.
Formulation and evaluation of modified drug release tablet in tablet dosage w...SriramNagarajan16
Controlled drug dosage forms offer many advantages, such as nearly constant drug level at the site of action,
prevention of peak-valley fluctuation, reduction in dose of drug, reduced dosage frequency, avoidance of side effects
and improved patient compliance. Hence an attempt has been made to develop modified drug release by using tablet in
tablet technique with barrier coating by using natural and synthetic polymers with Salbutamol as model drug. The inner
core tablets were prepared by using direct compression method. The formulation F7 was selected for press coat by using
different polymers like HPMC, Ethyl cellulose, Xanthum gum and Guar gum in different ratios among which 1part of
Xanthum gum and 1part of Guar gum was optimized based on the lag time (20.75% in 4 hours) and percent of drug
release and also further evaluated.
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to prepare and evaluate immediate release itraconazole pellets and comprehensive studies of the same. The itraconazole pellets is prepared using fluid bed processer with different concentration of HPMC (Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose). The physicochemical compatibility of the drug and the excipient studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The prepared pellets were physically evaluated with size, shape, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, hausners ratio, angle of repose, sieve analysis, surface roughness, density, moisture content, assay and drug release etc. The in vitro drug release profile from pellets shows that all the formulation release more than 75% drug within 90min. Optimized formulations were found to have HPMC concentration 2-5% of total weight of pellets to maximize high-quality surface, desired release, and size distribution within the range. These results indicate that pellets containing 10 % HPMC of total weight of pellets give better quality of itraconazole pellets for immediate release. Key Words: Itraconazole, Hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose and Immediate release.
IRJET - A Framework for Predicting Drug Effectiveness in Human BodyIRJET Journal
This document proposes a machine learning framework for predicting drug-target interactions. It extracts features from drug molecules using FP2 fingerprints and from protein sequences using PsePSSM. It then uses Lasso dimensionality reduction to select important features before balancing the data using SMOTE. Finally, it trains an SVM classifier on the processed data to predict drug-target interactions. The framework achieved better performance than traditional methods by leveraging machine learning techniques for efficient and effective prediction of interactions without costly experiments.
Formulation and evaluation of folding film in a capsule for gastroretentive d...Bashant Kumar sah
This document describes research into developing a gastroretentive drug delivery system for losartan potassium using folding films enclosed in capsules. Sustained release films were prepared using polymers like HPMC and ethyl cellulose with polyethylene glycol as a plasticizer, through a solvent casting method. The films were evaluated for parameters like weight variation, thickness, folding endurance, tensile strength, drug content uniformity, surface pH and dissolution. A 2^3 factorial design was used to optimize the formulations, evaluating the effects of polymer amount, plasticizer amount, and coating solution concentration on drug release. The optimized formulations showed sustained drug release and remained stable over 30 days in accelerated stability studies.
Software Used In Formulation Design Process (Pharmaceutics).PdfRAHUL PAL
This is an Minor project of mine, to explaining the Various software which are generally used in the designing for drug dosage form .
This project gave me more of the knowledge about drug designing.
In which lots of software are considered as Formulation.
Helping for PHARMACEUTICS, PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS student. And some of articles review.
It's data are from standard as well as notebook.
Piroxicam Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Drug Delivery SystemYogeshIJTSRD
This document describes a study that developed and evaluated a piroxicam (PXM) nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) gel for topical delivery. PXM-loaded NLCs were prepared using the high-pressure homogenization method and characterized for particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release. The optimized NLC formulation was incorporated into a gel and evaluated for properties such as viscosity, drug content, and in vitro diffusion. Ex vivo skin irritation studies showed the gel caused no irritation. In vivo tests in rats demonstrated the NLC gel effectively reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema, indicating anti-inflammatory effects. Overall, the NLC gel was found to be a promising delivery
Formulation of Timolol Maleate Sustained-release Matrix TabletsBRNSSPublicationHubI
This document describes the formulation of sustained-release matrix tablets of timolol maleate using different grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) polymers. Timolol maleate matrix tablets were prepared by wet granulation method using HPMC K100M and HPMC K15M polymers. Tablet formulations containing a combination of HPMC K100M and HPMC K15M (batches F26 to F30) provided drug release for over 10 hours. No significant change in drug release was observed with changing the polymer ratio. All batches showed some initial burst release as well. The release mechanism was determined to be anomalous diffusion or diffusion coupled with erosion.
Formulation and characterization of epigallocatechin gallate nanoparticlesRamkumar Ponnuraj
This document describes the formulation and characterization of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) nanoparticles. EGCG was encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles using ionic gelation with sodium tripolyphosphate to improve its bioavailability. Different ratios of EGCG to chitosan were tested, and a 1:0.5 ratio showed the highest drug loading and encapsulation efficiency. The resulting nanoparticles were spherical with a size range of 198-385 nm. In vitro drug release and characterization studies demonstrated the nanoparticles were a promising delivery system for EGCG with improved absorption.
ABSTRACT
The main objective of present investigation is to formulate the sustained release tablet of Metoprolol Succinate
using 32 factorial design. Metoprolol Succinate, is a selective β1blocker, to treat Hypertension & Heart Failure. The
SR tablets of Metoprolol Succinate were prepared employing different concentrations of HPMCK15M and
HPMCK100M in different combinations as a rate retardants by Direct Compression technique using 32 factorial
design. The quantity of rate retarders, HPMCK15M and HPMCK100M required to achieve the desired drug release
was selected as independent variables, X1 and X2 respectively whereas, time required for 10% of drug dissolution
(t10%), 50% (t50%), 75% (t75%) and 90% (t90%) were selected as dependent variables. Totally nine formulations were
designed and are evaluated for hardness, friability, thickness, % drug content, In-vitro drug release. From the
Results it was concluded that all the formulation were found to be with in the Pharmacopoeial limits and the Invitro
dissolution profiles of all formulations were fitted in to different Kinetic models, the statistical parameters like
intercept (a), slope (b) & regression coefficient (r) were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for t10%,
t50%, t75%, t90%. Validity of developed polynomial equations were verified by designing 2 check point formulations(C1,
C2). According to SUPAC guidelines the formulation (F5) containing combination of 10% HPMCK15M and 10%
HPMCK100M, is the most similar formulation (f2=92.38 & No significant difference, t= 0.0216) to marketed
product (Metocard). The selected formulation (F5) follows Higuchi’s kinetics, the mechanism of drug release was
found to be Super case II transport (Non-Fickian, n= 0.981).
Formulation and Evaluation of Unidirection Bucco- Adhesive Tablet of Sumatrip...Ajay Champaneri
This document summarizes a research study that formulated and evaluated a unidirectional bucco-adhesive tablet of sumatriptan succinate for the treatment of migraines. The tablet was designed to bypass first-pass hepatic metabolism by delivering the drug through the buccal mucosa. Various polymers including PEO WSR 301 and Carbopol 934p were evaluated as excipients. A 32 full factorial design was used to optimize the tablet formulation based on responses like mucoadhesive strength and drug release profile. Characterization of the optimized formulation showed it provided controlled drug release over 6 hours and had suitable mucoadhesive and swelling properties for buccal delivery.
Formulation and evaluation of lamivudine controlled release tabletsSriramNagarajan17
This document summarizes the formulation and evaluation of controlled release tablets containing the drug Lamivudine. Lamivudine tablets were prepared using different polymers like Xanthum, Guar gum, HPMC, and CMC to achieve controlled release. The tablets were evaluated for various physicochemical properties. In vitro drug release studies showed that all formulations released up to 97% of the drug over 24 hours. Formulation F5 was selected as the optimized formulation based on evaluation results and in vitro drug release profile. Kinetic studies indicated that the drug release from the optimized formulation followed zero-order kinetics.
Niosome An Non-Ionic Surfactant Vesicles.pptxPrachi Pandey
Niosomes are nanosized vesicles composed of nonionic surfactants and cholesterol that form when these compounds are dispersed in an aqueous medium. These lipid-based structures are similar to liposomes but differ in their composition, as niosomes use nonionic surfactants instead of phospholipids. The unique characteristic of niosomes lies in their ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs within their bilayer membrane. This feature makes them promising candidates for drug delivery systems, as they can protect the encapsulated drug from degradation, prolong its release, and enhance its bioavailability. Additionally, niosomes offer advantages such as biocompatibility, stability, and ease of preparation, making them a versatile platform for targeted drug delivery and other biomedical applications.
Niosomes (Formulation and evaluation).pptxPrachi Pandey
Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system that encapsulates the medication in a vesicular system made up of non ionic surfactants.
The vesicle is made up of a bilayer of non-ionic surfactants, thus the name niosomes.
Niosomes are extremely small and microscopic (on a nanometric scale).
Despite having a similar structure to liposomes, they have several advantages over them.
Niosomes are biocompatible, nonimmunogenic, and biodegradable in nature and exhibit flexibility in their structured characterization
Based on the vesicle size, niosomes can be divided into three groups.
Small unilamellar vesicles (SUV, size=0.025-0.05 μm),
Multilamellar vesicles (MLV, size=>0.05 μm), and
Large unilamellar vesicles (LUV, size=>0.10 μm).
In the formulation of niosomes, the selection of surfactants is based on hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value. HLB values between 4 and 8 recommended for the facile formation of niosomes and surfactants with an HLB value of more than 8 are required to optimize cholesterol concentration.
However, it has been widely observed that HLB value between 4 and 8 is highly recommended for better encapsulation efficiency, of niosomes. For example, long stearyl and short lauryl chain length increase and decrease the entrapment efficiency of niosomes, respectively.
Long hydrophilic chains result in increased encapsulation of hydrophilic drugs, and long hydrophobic chains result in improved encapsulation of lipophilic drugs.
Long Hydrophilic Chains and Increased Encapsulation of Hydrophilic Drugs:
Surfactants with longer hydrophilic chains create larger aqueous compartments within the niosome bilayer. This provides more space for water-soluble drugs to reside, leading to higher encapsulation efficiency.
Example: Span 60 (HLB 4.7) has a longer hydrophilic chain compared to Span 20 (HLB 8.6). Studies have shown that using Span 60 in niosomes resulted in significantly higher encapsulation efficiency of the hydrophilic drug gentamicin, compared to formulations using Span 20.
Long Hydrophobic Chains and Improved Encapsulation of Lipophilic Drugs:
Long hydrophobic chains increase the affinity of the niosome bilayer for lipid-soluble drugs. These drugs can partition and entrap themselves within the bilayer structure, leading to improved encapsulation.
Example: Tween 80 (HLB 15) has a longer hydrophobic chain compared to Tween 20 (HLB 16.7). Niosomes prepared with Tween 80 demonstrated superior encapsulation of the lipophilic drug curcumin compared to those made with Tween 20.
Pegylation is a process where polyethylene glycol (PEG), a biocompatible and hydrophilic polymer, is attached to the surface of niosomes. This modification offers several advantages for drug delivery:
Benefits of Pegylation:
Increased Stability: PEG creates a steric barrier, preventing proteins and other molecules in the blood from adhering to the niosome surface. This reduces aggregation and opsonization (recognition by immune cells).
Contenu connexe
Similaire à The Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) In the Computational Optimization of Sustained Release (SR) For Phenothiazine Derivative Matrix Tablet
This document describes optimization of nutrient components for tacrolimus production by Streptomyces tsukubaensis using statistical experimental designs. Plackett-Burman design identified dextrine white, cotton seed meal, and polyethylene glycol as significant factors affecting tacrolimus yield. Central composite design further optimized these components, determining optimal levels of 173.94 g/L dextrine white, 19.83 g/L cotton seed meal, and 24.72 g/L polyethylene glycol, achieving a maximum tacrolimus yield of 1.08 mg/g. Validation experiments confirmed the adequacy of the statistical model.
3 D printing technology in pharmaceutical drug delivery systemMOHAMMAD ASIM
3D printing shows promise for personalized medicine by allowing precise, customized drug formulations and dosages. However, several challenges must still be addressed, including high development costs, potential safety issues if doses are tampered with, and ensuring drug properties are not altered by the 3D printing process itself. Regulatory standards for 3D printed drugs will also need to be stringent. Overall 3D printing could revolutionize pharmaceuticals if these challenges are overcome through continued research, development of new excipients, clinical studies, and potentially hybrid systems combining 3D printing with conventional drug manufacturing methods.
Design of Pulsatile Tablets of Pantoprazole Sodium: Factorial Design ApproachReshma Fathima .K
This document describes a study that developed and optimized a pulsatile drug delivery system containing pantoprazole sodium using a 32 full factorial design approach. Six core tablets were initially prepared and evaluated. Amounts of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) were selected as independent variables in the factorial design to study their effects on tablet properties. The optimized core formulation (f3) was then coated with Eudragit S to produce pulsatile tablets. In vitro dissolution studies showed the coated tablets remained intact in acid media and released drug after reaching the intestine, indicating successful development of a pulsatile delivery system for pantoprazole sodium.
Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Estimation of Dasatinib an...YogeshIJTSRD
The document describes the development and validation of an isocratic reverse phase HPLC method for the simultaneous quantification of Dasatinib and Erlotinib in pharmaceutical formulations. The method was optimized using a response surface methodology with a central composite design to evaluate the effects of varying the methanol percentage, pH, and flow rate on the separation. The optimized conditions provided good resolution of Dasatinib, Erlotinib and the internal standard within 9 minutes. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines and successfully applied to the analysis of commercial tablet and capsule formulations containing the two drugs.
Comparison between Oral Delivery of Eudragit RSPO Microsphere-Based Matrix Ta...BRNSS Publication Hub
The study aimed to develop and compare modified release tablet formulations containing ziprasidone-loaded Eudragit RSPO microspheres (ZEmsp) and conventional HPMC and EC matrix tablets. ZEmsp microspheres were prepared using emulsion solvent evaporation and optimized for particle size, drug loading, and in vitro release. Matrix tablets were prepared from the microspheres and evaluated. The optimized ZEmsp tablets showed sustained release while the HPMC/EC tablets did not, demonstrating the suitability of the microsphere approach for once-daily ziprasidone delivery.
INTRODUCTION TO BIOPHARMACEUTICS & ABSORPTION Ram Kanth
Greetings!
Good Day to All..
This presentation is all about the Introduction of Biopharmaceutics and Absorption.
The detailed discussion about the various definitions in relation to Biopharmaceutics. Also it includes the introduction to Absorption of drug, Plasma drug Conc. Vs Time Profile and about Cell membrane - its structure and functions.
Your suggestion and comments are welcome for further improvement in my presentations.
Thank you all for your valuable time.
Disclaimer Note: Some contents in the presentation were taken from online sources which is purely used for education purpose and for any personal financial or commercial aspects. I thank all the source providers in online for your efforts and support in sharing of knowledge.
Formulation and evaluation of modified drug release tablet in tablet dosage w...SriramNagarajan16
Controlled drug dosage forms offer many advantages, such as nearly constant drug level at the site of action,
prevention of peak-valley fluctuation, reduction in dose of drug, reduced dosage frequency, avoidance of side effects
and improved patient compliance. Hence an attempt has been made to develop modified drug release by using tablet in
tablet technique with barrier coating by using natural and synthetic polymers with Salbutamol as model drug. The inner
core tablets were prepared by using direct compression method. The formulation F7 was selected for press coat by using
different polymers like HPMC, Ethyl cellulose, Xanthum gum and Guar gum in different ratios among which 1part of
Xanthum gum and 1part of Guar gum was optimized based on the lag time (20.75% in 4 hours) and percent of drug
release and also further evaluated.
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to prepare and evaluate immediate release itraconazole pellets and comprehensive studies of the same. The itraconazole pellets is prepared using fluid bed processer with different concentration of HPMC (Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose). The physicochemical compatibility of the drug and the excipient studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The prepared pellets were physically evaluated with size, shape, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, hausners ratio, angle of repose, sieve analysis, surface roughness, density, moisture content, assay and drug release etc. The in vitro drug release profile from pellets shows that all the formulation release more than 75% drug within 90min. Optimized formulations were found to have HPMC concentration 2-5% of total weight of pellets to maximize high-quality surface, desired release, and size distribution within the range. These results indicate that pellets containing 10 % HPMC of total weight of pellets give better quality of itraconazole pellets for immediate release. Key Words: Itraconazole, Hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose and Immediate release.
IRJET - A Framework for Predicting Drug Effectiveness in Human BodyIRJET Journal
This document proposes a machine learning framework for predicting drug-target interactions. It extracts features from drug molecules using FP2 fingerprints and from protein sequences using PsePSSM. It then uses Lasso dimensionality reduction to select important features before balancing the data using SMOTE. Finally, it trains an SVM classifier on the processed data to predict drug-target interactions. The framework achieved better performance than traditional methods by leveraging machine learning techniques for efficient and effective prediction of interactions without costly experiments.
Formulation and evaluation of folding film in a capsule for gastroretentive d...Bashant Kumar sah
This document describes research into developing a gastroretentive drug delivery system for losartan potassium using folding films enclosed in capsules. Sustained release films were prepared using polymers like HPMC and ethyl cellulose with polyethylene glycol as a plasticizer, through a solvent casting method. The films were evaluated for parameters like weight variation, thickness, folding endurance, tensile strength, drug content uniformity, surface pH and dissolution. A 2^3 factorial design was used to optimize the formulations, evaluating the effects of polymer amount, plasticizer amount, and coating solution concentration on drug release. The optimized formulations showed sustained drug release and remained stable over 30 days in accelerated stability studies.
Software Used In Formulation Design Process (Pharmaceutics).PdfRAHUL PAL
This is an Minor project of mine, to explaining the Various software which are generally used in the designing for drug dosage form .
This project gave me more of the knowledge about drug designing.
In which lots of software are considered as Formulation.
Helping for PHARMACEUTICS, PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS student. And some of articles review.
It's data are from standard as well as notebook.
Piroxicam Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Drug Delivery SystemYogeshIJTSRD
This document describes a study that developed and evaluated a piroxicam (PXM) nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) gel for topical delivery. PXM-loaded NLCs were prepared using the high-pressure homogenization method and characterized for particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release. The optimized NLC formulation was incorporated into a gel and evaluated for properties such as viscosity, drug content, and in vitro diffusion. Ex vivo skin irritation studies showed the gel caused no irritation. In vivo tests in rats demonstrated the NLC gel effectively reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema, indicating anti-inflammatory effects. Overall, the NLC gel was found to be a promising delivery
Formulation of Timolol Maleate Sustained-release Matrix TabletsBRNSSPublicationHubI
This document describes the formulation of sustained-release matrix tablets of timolol maleate using different grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) polymers. Timolol maleate matrix tablets were prepared by wet granulation method using HPMC K100M and HPMC K15M polymers. Tablet formulations containing a combination of HPMC K100M and HPMC K15M (batches F26 to F30) provided drug release for over 10 hours. No significant change in drug release was observed with changing the polymer ratio. All batches showed some initial burst release as well. The release mechanism was determined to be anomalous diffusion or diffusion coupled with erosion.
Formulation and characterization of epigallocatechin gallate nanoparticlesRamkumar Ponnuraj
This document describes the formulation and characterization of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) nanoparticles. EGCG was encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles using ionic gelation with sodium tripolyphosphate to improve its bioavailability. Different ratios of EGCG to chitosan were tested, and a 1:0.5 ratio showed the highest drug loading and encapsulation efficiency. The resulting nanoparticles were spherical with a size range of 198-385 nm. In vitro drug release and characterization studies demonstrated the nanoparticles were a promising delivery system for EGCG with improved absorption.
ABSTRACT
The main objective of present investigation is to formulate the sustained release tablet of Metoprolol Succinate
using 32 factorial design. Metoprolol Succinate, is a selective β1blocker, to treat Hypertension & Heart Failure. The
SR tablets of Metoprolol Succinate were prepared employing different concentrations of HPMCK15M and
HPMCK100M in different combinations as a rate retardants by Direct Compression technique using 32 factorial
design. The quantity of rate retarders, HPMCK15M and HPMCK100M required to achieve the desired drug release
was selected as independent variables, X1 and X2 respectively whereas, time required for 10% of drug dissolution
(t10%), 50% (t50%), 75% (t75%) and 90% (t90%) were selected as dependent variables. Totally nine formulations were
designed and are evaluated for hardness, friability, thickness, % drug content, In-vitro drug release. From the
Results it was concluded that all the formulation were found to be with in the Pharmacopoeial limits and the Invitro
dissolution profiles of all formulations were fitted in to different Kinetic models, the statistical parameters like
intercept (a), slope (b) & regression coefficient (r) were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for t10%,
t50%, t75%, t90%. Validity of developed polynomial equations were verified by designing 2 check point formulations(C1,
C2). According to SUPAC guidelines the formulation (F5) containing combination of 10% HPMCK15M and 10%
HPMCK100M, is the most similar formulation (f2=92.38 & No significant difference, t= 0.0216) to marketed
product (Metocard). The selected formulation (F5) follows Higuchi’s kinetics, the mechanism of drug release was
found to be Super case II transport (Non-Fickian, n= 0.981).
Formulation and Evaluation of Unidirection Bucco- Adhesive Tablet of Sumatrip...Ajay Champaneri
This document summarizes a research study that formulated and evaluated a unidirectional bucco-adhesive tablet of sumatriptan succinate for the treatment of migraines. The tablet was designed to bypass first-pass hepatic metabolism by delivering the drug through the buccal mucosa. Various polymers including PEO WSR 301 and Carbopol 934p were evaluated as excipients. A 32 full factorial design was used to optimize the tablet formulation based on responses like mucoadhesive strength and drug release profile. Characterization of the optimized formulation showed it provided controlled drug release over 6 hours and had suitable mucoadhesive and swelling properties for buccal delivery.
Formulation and evaluation of lamivudine controlled release tabletsSriramNagarajan17
This document summarizes the formulation and evaluation of controlled release tablets containing the drug Lamivudine. Lamivudine tablets were prepared using different polymers like Xanthum, Guar gum, HPMC, and CMC to achieve controlled release. The tablets were evaluated for various physicochemical properties. In vitro drug release studies showed that all formulations released up to 97% of the drug over 24 hours. Formulation F5 was selected as the optimized formulation based on evaluation results and in vitro drug release profile. Kinetic studies indicated that the drug release from the optimized formulation followed zero-order kinetics.
Similaire à The Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) In the Computational Optimization of Sustained Release (SR) For Phenothiazine Derivative Matrix Tablet (20)
Niosome An Non-Ionic Surfactant Vesicles.pptxPrachi Pandey
Niosomes are nanosized vesicles composed of nonionic surfactants and cholesterol that form when these compounds are dispersed in an aqueous medium. These lipid-based structures are similar to liposomes but differ in their composition, as niosomes use nonionic surfactants instead of phospholipids. The unique characteristic of niosomes lies in their ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs within their bilayer membrane. This feature makes them promising candidates for drug delivery systems, as they can protect the encapsulated drug from degradation, prolong its release, and enhance its bioavailability. Additionally, niosomes offer advantages such as biocompatibility, stability, and ease of preparation, making them a versatile platform for targeted drug delivery and other biomedical applications.
Niosomes (Formulation and evaluation).pptxPrachi Pandey
Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system that encapsulates the medication in a vesicular system made up of non ionic surfactants.
The vesicle is made up of a bilayer of non-ionic surfactants, thus the name niosomes.
Niosomes are extremely small and microscopic (on a nanometric scale).
Despite having a similar structure to liposomes, they have several advantages over them.
Niosomes are biocompatible, nonimmunogenic, and biodegradable in nature and exhibit flexibility in their structured characterization
Based on the vesicle size, niosomes can be divided into three groups.
Small unilamellar vesicles (SUV, size=0.025-0.05 μm),
Multilamellar vesicles (MLV, size=>0.05 μm), and
Large unilamellar vesicles (LUV, size=>0.10 μm).
In the formulation of niosomes, the selection of surfactants is based on hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value. HLB values between 4 and 8 recommended for the facile formation of niosomes and surfactants with an HLB value of more than 8 are required to optimize cholesterol concentration.
However, it has been widely observed that HLB value between 4 and 8 is highly recommended for better encapsulation efficiency, of niosomes. For example, long stearyl and short lauryl chain length increase and decrease the entrapment efficiency of niosomes, respectively.
Long hydrophilic chains result in increased encapsulation of hydrophilic drugs, and long hydrophobic chains result in improved encapsulation of lipophilic drugs.
Long Hydrophilic Chains and Increased Encapsulation of Hydrophilic Drugs:
Surfactants with longer hydrophilic chains create larger aqueous compartments within the niosome bilayer. This provides more space for water-soluble drugs to reside, leading to higher encapsulation efficiency.
Example: Span 60 (HLB 4.7) has a longer hydrophilic chain compared to Span 20 (HLB 8.6). Studies have shown that using Span 60 in niosomes resulted in significantly higher encapsulation efficiency of the hydrophilic drug gentamicin, compared to formulations using Span 20.
Long Hydrophobic Chains and Improved Encapsulation of Lipophilic Drugs:
Long hydrophobic chains increase the affinity of the niosome bilayer for lipid-soluble drugs. These drugs can partition and entrap themselves within the bilayer structure, leading to improved encapsulation.
Example: Tween 80 (HLB 15) has a longer hydrophobic chain compared to Tween 20 (HLB 16.7). Niosomes prepared with Tween 80 demonstrated superior encapsulation of the lipophilic drug curcumin compared to those made with Tween 20.
Pegylation is a process where polyethylene glycol (PEG), a biocompatible and hydrophilic polymer, is attached to the surface of niosomes. This modification offers several advantages for drug delivery:
Benefits of Pegylation:
Increased Stability: PEG creates a steric barrier, preventing proteins and other molecules in the blood from adhering to the niosome surface. This reduces aggregation and opsonization (recognition by immune cells).
Non-ionic surfactant vesicles, commonly referred to as niosomes, have garnered significant attention within the pharmaceutical industry due to their remarkable capacity to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of these vesicles to enhance the bioavailability of drugs, making them a promising strategy for delivering various therapeutic agents such as gene materials, protein therapeutics, and chemical pharmaceuticals. This approach offers minimal toxicity and desirable targeting effectiveness. Niosomes are substantially more stable during the preparation and storage procedure than liposomes. The desired pharmacokinetics property can be attained through the optimization of constituents or surface modifications. This novel method of distribution is also facile to establish and expand, while maintaining cost-effective manufacturing expenses. This review article elucidates the fundamentals of niosomes as non-ionic surfactant vesicles, including their structure and components, as well as various formulation methods. Additionally, the article explores the diverse applications of niosomal in the analgesics.
The Utilization of 32 Full Factorial Design (FFD) for Optimization of Linco...Prachi Pandey
Objectives: The ongoing research aims to enhance the development of LNH-loaded nanogel by
utilizing DoE as the computational method to statistically validate their formulation.
Methodology: In this research Chitosan used as a natural polymer and Poly (Ethylene glycol)
[PEG] as a penetration or permeation enhancer. The different nanogel of LNH were synthesized
using the Nanoprecipitation and Dispersion method, with variations in the drug-polymer ratio
(1/0.03, 1/0.08, 1/0.12). The process parameters were carefully optimizing for enhance the
efficiency of the synthesis. To achieve this, optimization studies were conducted using 3² FFD,
employing the Design Expert Software Trial version 10.0.7. The total of 13 runs were generated to
ensure comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the procedure. The selected independent
variables included the concentration of Chitosan (R1) and Carbopol 934 (R2). The dependent
variables, on the other hand, were particle size (P1), Polydispersity Index (P2), and % Drug release
(P3), chosen in that order. By employing this optimization technique, one can acquire valuable
information in a manner that is both efficient and cost-effective. This approach facilitates a deeper
comprehension of the relationship between controllable independent variables and the performance
and quality of the Nanogels being produced
Determination of Partition coefficient of Known and Unknown drug.pdfPrachi Pandey
Partition coefficient, often denoted as P or P_oct, is a measure of how a solute distributes between two immiscible (unmixable) solvents. It is commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology to understand the distribution of a compound between different phases, such as between a hydrophobic organic solvent and water. In experimental settings, the partition coefficient is determined by measuring the concentrations of the solute in each phase. The values obtained provide insights into the solute's behavior and can guide decisions in various scientific and industrial processes.
Pharmaceutical Suspension Dosage Form (PPT)Prachi Pandey
A pharmaceutical suspension is a heterogeneous system in which finely divided solid particles are dispersed in a liquid medium. Unlike solutions, where solutes are completely dissolved, suspensions involve particles that are only partially soluble or insoluble in the liquid. These suspensions are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry to deliver medications that may be poorly soluble or unstable in their pure form. The solid particles, often in the form of powders or crystals, are dispersed throughout the liquid phase, creating a stable mixture through the use of suspending agents or stabilizers. These agents prevent the settling of particles, ensuring uniform distribution and ease of redispersion upon shaking before administration. Pharmaceutical suspensions offer advantages in terms of flexibility in dosing and formulation, enabling the delivery of therapeutic agents in various forms such as oral liquids, injectables, or topical preparations, enhancing patient compliance and therapeutic efficacy. The formulation and stability of pharmaceutical suspensions require careful consideration of factors such as particle size, density, and the choice of stabilizers to maintain a consistent and reliable product.
Suppositories and pessaries are both types of medication delivery systems that are designed to be inserted into body orifices for therapeutic purposes. While they serve similar functions, they are used in different parts of the body.
Suppositories:
Usage: Suppositories are typically designed for rectal or vaginal administration.
Composition: They are solid, bullet-shaped or cone-shaped dosage forms that contain medication in a base that melts or dissolves at body temperature.
Rectal Suppositories: Commonly used for medications that need to bypass the digestive system or when a patient cannot take medications orally. They are inserted into the rectum.
Vaginal Suppositories: Often used for localized treatment of gynecological conditions, such as yeast infections or hormonal therapy. They are inserted into the vagina.
Pessaries:
Usage: Pessaries are specifically designed for vaginal administration.
Composition: They are solid, oval-shaped or ring-shaped devices made of various materials such as silicone, rubber, or plastic.
Indications: Pessaries are mainly used to support the uterus, bladder, or rectum in cases of pelvic organ prolapse. However, they can also be used for the controlled release of medication into the vagina for the treatment of local conditions.
Maintenance: Pessaries need to be fitted by a healthcare professional and should be cleaned and reinserted regularly.
Partition coefficients are a fascinating and important concept in many fields, from chemistry and environmental science to medicine and pharmacology. They tell us about how a substance will distribute itself between two immiscible phases, like how a drug might move between your blood and tissues, or how a pollutant might spread through soil and water.
A partition coefficient, denoted as P or log P, describes the ratio of the concentration of a compound in one phase (usually organic) to its concentration in another phase (often water) at equilibrium.
Higher values of P indicate a greater preference for the organic phase, meaning the compound is more lipophilic (fat-loving).
Lower values of P suggest a higher affinity for the aqueous phase, implying the compound is more hydrophilic (water-loving).
Research Methodology_UNIT_V_Declaration of Helsinki M. Pharm (IIIrd Sem.)Prachi Pandey
Declaration of Helsinki: History, introduction, basic principles for all medical research, and additional principles for medical research combined with medical care.
Research Methodology_UNIT_I_General Research Methodology M. Pharm (IIIrd Sem.)Prachi Pandey
General Research Methodology: Research, objective, requirements, practical
difficulties, review of literature, study design, types of studies, strategies to eliminate
errors/bias, controls, randomization, crossover design, placebo, blinding techniques.
THE CURRENT STATUS IN MUCOSALDRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (MDDS)AND FUTURE PROSPECTUS...Prachi Pandey
This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status of mucosal drug delivery systems (MDDS) and explore their future prospects in drug delivery. MDDS have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential to enhance drug absorption, improve therapeutic efficacy, and minimize systemic side effects. This review critically evaluates the existing literature on MDDS, including various mucosal routes such as oral, nasal, ocular, pulmonary, and vaginal delivery. Additionally, it discusses the challenges associated with MDDS, such as formulation development, stability, and regulatory considerations. Furthermore, this review highlights emerging technologies and innovative strategies that hold promise for the future of MDDS. Overall, this systematic review provides valuable insights into the current landscape of MDDS and offers recommendations for future research and development in this field.
Research Methodology (M. Pharm, IIIrd Sem.)_UNIT_IV_CPCSEA Guidelines for Lab...Prachi Pandey
CPCSEA guidelines for laboratory animal facility: Goals, veterinary care, quarantine,
surveillance, diagnosis, treatment and control of disease, personal
hygiene, location of animal facilities to laboratories, anesthesia, euthanasia, physical facilities, environment, animal husbandry, record keeping, SOPs, personnel and
training, transport of lab animals.
This document discusses product management, material management, inventory management, and control in the pharmaceutical industry. It defines key terms like CGMP, material management, inventory classification, and inventory control techniques. The objectives of inventory management are to avoid stockouts and shortages while minimizing costs. Techniques like ABC analysis, VED analysis, EOQ, perpetual inventory, and buffer stock are described for effective inventory control. The roles and responsibilities of pharmacists in drug procurement are also outlined.
The application for Registration and import can be made to the Licensing Authority under the Act i.e. to the Drugs Controller General at CDSCO. Drug and Cosmetic Act 1945: It Contains provisions for classification of drugs under given schedules. Guidelines for the storage,sale,display and prescription of each schedule.
Microspheres are small spherical particles, with diameter 1 µm to 1000 µm.
They are spherical free flowing particles consisting of proteins or synthetic polymers which are biodegradable in nature.
PROTEINS: Proteins are the large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds.
Protein > 50 amino acids
PEPTIDES: These are short polymers formed from the linking, in a defined order of amino acids.
Peptide < 50 amino acids
Three-dimensional (3-D) printing is elevating various growth in production viewpoint both at nanoscale and macro-scales. 3-D printing is being scouted for numerous bio-pharmaceutical administration and creation of nano-medicines employing supplementary production methods and shows assurance in capability in satisfying the demands for a patient-based customized approach. The previous outcome features the accessibility of novel natural bio-materials and finely designed polymeric substances, which can be created as unique 3-D printed nano-materials for numerous bio-pharmaceutical administrations as nano-medicines. Nano-medicine is described as the utilization of nanoscience in fabricating nano-materials for various pharmaceutical utilization, comprising identification, cure, scan, stopping, and management of diseases. Nano-medicine has also displayed a huge effect in the creation and evolve an accurate drug. In contrary the "one-size-fits-all" benchmark for the traditional drug is a personalized, structured, or accurate drug considering the variation in numerous characteristics, comprising genetics and pharmacokinetics of various victims, which have exhibited better outcomes over traditional cures. This article highlights the approaches advancements in the design and development of customized-made nano-medicine employing 3-D printing science.
TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT, BUDGET & COST CONTROL.pptxPrachi Pandey
Definition: TQM has been defined as an integrated organization effort designed to improve quality at every level.
“ The process to produce a perfect product by a series of measures require an organized effort by the entire company to prevent or eliminate errors at every stage in production is called Total Quality Management (TQM).”
The Aim of TQM is “Prevention of defect rather than detection on defect.”
TQM is very important for pharmaceutical industries to produce the better product and ensure the maximum safety of health care system and also protect waste of money for both government and individual customer.
The word pharmacy is derived from the Greek word “Pharmakon”, meaning medicine or drug. In other term, “Pharmacy may defined as the art and science of preparing (manufacturing) and dispensing of drugs prepared by the natural and synthetic sources and using for the treatment as well as prevention of diseases”. In general sense, it is the place where medicine or drugs are sold. Pharmacy is a health profession that links health science with chemical science and aims to ensure the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs. It includes the collection, identification, synthesis, purification, isolation and quality control of medical substance or pharmaceutical products.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
The Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) In the Computational Optimization of Sustained Release (SR) For Phenothiazine Derivative Matrix Tablet
1. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
++
Research Scholar;
#
Assistant Professor;
†
Associate Professor;
*Corresponding author: E-mail: palsrahul330@gmail.com;
J. Pharm. Res. Int., vol. 35, no. 35, pp. 13-27, 2023
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International
Volume 35, Issue 35, Page 13-27, 2023; Article no.JPRI.111654
ISSN: 2456-9119
(Past name: British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Past ISSN: 2231-2919,
NLM ID: 101631759)
The Application of Response Surface
Methodology (RSM) In the
Computational Optimization of
Sustained Release (SR) For
Phenothiazine Derivative Matrix Tablet
Shiva Kant Thakur a*, Rahul Pal a, Devanand Jha b++,
Prottay Dutta c#, Prachi Pandey a,
Bhuneshwar Dutta Tripathi b†, Mohammad Rizwan d#,
Shradha Ojha e++, Divya e++ and Ravindra Pal Singh a
a Department of Pharmaceutics, Nims Institute of Pharmacy, Nims University Rajasthan, Jaipur,
303121, India.
b Department of Pharmacology, Narayan Institute of Pharmacy, Gopal Narayan Singh University,
Jamuhar, Rohtas, Bihar-821305, India.
c Department of Pharmacy, Usha Martin University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-835103, India.
d Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Sir J.C. Bose Technical Campus, Bhimtal, Kumaun
University, Nainital-263136, India.
e Invertis Institute of Pharmacy, Invertis University, Bareilly, U.P., India.
Authors’ contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.
Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/JPRI/2023/v35i357483
Open Peer Review History:
This journal follows the Advanced Open Peer Review policy. Identity of the Reviewers, Editor(s) and additional Reviewers,
peer review comments, different versions of the manuscript, comments of the editors, etc are available here:
https://www.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/111654
Received: 23/10/2023
Accepted: 28/12/2023
Published: 28/12/2023
Original Research Article
2. Thakur et al.; J. Pharm. Res. Int., vol. 35, no. 35, pp. 13-27, 2023; Article no.JPRI.111654
14
ABSTRACT
Introduction: This study explores the use of Response Surface Methodology (RSM), a statistical
optimization technique, to optimize the SR properties of prochlorperazine maleate (PCM) matrix
tablets. PCM is a phenothiazine derivative used for treating schizophrenia, nausea, and vomiting.
Sustained-release formulations offer extended drug delivery, potentially improving patient
compliance and reducing side effects. RSM helps identify optimal combinations of critical
formulation factors influencing drug release, such as polymer type and concentration, filler type, and
drug/polymer ratio. The study likely involves designing experiments based on chosen RSM designs
(e.g., Box-Behnken) with varying factor levels. Formulate SR tablets with different factor
combinations. Evaluating the drug release profiles of each tablet formulation. Analyzing data using
RSM software to build mathematical models relating factors to drug release and identifying optimal
factor combinations that maximize desired release characteristics.
Objective: The ongoing research purpose to improve the advancement of a sustained release
tablet containing Phenothiazine derivative PCM loaded matrix. This is achieved by utilizing DoE as
a computational method to statistically validate the formulation.
Methodology: Basically two methods involved in the formulation using direct compression; a
simple and efficient method where all dry ingredients are blended and directly compressed into
tablets.
Results: The obtained outcomes closely matched the anticipated values derived from the
experimental setup. The enhanced PCM matrix tablets demonstrated a prolonged and uniform
discharge of PCM over a span of 6 hours.
Conclusion: This study Based on a 23 FD, response surface methodology was used to
successfully develop the current research of PCM matrix tablets for sustained release application.
The corresponding contour plots and 3D response methodology represent the important variables
for the optimisation process.
Keywords: Sustained release; tablets; statistical analysis; contour plot; response surface
methodology; optimization; antiemetic formulations; computational approach; factorial
study; design of experiments; and designs.
1. INTRODUCTION
The matrix tablet formulated for sustained
release refers to a specific type of medication
where the active ingredient is dispersed
throughout a solid, inert matrix. This matrix acts
as a controlled-release mechanism, gradually
releasing the drug over a longer period of time
compared to a conventional immediate-release
tablet [1-2]. The mechanism is the drug is that
physically dispersed within the matrix, usually
composed of polymers and other excipients. The
matrix allows for slow diffusion of the drug into
the surrounding fluids, controlling the release
rate.
RSM is a powerful statistical and mathematical
tool widely employed in the pharmaceutical
industry, particularly for optimizing the
formulation of matrix tablets. It helps to identify
the optimal combination of critical factors
influencing the desired characteristics of the
tablet, such as drug release rate, hardness, and
disintegration time [3-4]. DoE plays a crucial role
in both formulation development and
optimization. It helps researchers systematically
explore the influence of various factors on
desired responses, paving the way for efficient
and effective formulation design.
PCM, also known by the brand name
Compazine, is a medication belonging to the
phenothiazine class. It acts primarily as an
antiemetic (prevents nausea and vomiting) and
an antipsychotic (treats mental disorders like
schizophrenia) [5]. The chemical structure of
PCM shown in the given Fig. 01 as below
followings:
Phenothiazines are a group of older
antipsychotic medications with various
applications. They share a similar chemical
structure and mechanism of action, but differ in
potency and side effect profiles. PCM is
considered a first-generation phenothiazine,
meaning it was developed earlier and has a
higher risk of side effects compared to newer
generations [6-7]. Overall, PCM is an effective
medication for managing nausea and vomiting
and short-term treatment of certain mental
disorders. However, it's crucial to be aware of its
potential side effects and use it only under the
guidance of a healthcare professional [8].
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Fig. 1. The chemical structure of prochlorperazine maleate (PCM) with its IUPAC name
Table 1. The PCM matrix tablet formulation batches for each suggested trial formulation
Preparation
Batches
API
(mg)
Calcium
alginate (mg)
(M)
EC (mg)
(N)
Carbopol
971 (mg)
(R)
Lactose
(mg)
Mg-Stearate
(mg)
RP1 25 16 (+1) 0 (−1) 0 (−1) 85 10.5
RP2 25 32 (-1) 25 (+1) 25 (+1) 85 10.5
RP3 25 32 (-1) 0 (−1) 0 (−1) 85 10.5
RP4 25 32 (+1) 25 (+1) 25 (−1) 85 10.5
RP5 25 16 (+1) 25 (+1) 25 (+1) 85 10.5
RP6 25 16 (−1) 0 (−1) 25 (+1) 85 10.5
RP7 25 32 (+1) 0 (−1) 25 (+1) 85 10.5
RP8 25 16 ( 1) 25 (+1) 0 ( 1) 85 10.5
Where; EC: Ethyl cellulose.
Manufacturing a pharmaceutical formulation that
delivers ideal quality quickly and with few trials is
essential for creating a matrix tablet for
continuous release, for example. Due to its ability
to reduce the necessity for significant research,
the RSM is a generally used strategy for creating
and optimising diverse pharmacological
formulations [8-10].
The primary objective of the ongoing research is
to enhance the progress of a sustained release
tablet that contains a PCM loaded matrix. This
goal is accomplished by employing DoE as a
computational method to statistically validate the
formulation. An investigation was conducted
using a computer-aided optimization technique,
specifically a 23 FD, to analyze the impact of
different amounts of hydrophilic polymers on the
properties of PCM sustained release matrix
tablets [10]. The three independent process
variables, namely calcium alginate, EC, and
Carbopol 971, were considered as factors in the
polymer-blend. The study focused on evaluating
the effects of these factors on drug release and
tablet hardness [11-12].
2. METHODOLOGY / MATERIALS
2.1 Chemical Agents
Lactose and prochlorperazine maleate (PCM)
were acquired from Pvt. Ltd. in India. We bought
carbopol 971, ethyl cellulose (EC), and calcium
alginate from M.K. Specialties Pvt. Ltd. in India.
Analytical grade reagents and chemicals were
utilised in all other instances.
2.2 Formulation of PMC loaded Matrix
Tablet
PCM matrix tablets were prepared using the
direct compression approach. In order to do this,
different excipients were combined with
hydrophilic polymers in the proper ratios to act as
release modifiers. Using an #80 sieve, the
medication, polymers, and excipients were
filtered. After that, a single punch tablet machine
from Pvt. Ltd., India was used to properly blend
and compress the medicine together with all the
other elements. For a batch size of 100 tablets, 6
4. Thakur et al.; J. Pharm. Res. Int., vol. 35, no. 35, pp. 13-27, 2023; Article no.JPRI.111654
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mm round and flat punches were used to
compress the material.
2.3 Experimental Design (23
Factorial
Design)
The FD with three factors and two levels was
employed to optimize the PCM matrix tablet. The
independent variables, namely the amount of
calcium alginate (M), EC (N), and Carbopol 971
(R) in the polymer-blend, were varied at low and
high levels. Several trial formulations of the PCM
matrix tablets were created based on the FD's
trial suggestion. The formulation chart for each
suggested trial is shown in the table. The
hardness (kg/cm2) and cumulative drug release
after 6 hours (R6h. %) were examined as
dependent variables. Design-Expert 8.0.6.1 was
utilized to construct and evaluate the statistical
experimental design [13-15]. This design matrix,
which includes the investigated factors and
responses, is shown in Table. 02.
2.4 Determination of Drug Content
Twenty tablets from each batch of formulation
were weighed and crushed to a fine powder. The
powder equivalent to 20 mg of PCM was then
transferred to a 100 mL volumetric flask. In order
to ensure complete dissolution, the flask was
filled up to the 100 mL mark with 0.1 N HCl, while
vigorously shaking the contents. The resulting
mixture was filtered using filter paper no. 40.
Following appropriate dilution, the absorbance
values were measured at the maximum λ max of
254.5 nm using a UV-VIS spec [16-17].
2.5 Weight Variation Test
From each batch, twenty tablets were selected,
and an electronic analytical balance was used to
measure the tablets precisely. Next, the
percentage of weight fluctuation was computed.
Weight variation (%) =
Standard Deviation
Mean Weight
x 100
2.6 Hardness Test
The PCM matrix tablets' hardness was assessed
using the Pfizer hardness tester. Initially, the
tester was adjusted to zero and the tablets were
placed between two jaws. The tablet was then
forced to shatter into smaller pieces. The tester's
scale was examined to determine the kilogram-
level pressure needed to break the pill [18].
2.7 In-Vitro Drug Release (DR) Evaluation
The in-vitro DR studies were conducted using the
USP dissolution apparatus, specifically the
basket type manufactured by Campbell
Electronics in India. The experiments were
performed at a speed of 50 rpm and a
temperature of 37 ± 0.5◦C. PCM matrix tablets
were placed in the basket and the dissolution
process involved using 900 mL of 0.1 N HCl (pH
1.2) for the initial 2 hours, followed by 900 mL of
phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for the remaining
duration. To keep track of the PCM release, 5 mL
portions were taken out from the disso. Container
at specific time intervals and replaced with the
same amount of new solution. The gathered
samples were then filtered using Whatman filter
paper (no. 40) and analyzed for PCM content
using a UV-VIS spec. made by Thermo
Spectronic in the USA, at a wavelength of 254.5
nm [19-21].
2.8 Kinetic Analysis of Release Data
In order to examine how drugs are released from
PCM matrix tablets, the in vitro dissolution data
was analyzed using different mathematical
models [22-23]. These models include the zero-
order, first-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer-
Peppas models as in Table. 03 as below
followings:
The Korsmeyer-Peppas model has once again
been used to analyze drug release behavior in
different pharmaceutical formulations. Its
purpose is to distinguish between various
releases mechanisms like Fickian release, non-
Fickian release, and case-II transport. Fickian
release occurs when the value of n is 0.5 or less
[24]. Non-Fickian release is defined when the
value of n is between 0.4 and 1.0. On the other
hand, case-II transport happens when the value
of n is 1.0 or greater, involving polymer
dissolution and polymeric chain enlargement or
relaxation.
2.9 Statistical Analysis (SA)
The SA is the science of collecting, examining,
and interpreting data to uncover patterns, trends,
and relationships. It's a powerful tool used in
various fields, from scientific research and social
sciences to business and healthcare. The
statistical optimization was conducted utilizing
Design-Expert 8.0.6.1 software developed by
Stat-Ease Inc. Simple statistics were employed
to analyze all other data [24-26].
2.10 Optimization of Receptor and
Ligands for PCM
A phenothiazine derivative belonging to the class
of atypical antipsychotics. Primarily used to treat
5. Thakur et al.; J. Pharm. Res. Int., vol. 35, no. 35, pp. 13-27, 2023; Article no.JPRI.111654
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nausea, vomiting, and vertigo associated with
motion sickness and chemotherapy. Also
prescribed for schizophrenia, anxiety, and other
psychiatric disorders.
2.11 PCM and its Receptor Binding
PCM interacts with various receptors in the
central nervous system, including dopamine D2,
serotonin 5-HT2, and histamine H1 receptors.
The antiemetic effects are mainly attributed to
dopamine D2 receptor antagonism in the
chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ). Antagonism
of serotonin 5-HT2 receptors contributes to its
antipsychotic and anxiolytic properties [26-27].
2.12 Optimization of Receptor and
Ligands for PCM
Receptor optimization aims to improve the
binding affinity and selectivity of PCM towards its
target receptors. This can be achieved through:
• Structure-based drug design: Utilizing
computational modeling and structural
information of the receptors to design PCM
analogs with enhanced binding properties.
• High-throughput screening: Identifying
new ligands from large compound libraries
that bind more potently and selectively to
the desired receptors [28].
2.13 Ligand optimization Focuses on
Modifying the Chemical Structure of
PCM to
• Increase its binding affinity to the target
receptors.
• Improve its selectivity over other receptors,
minimizing side effects.
• Enhance its pharmacokinetic properties,
such as oral bioavailability and blood-brain
barrier penetration.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Optimization of PCM Matrix Tablet
Pharmaceutical formulators traditionally create
different formulations by changing one factor at a
time, which is a time-consuming method.
However, this approach often leads to
unsuccessful experiments due to poor planning
and design. A lack of appropriate planning
cannot be compensated for, not even with
extensive data analysis. Consequently, it is
critical to comprehend how formulation
parameters impact the calibre of formulations
that require few experimental trials. As a result,
the selection of formulation variables should be
based on established statistical tools for
optimization. In the case of PCM matrix tablets, a
total of 8 trial formulations were proposed using a
23 FD. These formulations involved three
independent variables: the amounts of calcium
alginate (M), EC (N), and Carbopol 971 (R),
considered in mg quantity, which were
varied at two different levels (high and low) [27-
29].
The purpose of this study was to analyze how
independent variables affect the release of drugs
after 6 hours, as well as the percentage and
hardness of the tablets. These parameters were
considered important for optimization. The used
of a 23 FD to create different trial formulations of
PCM matrix tablets using the direct compression
method [30]. These ingredients used are listed in
Table. 02. The results of the experiments and the
corresponding responses are summarized in
Table. 03. The ANOVA results confirmed the
significance of these models for all response
parameters, as shown in Table. 04.
The Design-Expert 8.0.6.1 software used the
data to create polynomial model equations that
included main factors and interaction factors. The
equation showing the relationship between R and
6h% can be rewritten in the following ways:
R 6h (%) = 85.36 − 0.66G − 0.85H − 0.79J +
6.6 ×
10-3 GH + 1.3 × 10-2 GJ + 9.4 × 10-3 HJ,
R2 = 0.9999; F value = 2815.99; P < 0.05
Equation [3]
The model equation, which describes the
connection between the response variable
hardness, has now taken a different form as
followings:
Hardness kg/cm2 = 3.86 + 0.03G + 8.86 ×
10-3 H + 0.06J + 2.49 × 10-4 GH − 1.09 × 10-3
GJ − 1.16 × 10-4 HJ
R2 = 0.9997; F value = 456.19; P < 0.05
Equation [4]
A simplified model was produced by eliminating
non-significant components (P > 0.05) from
multiple regression analysis-derived model
equations during the model simplification phase
[29-31].
6. Thakur et al.; J. Pharm. Res. Int., vol. 35, no. 35, pp. 13-27, 2023; Article no.JPRI.111654
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R6h. (%) = 85.39 − 0.69G − 0.89H − 0.78J +
9.5 × 10-3 HJ, Equation [5]
Hardness kg/cm2
= 2.89 + 0.04G + 7.89 × 10-3
H
+ 0.08 J − 1.09 × 10-3
GJ
The Fig. 03 and Fig. 04 present Pareto charts
that were used to analyze the statistical
significance of each response coefficient (R6h %
and Hardness) respectively.
These charts show the importance of each
coefficient visually. Coefficients with t values
above the Bonferroni line are considered
important, while coefficients with t values
between the Bonferroni line and the t limit line
are likely to be important. However, coefficients
with t values below the t limit line are not
statistically significant. These Pareto charts also
help confirm the ANOVA resulting by identifying
and removing terms that are not significant (P >
0.05) in the model equations [32].
RSM is a very successful method that is applied
to the creation and improvement of drug delivery
systems. The 3D RSP and the accompanying CP
are shown in Fig. 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, and 10, and
they aid in estimating the impacts of independent
variables on each response under investigation.
These plots are valuable tools for understanding
the main and interaction effects of the variables.
Additionally, the 2D CP provides a visual
representation of the response values. In the
case of hardness, as shown in Fig. 03, the
Pareto chart reveals both positive and negative
effects [30-31].
Table 2. The observed response values with drug contents in PCM matrix tablets and the 23
factorial designs (FD) are presented
Formulation
Batches
Calcium
alginate (mg) M
EC
(mg) N
Carbopol
971 (mg) R
Observations
R 6h (%)x
Hardness
(kg/cm2
) y
RP1 16 (−1) 0 (−1) 0 (−1) 75.72 ± 3.37 4.20 ± 0.26
RP2 32 (+1) 25 (+1) 25 (+1) 57.25 ± 2.14 3.19 ± 0.16
RP3 32 (-1) 0 (−1) 0 (−1) 74.17 ± 2.55 4.53 ± 0.22
RP4 32 (+1) 25 (+1) 0 (-1) 62.42 ± 3.26 3.85 ± 0.17
RP5 16 (−1) 25 (+1) 25 (+1) 51.49 ± 2.18 4.12 ± 0.12
RP6 16 (+1) 0 (+1) 25 (-1) 63.44 ± 1.83 3.89 ± 0.35
RP7 32 (-1) 0 (−1) 25 (+1) 56.86 ± 2.33 4.92 ± 0.14
RP8 16 (−1) 25 (_1) 0 (+1) 60.16 ± 1.74 3.42 ± 0.26
The cumulative drug release after 6 hours is denoted as x R 6h (%). The mean value, represented by y, is
accompanied by the standard deviation (S.D.) and is based on a sample size of 6 (n = 6). The main effects
(factors) are represented by A, B, and C. A higher value is indicated by (+1), while a lower value is indicated by
(−1)
Fig. 2. The Structure of the dopamine D2 receptor in complex with the PCM drug
[A]. Chemical structure of PCM and [B]. The docking of PCM
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Table 3. The various models with their formula, description and various applications
Model Description Formula Application
Zero-Order Constant drug release rate,
independent of drug
concentration
Qt = k₀t Matrix tablets with low soluble
drugs, osmotic systems,
transdermal systems
First-Order Release rate proportional to
remaining drug concentration
log(Qt) =
kt/2.303
Water-soluble drugs in porous
matrices
Higuchi Release rate controlled by
diffusion through a dissolving
matrix
Qt = kΗ√t Matrix tablets, coated pellets,
transdermal patches
Korsmeyer-
Peppas
Release mechanism involves
both diffusion and erosion
Mt/M∞ = ktⁿ Polymeric systems, swelling
devices, capsules
Table 4. The list of statistics of ANOVA generated response for R6h and hardness
Fig. 3. The schematic representation of design expert software for R6h. %
Derivation Composition of
R2
d.f.x
Mean R2
F value P value prob. >
F
R6h (%) y
Models 594.66 6 99.95 2516.98 0.0249 ( K )
X 99.85 1 97.85 2422.75 0.0124 ( K )
Y 334.08 1 324.08 8764.86 0.0069 ( K )
Z 155.19 1 156.19 4214.12 0.0094 ( K )
XY 2.95 1 1.93 54.25 0.0763 ( NK )
XZ 6.59 1 5.49 152.09 0.0416 ( NK )
YZ 6.16 1 6.24 187.02 0.0452 ( K )
Hardness
(kg/cm2)
Models 0.87 6 0.16 455.16 0.0451 ( K )
X 0.12 1 0.12 403.77 0.0466 ( K )
Y 0.15 1 0.14 394.05 0.0425 ( K )
Z 0.59 1 0.69 1950.05 0.0159 ( K )
XY 2.82 × 10−3 1 2.82 × 10−3 8.00 0.3149 ( NS )
XZ 0.06 1 0.07 170.03 0.0588 ( S )
YZ 1.04 × 10−3 1 1.04 × 10−3 4.25 0.4429 ( NS )
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Fig. 4. The schematic representation of design expert software for hardness
Fig. 5. The RSP [A] and CP [B] illustrate the impact of varying quantities of calcium alginate
and EC on the R6h (%) outcome
More calcium alginate, EC, and carbopol 971 in
PCM matrix tablets results in lower R 6h %
values and higher hardness values, as seen by
the 3D RSP and CP for R6h and hardness. To
created optimised PCM matrix tablets using the
direct compression approach in order to evaluate
the optimisation capabilities of the models
created based on a 23 FD [32]. One of the
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carefully chosen ideal process variable
configurations suggested by the experimental
design was employed.
The optimized formulation of PCM matrix tablets
involved using M = 16.29 mg, N = 34.11 mg, and
R = 30.32 mg as selected optimal process
variable settings. To determine the optimal
values of responses based on the desirability
criterion, we conducted numerical analysis with
the assistance of Design expert 8.0.6.1 software
[33]. This analysis led to the development of
optimized PCM matrix tablet.
The actual values observed during the practical
experiments are presented in Table. 05 along
with the projected values derived from the
mathematical model [33-34].
Fig. 6. The RSP [A] and CP [B] illustrate the impact of varying quantities of calcium alginate
and Carbopol 971 on R6h (%)
Fig. 7. The RSP [A] and CP [B] illustrate the impact of varying quantities of EC and Carbopol
971 on R6h (%)
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Fig. 8. The RSP [A] and CP [B] illustrate the impact of varying amounts of calcium alginate and
EC on the hardness (kg/cm2
)
Fig. 9. The RSP [A] and CP [B] show how different concentrations of Carbopol 971 and calcium
alginate affect hardness (kg/cm2
)
Table 5. The observations obtained from experiments to confirm optimization aptitude
Formulation
Code
Calcium alginate
(mg) [M]
EC (mg)
[N]
Carbopol
971 (mg) [R]
Observations
R6h (%)x
Hardness
(kg/cm2
)
RO 16.29 33.16 31.34 Actual values y
42.62 ± 1.89 4.76 ±
0.08
Predicted values
39.98 5.59
% Error 4.04 2.43
aR6h (%): DR accumulated after 6 hours; b mean ± S.D. of actual values, n = 3; c% error = (actual value −
predicted value)/predicted value × 100; A, B, and C denote the primary factors.
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Fig. 10. The RSP [A] and contour plot (CP) [B] illustrate the impact of varying quantities of EC
and Carbopol 971 on the hardness (kg/cm2
)
The PCM matrix tablets that were optimized
showed an R 6h of 42.64 ± 1.96% and a
hardness of 4.67 ± 0.08 kg/cm2. The error values
were small, less than 5, which suggests that the
mathematical models derived from the 23 FD
were a good fit [35].
3.2 Optimization of Drug Content and
Weight Variation
All matrix tablets containing PCM were analyzed
and found to contain PCM within the range of
97.99 ± 0.85 to 99.03 ± 0.59 (Table. 06). This
confirms that the drug content is present in the
appropriate amount in all the matrix tablets. The
weight variation of the tablets also indicates
adherence to GMPs by the manufacturers and
the amount of APIs in the formulation. This PCM
loaded matrix tablets meet the weight uniformity
specifications outlined in the USP. The tablets
exhibited a weight variation ranging from 2.79 ±
0.07 to 4.08 ± 0.29%, with none of them
deviating by more than 5% from their average
weight (Table. 06) [34-35]. The uniform mixing of
CPM with other ingredients is evident from the
consistent drug content and weight of the
formulated PCM matrix tablets.
3.2.1 Hardness
The purpose of conducting the hardness test on
PCM matrix tablets was to evaluate their ability to
endure handling without breaking or chipping. It
has been determined that a minimum force of
approximately 4 kg/cm2 is necessary for the
tablets to possess satisfactory hardness. The
results obtained from the hardness evaluation
indicated that the hardness of the matrix tablets
was found to be within the acceptable range of
3.20 ± 0.26 and 5.67 ± 0.08 kg/cm2 (Table. 03
and 04) [35-36]. These findings confirm that the
tablets possess the desired level of hardness.
Table 6. The Drug content and weight variation of PCM matrix tablets
Formulation codes Drug content ( % ) x
Weight variation (%) y
RP1 98.04 ± 0.61 2.14 ± 0.19
RP2 97.43 ± 0.71 3.36 ± 0.32
RP3 98.25 ± 0.66 2.15 ± 0.31
RP4 99.98 ± 0.84 3.06 ± 0.32
RP5 99.22 ± 1.24 3.42 ± 0.16
RP6 97.64 ± 0.54 2.89 ± 0.16
RP7 97.81 ± 0.77 2.04 ± 0.15
RP8 99.63 ± 0.56 3.84 ± 0.15
RO 97.84 ± 0.73 1.69 ± 0.09
Where; x Mean ± S.D., n = 20; y: coefficient of weight variation (%) [The weight variation coefficient (%) can be
calculated by dividing the standard deviation by the mean weight and then multiplying the result by 100]
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Fig. 11. The drug release from different PCM matrix tablets (RP1 to RO) was evaluated in-vitro
The values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD), with a sample size
Table 7. The outcomes of curve fitting for the release data of In-vitro PCM from various PCM
matrix tablets
Formulation
Batches
Correlation coefficient (R2
)
Zero Order First Order Higuchi Korsmeyer-
Peppas
Release
exponent (n)
RP1 0.9645 0.9807 0.8278 0.9510 0.61
RP2 0.9798 0.9930 0.7069 0.9416 0.74
RP3 0.9577 0.9952 0.6844 0.8988 0.70
RP4 0.9810 0.9949 0.7288 0.9418 0.71
RP5 0.9733 0.9942 0.7062 0.9084 0.71
RP6 0.9677 0.9908 0.6925 0.9048 0.72
RP7 0.9774 0.9954 0.7059 0.9093 0.72
RP8 0.9670 0.9944 0.7214 0.9098 0.69
RO 0.9744 0.9920 0.7211 0.9470 0.75
3.2.2 In-Vitro Drug Release (DR)
All PCM matrix tablets exhibited drug release in
0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2) for the initial 2 hours, followed
by release in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) for 4
hours. These matrix tablets consistently
demonstrated prolonged and sustained drug
release for a total of 6 hours (Fig. 11). The
cumulative DR from these tablets after 6 hours of
dissolution (R6h) ranged from 41.61 ± 1.97 to
74.62 ± 2.36%. Analysis of the response surface
revealed that the R6h% values decreased as the
three independent variables (amount of calcium
alginate, EC, and Carbopol 971) increased
Table. 07. The presence of larger quantities of
hydrophilic polymers, such as calcium alginate,
EC, and Carbopol 971, leads to an elevated
viscosity [37]. This increased viscosity can
promote the creation of extremely thick gels
when exposed to the aqueous fluids in the
dissolution medium. Consequently, this process
would decelerate the rate at which drugs are
released from the PCM matrix tablets. The
release exponent (n) value, obtained from in-vitro
PCM release data for different matrix tablets,
varied between 0.49 and 0.76. This range
suggests the presence of an anomalous diffusion
mechanism for drug release. The anomalous
diffusion mechanism indicates a combination of
13. Thakur et al.; J. Pharm. Res. Int., vol. 35, no. 35, pp. 13-27, 2023; Article no.JPRI.111654
25
diffusion-controlled and swelling-controlled DR
from PCM matrix tablets [38-41].
4. CONCLUSION
The SR application of PCM matrix tablets was
successfully achieved through the use of RSM
based on a 23-FD. The analysis and optimization
of the properties of the matrix tablet, including
drug release and hardness, were conducted in a
comprehensive manner, focusing on the effects
of calcium alginate, EC, and Carbopol 971.
Through the examination of RSP and CP, it was
observed that higher quantities of calcium
alginate, EC, and Carbopol 971 led to reduced
drug release (R 6h%) values and increased
hardness values. The PCM matrix tablets (RO)
that were optimized displayed a drug release rate
of 44.72 ± 1.89% within a span of 6 hours, along
with a hardness value 4.86 ± 0.08 kg/cm2. This
final optimized tablet showcased an extended
sustained release of PCM for a period of 12
hours, which has the potential to enhance patient
adherence by decreasing the frequency of
dosing when compared to traditional tablets.
CONSENT
It is not applicable.
ETHICAL APPROVAL
It is not applicable.
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have declared that no competing
interests exist.
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