Cholesterol is a waxy lipid produced by the liver that is vital for normal body function. It is transported in the blood by lipoproteins, including LDL and HDL. High LDL levels can increase heart disease risk, while high HDL levels help prevent it. Lifestyle changes like exercise, diet, weight control and avoiding smoking can help increase HDL levels and decrease LDL levels to manage cholesterol without drugs.
This document discusses cholesterol, including what it is, its functions, different lipoproteins (LDL and HDL), risks of high cholesterol, cholesterol testing procedures, normal cholesterol levels, and treatment options. It notes that cholesterol is a fatty substance produced by the liver and transported by lipoproteins in the blood. The document outlines the process for measuring cholesterol via a blood test and provides normal ranges for LDL, HDL, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Risk factors, potential health issues of high cholesterol, and lifestyle/medication approaches for managing cholesterol levels are summarized.
Cholesterol is a waxy substance produced by the liver and consumed through food. High cholesterol does not cause symptoms but can build up in arteries and lead to heart disease over time. A fasting blood test measures total cholesterol, "bad" LDL cholesterol, "good" HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Lifestyle changes like a low-fat diet, exercise, weight loss, and quitting smoking can help lower cholesterol levels, as can medications like statins if needed. The goal is to reduce risk factors for heart attacks and strokes.
Cholesterol is a waxy substance produced by the liver and consumed through food. High cholesterol does not cause symptoms but can build up in arteries and lead to heart disease over time. A fasting blood test measures total cholesterol, "bad" LDL cholesterol, "good" HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Lifestyle changes like a low-fat diet, exercise, weight loss, and quitting smoking can help lower cholesterol levels, and medications may be needed if levels remain high despite lifestyle modifications. Long-term management of cholesterol is important for reducing the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases.
This document provides an overview of cholesterol, including what it is, how it affects the body, symptoms of high cholesterol, testing methods, types of cholesterol (LDL, HDL, triglycerides), risk factors, treatment options, and lifestyle changes that can help lower cholesterol levels. The liver produces most of the cholesterol in the body, while a smaller amount comes from food. High cholesterol itself has no symptoms but over time can lead to a buildup of plaque in the arteries and increase the risk of heart disease. Blood tests are used to measure cholesterol levels.
The document discusses cholesterol, including what it is, how it is produced and obtained from food. It describes the different types of cholesterol (LDL, HDL, triglycerides) and their effects on heart health. Risk factors for high cholesterol are discussed such as diet, weight, family history. Detection methods like blood tests are outlined. Lifestyle changes that can help lower cholesterol are provided, including increasing fiber intake, modifying fat and protein sources, exercising, losing weight and quitting smoking. Medication and supplement options for treating high cholesterol are also summarized.
Biometric screenings are health checks conducted by a doctor that monitor various health metrics like cholesterol, blood pressure, weight, and body mass index. These screenings usually occur after a health risk assessment identifies any risky behaviors. The screening itself takes 15-20 minutes and can include tests like blood work and disease screening. The results are reviewed by a health professional to identify risks and create a wellness plan.
Cholesterol is a fatty substance produced by the body and consumed through food that is carried through the bloodstream. High levels of cholesterol can increase the risk of heart disease. There are different types of cholesterol - LDL is considered "bad" while HDL is "good". Triglycerides are another type of fat in the blood that are often measured alongside cholesterol. While some cholesterol is essential, high levels are common and can be reduced through lifestyle changes like diet and exercise or by consuming products containing plant stanol esters, which studies show lower cholesterol by 7-10% after 2-3 weeks of daily use.
Cholesterol is a waxy lipid produced by the liver that is vital for normal body function. It is transported in the blood by lipoproteins, including LDL and HDL. High LDL levels can increase heart disease risk, while high HDL levels help prevent it. Lifestyle changes like exercise, diet, weight control and avoiding smoking can help increase HDL levels and decrease LDL levels to manage cholesterol without drugs.
This document discusses cholesterol, including what it is, its functions, different lipoproteins (LDL and HDL), risks of high cholesterol, cholesterol testing procedures, normal cholesterol levels, and treatment options. It notes that cholesterol is a fatty substance produced by the liver and transported by lipoproteins in the blood. The document outlines the process for measuring cholesterol via a blood test and provides normal ranges for LDL, HDL, total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Risk factors, potential health issues of high cholesterol, and lifestyle/medication approaches for managing cholesterol levels are summarized.
Cholesterol is a waxy substance produced by the liver and consumed through food. High cholesterol does not cause symptoms but can build up in arteries and lead to heart disease over time. A fasting blood test measures total cholesterol, "bad" LDL cholesterol, "good" HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Lifestyle changes like a low-fat diet, exercise, weight loss, and quitting smoking can help lower cholesterol levels, as can medications like statins if needed. The goal is to reduce risk factors for heart attacks and strokes.
Cholesterol is a waxy substance produced by the liver and consumed through food. High cholesterol does not cause symptoms but can build up in arteries and lead to heart disease over time. A fasting blood test measures total cholesterol, "bad" LDL cholesterol, "good" HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Lifestyle changes like a low-fat diet, exercise, weight loss, and quitting smoking can help lower cholesterol levels, and medications may be needed if levels remain high despite lifestyle modifications. Long-term management of cholesterol is important for reducing the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases.
This document provides an overview of cholesterol, including what it is, how it affects the body, symptoms of high cholesterol, testing methods, types of cholesterol (LDL, HDL, triglycerides), risk factors, treatment options, and lifestyle changes that can help lower cholesterol levels. The liver produces most of the cholesterol in the body, while a smaller amount comes from food. High cholesterol itself has no symptoms but over time can lead to a buildup of plaque in the arteries and increase the risk of heart disease. Blood tests are used to measure cholesterol levels.
The document discusses cholesterol, including what it is, how it is produced and obtained from food. It describes the different types of cholesterol (LDL, HDL, triglycerides) and their effects on heart health. Risk factors for high cholesterol are discussed such as diet, weight, family history. Detection methods like blood tests are outlined. Lifestyle changes that can help lower cholesterol are provided, including increasing fiber intake, modifying fat and protein sources, exercising, losing weight and quitting smoking. Medication and supplement options for treating high cholesterol are also summarized.
Biometric screenings are health checks conducted by a doctor that monitor various health metrics like cholesterol, blood pressure, weight, and body mass index. These screenings usually occur after a health risk assessment identifies any risky behaviors. The screening itself takes 15-20 minutes and can include tests like blood work and disease screening. The results are reviewed by a health professional to identify risks and create a wellness plan.
Cholesterol is a fatty substance produced by the body and consumed through food that is carried through the bloodstream. High levels of cholesterol can increase the risk of heart disease. There are different types of cholesterol - LDL is considered "bad" while HDL is "good". Triglycerides are another type of fat in the blood that are often measured alongside cholesterol. While some cholesterol is essential, high levels are common and can be reduced through lifestyle changes like diet and exercise or by consuming products containing plant stanol esters, which studies show lower cholesterol by 7-10% after 2-3 weeks of daily use.
Cholesterol is a fatty substance produced in the body that is essential for cell repair and hormone production but too much can be harmful. It is transported through the bloodstream by lipoproteins, with low-density lipoproteins (LDL) carrying more cholesterol and being linked to health risks while high-density lipoproteins (HDL) carry less and remove cholesterol from arteries. Dietary sources of "good" cholesterol include foods high in omega-3 fatty acids like salmon and flaxseed oil, while "bad" cholesterol comes from foods high in saturated and trans fats like red meat, dairy and hydrogenated oils. Maintaining healthy HDL and LDL levels through diet and exercise can help prevent cholesterol buildup and related health
High Cholesterol - How to lower your cholesterol diet
Initiatives to Lower Bad Cholesterol
Instant Solutions to Lower Cholesterol
Practice Proper Diet
Foods to Avoid to Lower Cholesterol
Natural Ways to Reduce Cholesterol
http://highcholesterol.best-offers.top/howtoloweryourcholesterol.pdf
Low cholesterol diet, foods to lower cholesterol, hdl cholesterol, High cholesterol, How to lower cholesterol, Solutions to Lower Cholesterol
This document provides information on lifestyle changes and natural remedies to help lower high cholesterol levels. It recommends losing weight if overweight, eating a heart-healthy diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol and high in fiber, and exercising regularly. Specific dietary tips include choosing monounsaturated fats, whole grains, fruits and vegetables, and fish. Some natural supplements like artichoke, garlic and oats may also help lower cholesterol.
This document provides information on controlling cholesterol levels through diet and lifestyle changes. It recommends eliminating animal products and trans fats from the diet, eating more plant-based foods high in fiber, exercising regularly, maintaining a healthy weight, stopping smoking, controlling diabetes and blood pressure, and speaking to a doctor about medical factors contributing to high cholesterol. The goal is to lower total cholesterol levels below 160 through these lifestyle modifications in order to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Lipid Profile Dyslipidemia and others.pptxAmruth32
A lipid profile is a blood test that measures cholesterol and triglyceride levels. It provides information about cardiovascular health and risk of heart disease. The test typically measures total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Abnormal levels can indicate increased risk and are addressed through lifestyle changes or medication.
The document summarizes "The Oxidized Cholesterol Strategy", a program that aims to lower cholesterol levels through diet and lifestyle changes. It discusses how cholesterol builds up in arteries and leads to heart disease. The strategy focuses on cutting out a single ingredient that raises LDL cholesterol. It provides a 4-week plan using natural foods to regain health. The author used this approach after a heart attack. Advantages include an easy-to-follow guide, natural methods, and money-back guarantee. Limitations are it is only digital and requires dedication. Overall, it recommends the strategy as a safe, natural way to combat heart disease risks.
Medical technologists analyze lipids in blood and other body fluids to diagnose and monitor diseases. Lipids play important roles in the body by providing energy and producing hormones. Medical tests involving lipids include lipid blood tests to measure cholesterol and triglycerides, tests for Cushing's syndrome which analyze cortisol levels, use of Spirit Blue agar plates to identify bacteria that can break down lipids, and detection of lipids in urine samples which can indicate conditions like nephrotic syndrome. High lipid levels are analyzed in tests for hyperlipidemia to diagnose excess cholesterol and triglycerides that can lead to atherosclerosis and narrowed arteries if not properly treated.
High cholesterol is a condition where too much cholesterol circulates in the blood, putting one at risk for heart disease, the leading cause of death in the US. Cholesterol can build up in arteries and reduce blood flow to the heart. There are usually no symptoms of high cholesterol, which is detected through a blood test. Risk factors include smoking, obesity, poor diet, lack of exercise, and high blood pressure. Treatment involves medications like statins to lower cholesterol levels and lifestyle changes such as losing weight, eating healthier, and exercising daily.
The document outlines 10 ways to lower cholesterol, including focusing on monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, avoiding trans fats, eating soluble fiber, exercising, losing weight, not smoking, drinking alcohol in moderation, considering plant sterols and stanols supplements, and trying supplements like fish oil and soluble fiber. It also provides brief explanations for how each of these lifestyle factors and dietary choices can help lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease.
Cholesterol is a fatty substance produced by the liver and obtained through diet that is needed for cell membrane formation and hormone production, but in excess can increase heart disease risk. High cholesterol levels can lead to plaque buildup in arteries called atherosclerosis restricting blood flow. Factors like saturated fat intake, smoking, and lack of exercise can raise cholesterol. Spirulina and ganoderma supplements may help lower LDL ("bad") cholesterol and triglycerides while raising HDL ("good") cholesterol through their antioxidant effects and impact on lipid metabolism. Maintaining healthy cholesterol levels through diet, exercise, weight control and addressing underlying risk factors can help prevent heart disease.
Cholesterol is a fatty substance produced by the body and consumed in animal foods. There are different types of cholesterol - LDL is "bad" cholesterol that can clog arteries, while HDL is "good" cholesterol that removes LDL from arteries. Cholesterol levels are measured through a blood test, with normal or desirable levels varying by age and sex. High cholesterol can increase heart disease risk if not managed.
The triglyceride level test measures the amount of triglycerides in the blood. Triglycerides are a type of fat that provides energy and high levels can increase the risk of heart disease. The test is ordered to determine heart disease risk, estimate LDL cholesterol, check for pancreas inflammation, and assess risk of atherosclerosis. Doctors recommend getting tested every 5 years as part of a regular checkup, more often if being treated for high triglycerides or if diabetic. Elevated levels may be due to lifestyle factors like smoking or diet, or medical conditions like diabetes, and can be controlled through diet and exercise changes.
The seminar covered the management of hyperlipidemia. It discussed the story of lipids in the body and how chylomicrons, LDL, and HDL transport lipids. High LDL and oxidized LDL can lead to atherosclerosis while HDL removes cholesterol from plaque. Causes of hyperlipidemia include diet, medical conditions, and genetic factors. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications, medical nutrition therapy, and pharmacological options like statins. The goals are to lower LDL, total cholesterol, and triglycerides while raising HDL.
High cholesterol occurs when there is too much cholesterol in the blood and no symptoms. It is diagnosed through a blood test and treated through lifestyle changes like diet and exercise or medications. Untreated high cholesterol increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. It can be caused by diet, genetics, medical conditions, medications, lifestyle factors like smoking, or excess weight. Both children and adults can have high cholesterol, and levels tend to increase with age.
A lipid profile measures levels of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol to determine risk of heart disease. Lipoproteins like LDL, VLDL, and HDL transport lipids in blood. High LDL deposits cholesterol in arteries and increases heart disease risk, while high HDL removes excess cholesterol and lowers risk. Triglyceride and total cholesterol levels also impact heart health. An abnormal lipid profile may indicate hyperlipidemia, a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
The document discusses lipid profile tests, which measure triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol levels. High levels of these lipids can increase the risk of coronary heart disease. The document provides details on normal reference values, testing procedures, clinical implications, and lifestyle factors that affect lipid levels.
This document summarizes a group presentation on cholesterol. It lists the group members and their topics, which include an introduction to cholesterol, its biosynthesis and degradation, clinical significance, and steroids. The document then provides details on each of these topics, describing what cholesterol is, how it is synthesized and broken down in the body, its role in diseases, and the classes and biosynthesis of steroid hormones.
Cholesterol is a fatty substance produced in the body that is essential for cell repair and hormone production but too much can be harmful. It is transported through the bloodstream by lipoproteins, with low-density lipoproteins (LDL) carrying more cholesterol and being linked to health risks while high-density lipoproteins (HDL) carry less and remove cholesterol from arteries. Dietary sources of "good" cholesterol include foods high in omega-3 fatty acids like salmon and flaxseed oil, while "bad" cholesterol comes from foods high in saturated and trans fats like red meat, dairy and hydrogenated oils. Maintaining healthy HDL and LDL levels through diet and exercise can help prevent cholesterol buildup and related health
High Cholesterol - How to lower your cholesterol diet
Initiatives to Lower Bad Cholesterol
Instant Solutions to Lower Cholesterol
Practice Proper Diet
Foods to Avoid to Lower Cholesterol
Natural Ways to Reduce Cholesterol
http://highcholesterol.best-offers.top/howtoloweryourcholesterol.pdf
Low cholesterol diet, foods to lower cholesterol, hdl cholesterol, High cholesterol, How to lower cholesterol, Solutions to Lower Cholesterol
This document provides information on lifestyle changes and natural remedies to help lower high cholesterol levels. It recommends losing weight if overweight, eating a heart-healthy diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol and high in fiber, and exercising regularly. Specific dietary tips include choosing monounsaturated fats, whole grains, fruits and vegetables, and fish. Some natural supplements like artichoke, garlic and oats may also help lower cholesterol.
This document provides information on controlling cholesterol levels through diet and lifestyle changes. It recommends eliminating animal products and trans fats from the diet, eating more plant-based foods high in fiber, exercising regularly, maintaining a healthy weight, stopping smoking, controlling diabetes and blood pressure, and speaking to a doctor about medical factors contributing to high cholesterol. The goal is to lower total cholesterol levels below 160 through these lifestyle modifications in order to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Lipid Profile Dyslipidemia and others.pptxAmruth32
A lipid profile is a blood test that measures cholesterol and triglyceride levels. It provides information about cardiovascular health and risk of heart disease. The test typically measures total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Abnormal levels can indicate increased risk and are addressed through lifestyle changes or medication.
The document summarizes "The Oxidized Cholesterol Strategy", a program that aims to lower cholesterol levels through diet and lifestyle changes. It discusses how cholesterol builds up in arteries and leads to heart disease. The strategy focuses on cutting out a single ingredient that raises LDL cholesterol. It provides a 4-week plan using natural foods to regain health. The author used this approach after a heart attack. Advantages include an easy-to-follow guide, natural methods, and money-back guarantee. Limitations are it is only digital and requires dedication. Overall, it recommends the strategy as a safe, natural way to combat heart disease risks.
Medical technologists analyze lipids in blood and other body fluids to diagnose and monitor diseases. Lipids play important roles in the body by providing energy and producing hormones. Medical tests involving lipids include lipid blood tests to measure cholesterol and triglycerides, tests for Cushing's syndrome which analyze cortisol levels, use of Spirit Blue agar plates to identify bacteria that can break down lipids, and detection of lipids in urine samples which can indicate conditions like nephrotic syndrome. High lipid levels are analyzed in tests for hyperlipidemia to diagnose excess cholesterol and triglycerides that can lead to atherosclerosis and narrowed arteries if not properly treated.
High cholesterol is a condition where too much cholesterol circulates in the blood, putting one at risk for heart disease, the leading cause of death in the US. Cholesterol can build up in arteries and reduce blood flow to the heart. There are usually no symptoms of high cholesterol, which is detected through a blood test. Risk factors include smoking, obesity, poor diet, lack of exercise, and high blood pressure. Treatment involves medications like statins to lower cholesterol levels and lifestyle changes such as losing weight, eating healthier, and exercising daily.
The document outlines 10 ways to lower cholesterol, including focusing on monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, avoiding trans fats, eating soluble fiber, exercising, losing weight, not smoking, drinking alcohol in moderation, considering plant sterols and stanols supplements, and trying supplements like fish oil and soluble fiber. It also provides brief explanations for how each of these lifestyle factors and dietary choices can help lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease.
Cholesterol is a fatty substance produced by the liver and obtained through diet that is needed for cell membrane formation and hormone production, but in excess can increase heart disease risk. High cholesterol levels can lead to plaque buildup in arteries called atherosclerosis restricting blood flow. Factors like saturated fat intake, smoking, and lack of exercise can raise cholesterol. Spirulina and ganoderma supplements may help lower LDL ("bad") cholesterol and triglycerides while raising HDL ("good") cholesterol through their antioxidant effects and impact on lipid metabolism. Maintaining healthy cholesterol levels through diet, exercise, weight control and addressing underlying risk factors can help prevent heart disease.
Cholesterol is a fatty substance produced by the body and consumed in animal foods. There are different types of cholesterol - LDL is "bad" cholesterol that can clog arteries, while HDL is "good" cholesterol that removes LDL from arteries. Cholesterol levels are measured through a blood test, with normal or desirable levels varying by age and sex. High cholesterol can increase heart disease risk if not managed.
The triglyceride level test measures the amount of triglycerides in the blood. Triglycerides are a type of fat that provides energy and high levels can increase the risk of heart disease. The test is ordered to determine heart disease risk, estimate LDL cholesterol, check for pancreas inflammation, and assess risk of atherosclerosis. Doctors recommend getting tested every 5 years as part of a regular checkup, more often if being treated for high triglycerides or if diabetic. Elevated levels may be due to lifestyle factors like smoking or diet, or medical conditions like diabetes, and can be controlled through diet and exercise changes.
The seminar covered the management of hyperlipidemia. It discussed the story of lipids in the body and how chylomicrons, LDL, and HDL transport lipids. High LDL and oxidized LDL can lead to atherosclerosis while HDL removes cholesterol from plaque. Causes of hyperlipidemia include diet, medical conditions, and genetic factors. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications, medical nutrition therapy, and pharmacological options like statins. The goals are to lower LDL, total cholesterol, and triglycerides while raising HDL.
High cholesterol occurs when there is too much cholesterol in the blood and no symptoms. It is diagnosed through a blood test and treated through lifestyle changes like diet and exercise or medications. Untreated high cholesterol increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. It can be caused by diet, genetics, medical conditions, medications, lifestyle factors like smoking, or excess weight. Both children and adults can have high cholesterol, and levels tend to increase with age.
A lipid profile measures levels of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol to determine risk of heart disease. Lipoproteins like LDL, VLDL, and HDL transport lipids in blood. High LDL deposits cholesterol in arteries and increases heart disease risk, while high HDL removes excess cholesterol and lowers risk. Triglyceride and total cholesterol levels also impact heart health. An abnormal lipid profile may indicate hyperlipidemia, a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
The document discusses lipid profile tests, which measure triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol levels. High levels of these lipids can increase the risk of coronary heart disease. The document provides details on normal reference values, testing procedures, clinical implications, and lifestyle factors that affect lipid levels.
This document summarizes a group presentation on cholesterol. It lists the group members and their topics, which include an introduction to cholesterol, its biosynthesis and degradation, clinical significance, and steroids. The document then provides details on each of these topics, describing what cholesterol is, how it is synthesized and broken down in the body, its role in diseases, and the classes and biosynthesis of steroid hormones.
Similaire à TOTAL CHOLESTEROL (lipid profile test).pptx (20)
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...Creative-Biolabs
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
2. INTRODUCTION
Cholesterol is a type of fat, found in our blood.
It is found in our body and also come from the food we
eat(animal products).
It is made by liver and is also used by the liver to make
bile, which helps in the digestion of foods.
Cholesterol is also needed to make certain hormones and
to produce vitamin D.
4. FUNCTIONS OF CHOLESTEROL
Its main function is to maintain the integrity and fluidity of cell
membranes.
To serve as a precursor for the synthesis of substances that are vital
for the organism including steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin
D.
5. METABOLISM OF CHOLESTEROL
Biosynthesis of cholesterol generally takes place in the endoplasmic
reticulum of hepatic cells and begins with acetyl- CoA, which is mainly
derived from an oxidation reaction in the mitochondria.
Triglycerides and cholesterol combine to form chylomicrons. Chylomicrons
enter the circulation and travel to peripheral sites. In peripheral tissues, free
fatty acids are released from the chylomicrons to be used as energy,
converted to triglyceride or stored in adipose.
6. WHY IT’S DONE
High cholesterol usually causes no signs or symptoms. A complete cholesterol
test is done to determine whether your cholesterol is high and to estimate your
risk of heart attacks and other forms of heart disease and diseases of the blood
vessels.
Cholesterol testing evaluates the risk for artherosclerosis, myocardial occlusion,
and coronary artherial occlusion.
It is a part of lipid profiles.
Elevated levels are major component in the hereditary hyperlipoprotenemias.
7. Cholesterol determinations are also frequently a part of thyroid function, liver
function, renal function, and diabetes mellitus studies.
It is also used to monitor effectiveness of diet, medications, lifestyle changes and
stress management.
A complete cholesterol test includes the calculation of four types of fats in your
blood:
Total Cholesterol - This is a sum of your blood's cholesterol content.
HDL - As we know earlier.
LDL – As we know earlier.
Tryglycerides - As we know earlier.
8. WHO SHOULD GET CHOLESTEROL TEST?
According to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), a person's first
cholesterol screening should occur between the ages of 9 and 11 and then be
repeated every five years after that.
The NHLBI recommends that cholesterol screenings occur every 1 to 2 years from
men ages 45 to 65 and women ages 55 to 65. People over 65 should receive
cholesterol test annually.
More-frequent testing might be needed if your initial test results were abnormal
or if you already have coronary artery disease.
10. PRE-TEST INSTRUCTIONS
You're generally required to fast, consuming no food or liquids
other than water, for nine to 12 hours before the test. Some
cholesterol tests don't require fasting.
A normal diet should be consumed for 7 days.
The patient should abstain from alcohol for 48 hours before testing.
Drugs like contraceptive pills should be avoided prior to test as
they alter the cholesterol levels.
11. DURING THE PROCEDURE
A cholesterol test is a blood test, usually done in the morning if you fast
overnight. Blood is drawn from a vein, usually from your arm.
Before the needle is inserted, the puncture site is cleaned with antiseptic and an
elastic band is wrapped around your upper arm. This causes the veins in your arm
to fill with blood.
After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood is collected into a vial or
syringe. The band is then removed to restore circulation, and blood continues to
flow into the vial. Once enough blood is collected, the needle is removed and the
puncture site is covered with a bandage.
12. HOW DO YOU CALCULATE TC?
HDL + LDL + 20% triglycerides = total
cholesterol.
LDL = 100
HDL = 70
Triglycerides = 150
100+70+(150/5)
100+70+30 = 200mg/dL
13. AFTER THE PROCEDURE
Cholesterol levels >200mg/dL should be retested and the results averaged. If the
two results differ by >10%, a third test should be done.
Once hypercholesterolemia has been established, the diet should be lower in
animal fats and should replace saturated fats with polyunsaturated fats.
Fruits, vegetables and whole-grain products should be increased.
Atleast 6months of dietary therapy should be tried before intiating cholesterol-
reducing drug therapy.
Drug therapy involves statins(lovastatin, simvastatin, fluvastatin), clofibrate,etc.
14. Lovastatin – Adults(20mg/day).
Childrens(10mg/day).
Simvastatin – Usual dose range(5-40mg/day).
Initial(10-20mg/day).
Patients at high CHD risk(start 40mg/day).
Fluvastatin - Adults—80 milligrams (mg) once a day.
Children 10 to 16 years of age—80 mg once a day.
Clofibrate - Adults—1.5 to 2 grams a day. This is divided into two to four
doses.
Children—Dose must be determined by your doctor.
15. Once low level of cholesterol has been established, the following alterations has to be
taken,
Eat heart-healthy foods(Reduce saturated fats, Eliminate trans fats, Eat foods rich in
fatty acids, Increase soluble fiber, Add whey protein).
Exercise on most days of the week and increase your physical activity
Quit smoking
Drink alcohol only in moderation.
Drugs to increase the cholesterol levels are :
• Beta Blockers.
• Prednisone.
• Amiodarone.
• Cyclosporine.
• Anabolic Steroids.
• Protease Inhibitors.
• Diuretics.
16. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Elevated cholesterol levels occur with the following conditions:
Hyperlipoprotenemia, cholestasis, hepatocellular disease, nephrotic syndrome, chronic renal
failure, hyperthyroidism, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, glycogen storage
disease(von gierke’s disease), werner’s syndrome, diet high in cholesterol and fats, obesity.
Decreased cholesterol levels occur in the following conditions:
Severe hepatocellular disease, malabsorption syndrome, malnutrition, hyperthyroidism,
chronic anemias, conditions of acute illness, severe burns, chronic obstructive lung disease
and mental retardation.