History of Pharmacy: A Short Journey
Ancient Beginnings (Pre-1800s):
2400 BC: Oldest known prescriptions appear on Sumerian clay tablets, listing ingredients like mustard, fig, and even bat droppings!
Ancient Egypt, China, India: Rich traditions of using plants and other natural materials for medicinal purposes.
Medieval Europe: Apothecaries emerge, combining roles of physicians and merchants, selling and preparing remedies.
1441: Royal College of Apothecaries in Valencia (Spain) is founded, considered the oldest such institution.
1543: First pharmacopeia published in Florence, establishing standards for medicines.
Modern Transformation (1800s-present):
Early 1800s: Pharmacy separates from medicine as a distinct profession.
1820s: US Pharmacopeia (USP) founded, ensuring quality and consistency of drugs.
19th century: Advancements in science and technology lead to development of new synthetic drugs.
20th century: Rise of pharmaceutical companies, mass production, and stricter regulations.
21st century: Focus on personalized medicine, gene therapy, and drug discovery using AI.
Key Developments:
Standardization: Pharmacopeias ensure consistent quality and safety of medications.
Education: Formal training programs for pharmacists become established.
Discovery & Innovation: New drugs and delivery methods are continuously developed.
Technology: Automation and digitalization play an increasingly important role.
The document provides a historical overview of the development of pharmacy as a profession from ancient times to the present. It discusses key figures like Hippocrates, Galen, and Paracelsus who contributed to early understandings of medicine and pharmacy. The document also summarizes the major pharmacopoeias including the Indian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopoeia, and European Pharmacopoeia which set standards for drug quality worldwide.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of pharmacy in India. It discusses ancient Indian medical texts like Charak Samhita and Sushrutha Samhita. It then outlines key figures like Hippocrates, Aristotle, Dioscorides, Galen, and Paracelsus who contributed to the development of pharmacy. The document also describes major pharmacopoeias including the Indian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopoeia, and European Pharmacopoeia. It provides details on the various editions of the Indian Pharmacopoeia published since 1955.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of pharmacy in India. It discusses ancient Indian medical texts like Charak Samhita and Sushrutha Samhita. It then outlines key figures like Hippocrates, Aristotle, Dioscorides, Galen, and Paracelsus who contributed to the development of pharmacy. The document also describes several pharmacopoeias including the Indian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopoeia, and European Pharmacopoeia outlining their origins, editions and contents.
The document provides an introduction to pharmacopoeias. It defines a pharmacopoeia as an official book published by a government that contains lists of drugs and formulas for medical preparations along with tests, descriptions, and standards. It discusses the objectives and importance of pharmacopoeias in providing information, quality control, and standards. The history of major pharmacopoeias is summarized, including the first editions of the Indian, British, and US pharmacopoeias. Key features of revisions and editions of the Pharmacopoeia of India are highlighted.
This document presents information on various herbal pharmacopoeias from around the world. It discusses the purpose of herbal pharmacopoeias to establish standards for herbal medicines. Key herbal pharmacopoeias discussed include the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, European Herbal Pharmacopoeia, British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, United States Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia, West African Herbal Pharmacopoeia, and Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The document concludes that modern herbal pharmacopoeias establish standards for quality and composition of herbal medicines to help ensure safe and effective use.
Pharmacopoeia is the official book of standards for drugs prepared by any country or regulatory body to specify the standards of identity, purity and strength for the drugs imported, manufactured or distributed throughout the country or a specific region.
Impurities in Pharmaceutical substancesUrmilaBudhe
This document provides an overview of inorganic chemistry and pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry. It discusses the importance of inorganic pharmaceuticals and their uses. It also covers topics like the history and development of pharmacopoeias including the Indian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, European Pharmacopoeia, and United States Pharmacopoeia. Finally, it discusses impurities in pharmaceutical substances, sources of impurities, effects of impurities, and tests for purity like limit tests that are prescribed in pharmacopoeias.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of pharmacy as a profession in India. It discusses the ancient, pre-independence, and post-independence periods. It also covers the historical background of pharmacy education and the pharmaceutical industry in India. Additionally, it introduces key pharmacopoeias including the Indian Pharmacopoeia, and summarizes the editions published to date.
The document provides a historical overview of the development of pharmacy as a profession from ancient times to the present. It discusses key figures like Hippocrates, Galen, and Paracelsus who contributed to early understandings of medicine and pharmacy. The document also summarizes the major pharmacopoeias including the Indian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopoeia, and European Pharmacopoeia which set standards for drug quality worldwide.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of pharmacy in India. It discusses ancient Indian medical texts like Charak Samhita and Sushrutha Samhita. It then outlines key figures like Hippocrates, Aristotle, Dioscorides, Galen, and Paracelsus who contributed to the development of pharmacy. The document also describes major pharmacopoeias including the Indian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopoeia, and European Pharmacopoeia. It provides details on the various editions of the Indian Pharmacopoeia published since 1955.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of pharmacy in India. It discusses ancient Indian medical texts like Charak Samhita and Sushrutha Samhita. It then outlines key figures like Hippocrates, Aristotle, Dioscorides, Galen, and Paracelsus who contributed to the development of pharmacy. The document also describes several pharmacopoeias including the Indian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopoeia, and European Pharmacopoeia outlining their origins, editions and contents.
The document provides an introduction to pharmacopoeias. It defines a pharmacopoeia as an official book published by a government that contains lists of drugs and formulas for medical preparations along with tests, descriptions, and standards. It discusses the objectives and importance of pharmacopoeias in providing information, quality control, and standards. The history of major pharmacopoeias is summarized, including the first editions of the Indian, British, and US pharmacopoeias. Key features of revisions and editions of the Pharmacopoeia of India are highlighted.
This document presents information on various herbal pharmacopoeias from around the world. It discusses the purpose of herbal pharmacopoeias to establish standards for herbal medicines. Key herbal pharmacopoeias discussed include the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, European Herbal Pharmacopoeia, British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, United States Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Korean Herbal Pharmacopoeia, West African Herbal Pharmacopoeia, and Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The document concludes that modern herbal pharmacopoeias establish standards for quality and composition of herbal medicines to help ensure safe and effective use.
Pharmacopoeia is the official book of standards for drugs prepared by any country or regulatory body to specify the standards of identity, purity and strength for the drugs imported, manufactured or distributed throughout the country or a specific region.
Impurities in Pharmaceutical substancesUrmilaBudhe
This document provides an overview of inorganic chemistry and pharmaceutical inorganic chemistry. It discusses the importance of inorganic pharmaceuticals and their uses. It also covers topics like the history and development of pharmacopoeias including the Indian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, European Pharmacopoeia, and United States Pharmacopoeia. Finally, it discusses impurities in pharmaceutical substances, sources of impurities, effects of impurities, and tests for purity like limit tests that are prescribed in pharmacopoeias.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of pharmacy as a profession in India. It discusses the ancient, pre-independence, and post-independence periods. It also covers the historical background of pharmacy education and the pharmaceutical industry in India. Additionally, it introduces key pharmacopoeias including the Indian Pharmacopoeia, and summarizes the editions published to date.
UNIT I_History of pharmacopoeia and limit testSONALI PAWAR
The document discusses impurities in pharmaceutical substances. It covers sources of impurities such as raw materials, manufacturing methods, storage conditions, and deliberate adulteration. Some common impurities are heavy metals like lead, arsenic, and iron. The document also discusses various pharmacopoeias from different countries/regions and their role in establishing standards and purity limits for pharmaceutical substances to ensure safety and efficacy. Common tests to check for impurities include limit tests for chloride, sulphate, iron, arsenic, and heavy metals.
The document discusses pharmacopoeias, which are authoritative books that provide rules and standards for drugs. It notes that pharmacopoeias contain directions for collecting, preparing, preserving, combining, and standardizing drug substances. The text outlines the history and development of pharmacopoeias, including some of the earliest works in 1805. It describes several major pharmacopoeias, such as the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia published in 1825, the British Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia from 1870, and the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States from 1897. The Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India, first published in 1971, is described as the official pharmac
Unit I Historical background and development of pharmacy profession.pdfGaurav Patil
Discover the evolution of pharmacy from ancient times to modern practice, tracing the development of pharmaceuticals, drug regulation, and the role of pharmacists in healthcare. Gain a deeper understanding of the profession's origins and its impact on society. Whether you're a student or a practitioner, this presentation offers a rich exploration of pharmacy's rich heritage.
This document discusses the field of pharmacy. It begins by defining pharmacy as the science of preparing and dispensing drugs. It then discusses the history and development of pharmacy in India. Key events included the establishment of early pharmaceutical companies in the early 1900s, the Drug Enquiry Committee report in 1931 recommending the professionalization of pharmacy, and various laws passed between 1940-1985 to regulate the drug industry and practice of pharmacy. The document then covers topics within pharmacy including pharmaceutics, biopharmaceutics, and the code of ethics for pharmacists in India.
This document provides an introduction to pharmacy, including objectives of the course, the historical development of pharmacy practice from ancient civilizations to modern times, the scope of pharmacy practice and roles of pharmacists, specialties in pharmacy practice and employment opportunities, and community and hospital pharmacy practice. Key points covered include the evolution of pharmacy from early herbal medicine to modern drug development and regulation, the expanding roles of pharmacists in direct patient care and healthcare teams, and the variety of practice settings and career paths available to pharmacists.
This document provides an introduction to the topic of pharmacology. It defines key terms like pharmacology, pharmacognosy, and pharmacy. It discusses the classification and actions of drugs as well as pharmacokinetics. The document also reviews routes of drug administration, legal issues, dosage calculations, and pharmacotherapeutics. Additionally, it provides a brief history of pharmacology from ancient civilizations to modern times and discusses sources of drug information like pharmacopoeias.
We know how pharmacy is important. Pharmaceutices is the part of pharmacy. It is very essential for B.pharm & M. pharm students to know well about this topic. I am trying my best to present this topic, hopefully You will love this topic.
Comparison of various herbal pharmacopoeias.pptxEasy Concept
Herbal Pharmacopoeia is a reference book for the preparation of quality medicines published by the authority of a Government and represents qualitative and therapeutic monographs on botanicals
02. Drug Literatures and Publications.pptxMoinChowdhury8
Pharmacopoeias are official books published by regulatory bodies that set standards for drugs. They contain monographs that provide detailed information about individual drugs, including chemical properties, identification tests, assays, purity levels, and dosage. Formularies are publications that contain lists of medicines and brief information about their uses. Together, pharmacopoeias and formularies are considered drug compendia. Examples of major compendia include the British Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopoeia, and Indian Pharmacopoeia.
This document provides an introduction and overview of pharmacology. It defines key terms like pharmacology, pharmacognosy, and pharmacy. It discusses the sources of drugs from plants, animals, and microorganisms. It outlines the history of pharmacology from ancient civilizations to modern times. The document also covers classifications of drugs based on chemical nature, source, target organ, mode of action, therapeutic use, and physiological system. Different types of pharmacology like experimental and clinical pharmacology are introduced.
Historical background and Development of Profession Pharmacy
PHARMACOPOEIA / FORMULARIES / COMPENDIA:-
The word “pharmacopoeia” is derived from the Greek words ‘pharmacon’meaning ‘drug’ and ‘poieo’ means ‘make’.
It is a official book authorised by the Government.
The books containing the standards for drugs and other related substances are known as pharmacopoeia and formularies.
collectively these books are known as the drug compendia.
The pharmacopoeias or formularies contain a list of drugs and other related substances regarding their source, descriptions, standards, tests, formulae.
These books are prepared under the authority of the Government of the respective countries.
These books are revised from time to time so as to introduce the latest information available as early as possible after they become established.
The new edition of these books certain new monographs are added while the older ones are deleted.
For the preparation of these books the expert opinion of medical practitioners, teachers and pharmaceutical manufacturers are obtained.
Classification:- The drug-compendia are classified as:
(i) Official compendia
(ii) Non-official compendia
A. OFFICIAL COMPENDIA
Official compendia are the compilations of drugs and other related substances which are recognized as legal standards of purity, quality and strength by a government agency of respective countries of their origin.
e.g. British Pharmacopoeia (BP)
British Pharmaceutical Codex (BPC)
Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP)
United States Pharmacopoeia (USP)
National Formulary (NF)
The State Pharmacopoeia of USSR and
Pharmacopoeias of other countries
B. NON-OFFICIAL COMPENDIA
The book other than official drug compendia which are used as secondary reference sources for drugs and other related substances are known as non-official drug compendia.
e.g.
Merck Index
Extra Pharmacopoeia (Martindale)
United States Dispensatory etc.
This document discusses various pharmacopoeias and formularies used around the world to set standards for drugs. It provides information on what pharmacopoeias and formularies are, how they differ, examples of major national and international ones like the Indian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopoeia, and others. It also summarizes the history, contents and purpose of these important drug references.
Description about what is pharmacopoeia? different pharmacopoeia and there edition. What is monograph and there comparative studies in different pharmacopoeias along with monograph format in per different pharmacopoies.
This document outlines the syllabus for a 3-hour introduction to pharmacology course. It discusses definitions of key terms, sources of drugs, classifications of pharmacology, and the history of the field. The history section describes developments from ancient civilizations using herbal medicines to the modern establishment of pharmacology as a discipline in the late 19th/early 20th century. The document also provides an overview of key topics that will be covered in the course, including pharmacokinetics, routes of drug administration, and pharmacotherapeutics.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of pharmacy and healthcare. It describes how ancient civilizations first looked to magic and religion to explain illness before adopting more scientific approaches. Key developments included ancient Greek and Roman physicians establishing early medical practices, the identification of active compounds from plants in the Middle Ages, and major advances in the 19th-20th centuries like vaccines, antibiotics, and new drug development. The modern pharmacy profession developed alongside new regulations with the growth of pharmaceutical drugs in the 20th century.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of pharmacy and healthcare. It describes how ancient civilizations first looked to magic and religion to explain illness before adopting more scientific approaches. Key developments included ancient Greek and Roman physicians establishing early medical practices, the identification of active compounds from plants in the Middle Ages, and major advances in the 19th-20th centuries like vaccines, antibiotics, and new drug development. The modern pharmacy profession developed alongside new regulations with the growth of pharmaceutical drugs in the 20th century.
unit 1 history and development of pharmacy.pdfAkankshaPatel55
The history of pharmacy is a long and fascinating journey, intertwined with the evolution of medicine itself. Here's a glimpse into its development:
Ancient Roots:
Early Civilizations (2000 BC onwards): Evidence suggests Sumerians, Egyptians, and Chinese all had traditions of using plants, minerals, and animal products for medicinal purposes. These early healers documented their knowledge in clay tablets and scrolls.
The Rise of Pharmacy as a Distinct Practice:
Greco-Roman Era (5th century BC - 5th century AD): Greek scholars like Hippocrates emphasized a more scientific approach to medicine, while Roman figures like Dioscorides wrote influential texts on herbal remedies. This period saw the establishment of some of the first shops dedicated to selling medications.
Islamic Golden Age (8th - 13th centuries AD): The Islamic world made significant contributions to pharmacy. Pharmacists, called apothecaries, were required to have qualifications and follow specific ethical guidelines. Baghdad saw the opening of the first state-regulated pharmacies in the 8th century.
Medieval and Renaissance Europe:
Monasteries (Middle Ages): Monasteries became centers for preserving and developing medicinal knowledge. Monks cultivated medicinal herbs and produced remedies.
The Rise of Guilds (12th - 18th centuries): Apothecaries formed guilds to regulate the practice and ensure the quality of medications.
The Modern Era (19th century onwards):
Standardization and Scientific Advancements: The 19th century saw a surge in scientific discoveries and the development of new, standardized medications. Pharmacopeias, official lists of drugs with quality standards, were established.
Separation of Pharmacy from Medicine: Pharmacy became a distinct profession with its own educational requirements. The invention of new technologies like tablets and capsules revolutionized drug delivery.
The 20th and 21st Centuries:
Growth of the Pharmaceutical Industry: The 20th century saw the rise of large pharmaceutical companies that mass-produced new drugs based on scientific research.
Expanding Roles of Pharmacists: Pharmacists today play a crucial role in patient care, not just dispensing medications but also advising on their use, monitoring for side effects, and providing drug information.
Pharmaceutical calculations are essential for ensuring the safe and accurate administration of medications. They involve using mathematical formulas to determine the correct dosage of a medication based on a variety of factors, such as the patient's weight, age, and kidney function. The metric system is the preferred system of measurement in pharmacy because it is a decimal-based system that is easy to use and minimizes the risk of errors.
Here are some of the common types of pharmaceutical calculations:
Concentration calculations: These calculations are used to determine the amount of medication in a given volume of solution. For example, a pharmacist may need to calculate how much of a concentrated syrup to add to water to create a diluted solution for a child.
Dosage calculations: These calculations are used to determine the amount of medication to administer to a patient based on their weight, age, and other factors. For example, a pharmacist may need to calculate the number of tablets to give a patient based on their weight and the prescribed dosage.
Percentage calculations: These calculations are used to determine the percentage of a medication in a solution. For example, a pharmacist may need to calculate the percentage of alcohol in a tincture.
Ratio calculations: These calculations are used to determine the ratio of one ingredient to another in a mixture. For example, a pharmacist may need to calculate the ratio of antibiotic powder to sterile water for injection.
The metric system is a decimal-based system of measurement that is based on the meter for length and the kilogram for mass. The metric system is widely used in science and medicine because it is easy to use and minimizes the risk of errors.
Here are some of the common metric units used in pharmacy:
Gram (g): Unit of mass
Milliliter (mL): Unit of volume
Liter (L): Unit of volume
Meter (m): Unit of length
Milligram (mg): One-thousandth of a gram
Microgram (mcg): One-millionth of a gram.
Prefix Meaning Value
kela (k) kilo 1,000
hecto (h) hecto 100
deca (da) deca 10
deci (d) deci 0.1
centi (c) centi 0.01
milli (m) milli 0.001
micro (µ) micro 0.000 001
nano (n) nano 0.000 000 001
pico (p) pico 0.000 000 000 001
Contenu connexe
Similaire à Historical background and development of profession of pharmacy
UNIT I_History of pharmacopoeia and limit testSONALI PAWAR
The document discusses impurities in pharmaceutical substances. It covers sources of impurities such as raw materials, manufacturing methods, storage conditions, and deliberate adulteration. Some common impurities are heavy metals like lead, arsenic, and iron. The document also discusses various pharmacopoeias from different countries/regions and their role in establishing standards and purity limits for pharmaceutical substances to ensure safety and efficacy. Common tests to check for impurities include limit tests for chloride, sulphate, iron, arsenic, and heavy metals.
The document discusses pharmacopoeias, which are authoritative books that provide rules and standards for drugs. It notes that pharmacopoeias contain directions for collecting, preparing, preserving, combining, and standardizing drug substances. The text outlines the history and development of pharmacopoeias, including some of the earliest works in 1805. It describes several major pharmacopoeias, such as the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia published in 1825, the British Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia from 1870, and the Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States from 1897. The Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of India, first published in 1971, is described as the official pharmac
Unit I Historical background and development of pharmacy profession.pdfGaurav Patil
Discover the evolution of pharmacy from ancient times to modern practice, tracing the development of pharmaceuticals, drug regulation, and the role of pharmacists in healthcare. Gain a deeper understanding of the profession's origins and its impact on society. Whether you're a student or a practitioner, this presentation offers a rich exploration of pharmacy's rich heritage.
This document discusses the field of pharmacy. It begins by defining pharmacy as the science of preparing and dispensing drugs. It then discusses the history and development of pharmacy in India. Key events included the establishment of early pharmaceutical companies in the early 1900s, the Drug Enquiry Committee report in 1931 recommending the professionalization of pharmacy, and various laws passed between 1940-1985 to regulate the drug industry and practice of pharmacy. The document then covers topics within pharmacy including pharmaceutics, biopharmaceutics, and the code of ethics for pharmacists in India.
This document provides an introduction to pharmacy, including objectives of the course, the historical development of pharmacy practice from ancient civilizations to modern times, the scope of pharmacy practice and roles of pharmacists, specialties in pharmacy practice and employment opportunities, and community and hospital pharmacy practice. Key points covered include the evolution of pharmacy from early herbal medicine to modern drug development and regulation, the expanding roles of pharmacists in direct patient care and healthcare teams, and the variety of practice settings and career paths available to pharmacists.
This document provides an introduction to the topic of pharmacology. It defines key terms like pharmacology, pharmacognosy, and pharmacy. It discusses the classification and actions of drugs as well as pharmacokinetics. The document also reviews routes of drug administration, legal issues, dosage calculations, and pharmacotherapeutics. Additionally, it provides a brief history of pharmacology from ancient civilizations to modern times and discusses sources of drug information like pharmacopoeias.
We know how pharmacy is important. Pharmaceutices is the part of pharmacy. It is very essential for B.pharm & M. pharm students to know well about this topic. I am trying my best to present this topic, hopefully You will love this topic.
Comparison of various herbal pharmacopoeias.pptxEasy Concept
Herbal Pharmacopoeia is a reference book for the preparation of quality medicines published by the authority of a Government and represents qualitative and therapeutic monographs on botanicals
02. Drug Literatures and Publications.pptxMoinChowdhury8
Pharmacopoeias are official books published by regulatory bodies that set standards for drugs. They contain monographs that provide detailed information about individual drugs, including chemical properties, identification tests, assays, purity levels, and dosage. Formularies are publications that contain lists of medicines and brief information about their uses. Together, pharmacopoeias and formularies are considered drug compendia. Examples of major compendia include the British Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopoeia, and Indian Pharmacopoeia.
This document provides an introduction and overview of pharmacology. It defines key terms like pharmacology, pharmacognosy, and pharmacy. It discusses the sources of drugs from plants, animals, and microorganisms. It outlines the history of pharmacology from ancient civilizations to modern times. The document also covers classifications of drugs based on chemical nature, source, target organ, mode of action, therapeutic use, and physiological system. Different types of pharmacology like experimental and clinical pharmacology are introduced.
Historical background and Development of Profession Pharmacy
PHARMACOPOEIA / FORMULARIES / COMPENDIA:-
The word “pharmacopoeia” is derived from the Greek words ‘pharmacon’meaning ‘drug’ and ‘poieo’ means ‘make’.
It is a official book authorised by the Government.
The books containing the standards for drugs and other related substances are known as pharmacopoeia and formularies.
collectively these books are known as the drug compendia.
The pharmacopoeias or formularies contain a list of drugs and other related substances regarding their source, descriptions, standards, tests, formulae.
These books are prepared under the authority of the Government of the respective countries.
These books are revised from time to time so as to introduce the latest information available as early as possible after they become established.
The new edition of these books certain new monographs are added while the older ones are deleted.
For the preparation of these books the expert opinion of medical practitioners, teachers and pharmaceutical manufacturers are obtained.
Classification:- The drug-compendia are classified as:
(i) Official compendia
(ii) Non-official compendia
A. OFFICIAL COMPENDIA
Official compendia are the compilations of drugs and other related substances which are recognized as legal standards of purity, quality and strength by a government agency of respective countries of their origin.
e.g. British Pharmacopoeia (BP)
British Pharmaceutical Codex (BPC)
Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP)
United States Pharmacopoeia (USP)
National Formulary (NF)
The State Pharmacopoeia of USSR and
Pharmacopoeias of other countries
B. NON-OFFICIAL COMPENDIA
The book other than official drug compendia which are used as secondary reference sources for drugs and other related substances are known as non-official drug compendia.
e.g.
Merck Index
Extra Pharmacopoeia (Martindale)
United States Dispensatory etc.
This document discusses various pharmacopoeias and formularies used around the world to set standards for drugs. It provides information on what pharmacopoeias and formularies are, how they differ, examples of major national and international ones like the Indian Pharmacopoeia, British Pharmacopoeia, United States Pharmacopoeia, and others. It also summarizes the history, contents and purpose of these important drug references.
Description about what is pharmacopoeia? different pharmacopoeia and there edition. What is monograph and there comparative studies in different pharmacopoeias along with monograph format in per different pharmacopoies.
This document outlines the syllabus for a 3-hour introduction to pharmacology course. It discusses definitions of key terms, sources of drugs, classifications of pharmacology, and the history of the field. The history section describes developments from ancient civilizations using herbal medicines to the modern establishment of pharmacology as a discipline in the late 19th/early 20th century. The document also provides an overview of key topics that will be covered in the course, including pharmacokinetics, routes of drug administration, and pharmacotherapeutics.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of pharmacy and healthcare. It describes how ancient civilizations first looked to magic and religion to explain illness before adopting more scientific approaches. Key developments included ancient Greek and Roman physicians establishing early medical practices, the identification of active compounds from plants in the Middle Ages, and major advances in the 19th-20th centuries like vaccines, antibiotics, and new drug development. The modern pharmacy profession developed alongside new regulations with the growth of pharmaceutical drugs in the 20th century.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of pharmacy and healthcare. It describes how ancient civilizations first looked to magic and religion to explain illness before adopting more scientific approaches. Key developments included ancient Greek and Roman physicians establishing early medical practices, the identification of active compounds from plants in the Middle Ages, and major advances in the 19th-20th centuries like vaccines, antibiotics, and new drug development. The modern pharmacy profession developed alongside new regulations with the growth of pharmaceutical drugs in the 20th century.
Similaire à Historical background and development of profession of pharmacy (20)
unit 1 history and development of pharmacy.pdfAkankshaPatel55
The history of pharmacy is a long and fascinating journey, intertwined with the evolution of medicine itself. Here's a glimpse into its development:
Ancient Roots:
Early Civilizations (2000 BC onwards): Evidence suggests Sumerians, Egyptians, and Chinese all had traditions of using plants, minerals, and animal products for medicinal purposes. These early healers documented their knowledge in clay tablets and scrolls.
The Rise of Pharmacy as a Distinct Practice:
Greco-Roman Era (5th century BC - 5th century AD): Greek scholars like Hippocrates emphasized a more scientific approach to medicine, while Roman figures like Dioscorides wrote influential texts on herbal remedies. This period saw the establishment of some of the first shops dedicated to selling medications.
Islamic Golden Age (8th - 13th centuries AD): The Islamic world made significant contributions to pharmacy. Pharmacists, called apothecaries, were required to have qualifications and follow specific ethical guidelines. Baghdad saw the opening of the first state-regulated pharmacies in the 8th century.
Medieval and Renaissance Europe:
Monasteries (Middle Ages): Monasteries became centers for preserving and developing medicinal knowledge. Monks cultivated medicinal herbs and produced remedies.
The Rise of Guilds (12th - 18th centuries): Apothecaries formed guilds to regulate the practice and ensure the quality of medications.
The Modern Era (19th century onwards):
Standardization and Scientific Advancements: The 19th century saw a surge in scientific discoveries and the development of new, standardized medications. Pharmacopeias, official lists of drugs with quality standards, were established.
Separation of Pharmacy from Medicine: Pharmacy became a distinct profession with its own educational requirements. The invention of new technologies like tablets and capsules revolutionized drug delivery.
The 20th and 21st Centuries:
Growth of the Pharmaceutical Industry: The 20th century saw the rise of large pharmaceutical companies that mass-produced new drugs based on scientific research.
Expanding Roles of Pharmacists: Pharmacists today play a crucial role in patient care, not just dispensing medications but also advising on their use, monitoring for side effects, and providing drug information.
Pharmaceutical calculations are essential for ensuring the safe and accurate administration of medications. They involve using mathematical formulas to determine the correct dosage of a medication based on a variety of factors, such as the patient's weight, age, and kidney function. The metric system is the preferred system of measurement in pharmacy because it is a decimal-based system that is easy to use and minimizes the risk of errors.
Here are some of the common types of pharmaceutical calculations:
Concentration calculations: These calculations are used to determine the amount of medication in a given volume of solution. For example, a pharmacist may need to calculate how much of a concentrated syrup to add to water to create a diluted solution for a child.
Dosage calculations: These calculations are used to determine the amount of medication to administer to a patient based on their weight, age, and other factors. For example, a pharmacist may need to calculate the number of tablets to give a patient based on their weight and the prescribed dosage.
Percentage calculations: These calculations are used to determine the percentage of a medication in a solution. For example, a pharmacist may need to calculate the percentage of alcohol in a tincture.
Ratio calculations: These calculations are used to determine the ratio of one ingredient to another in a mixture. For example, a pharmacist may need to calculate the ratio of antibiotic powder to sterile water for injection.
The metric system is a decimal-based system of measurement that is based on the meter for length and the kilogram for mass. The metric system is widely used in science and medicine because it is easy to use and minimizes the risk of errors.
Here are some of the common metric units used in pharmacy:
Gram (g): Unit of mass
Milliliter (mL): Unit of volume
Liter (L): Unit of volume
Meter (m): Unit of length
Milligram (mg): One-thousandth of a gram
Microgram (mcg): One-millionth of a gram.
Prefix Meaning Value
kela (k) kilo 1,000
hecto (h) hecto 100
deca (da) deca 10
deci (d) deci 0.1
centi (c) centi 0.01
milli (m) milli 0.001
micro (µ) micro 0.000 001
nano (n) nano 0.000 000 001
pico (p) pico 0.000 000 000 001
unit 3. liquid (monophasic) dosage forms.pptxAkankshaPatel55
Liquid dosage forms are medications that are administered in a liquid state. They are a popular option for patients who have difficulty swallowing pills or capsules, or for medications that need to be absorbed quickly into the body.
There are several different types of liquid dosage forms, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Here are some of the most common types:
Solutions: Solutions are homogeneous mixtures in which a solid, liquid, or gas (the solute) is dissolved in a liquid (the solvent). In pharmaceutical terms, solutions are clear, single-phase liquids containing a dissolved drug and other inactive ingredients such as flavorings, sweeteners, and preservatives.
Liquid dosage forms Solutions
Suspensions: Suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures in which solid particles (the solute) are dispersed throughout a liquid (the solvent). Unlike a solution, the particles in a suspension are not dissolved and will settle out over time if not shaken well before use. Suspensions are often used for medications that are not soluble in water.
Liquid dosage forms Suspensions
Elixirs: Elixirs are clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions that are often flavored to disguise the taste of the medication. They are similar to syrups, but contain a lower concentration of sugar. Elixirs are often used for children or adults who have difficulty swallowing pills.
Liquid dosage forms Elixirs
Syrups: Syrups are concentrated, viscous solutions that contain a high concentration of sugar. The sugar helps to preserve the medication and also makes it more palatable. Syrups are often used for children or adults who have difficulty swallowing pills.
Liquid dosage forms Syrups
Liniments: Liniments are viscous, opaque liquids used for topical application to the skin. They are used to soothe pain and inflammation.
Liquid dosage forms Liniments
Lotions: Lotions are shakable liquid preparations for topical application to the skin. They are used to soothe and protect the skin. Lotions can also be used to deliver medication through the skin.
Liquid dosage forms Lotions
Liquid dosage forms offer a number of advantages over other dosage forms, such as:
Easier to swallow than pills or capsules
More rapid absorption into the body
Can be more easily adjusted for different dosages
Can be flavored to make them more palatable
However, there are also some disadvantages to liquid dosage forms, such as:
Shorter shelf life than solid dosage forms
Can be more difficult to measure accurately
May require refrigeration
Can be bulky and difficult to carry.
Mixing, the seemingly simple act of combining various components, plays a pivotal role in numerous scientific and industrial processes. From stirring milk in your coffee to homogenizing nanoparticles in pharmaceuticals, understanding mixing mechanisms and types is crucial. This note delves into the world of mixing, exploring its depths within 3000 words.
Part 1: Unveiling the Mixing Landscape
1.1 Demystifying Mixing:
Mixing refers to the process of bringing different components into close contact to achieve uniformity. The degree of mixing, characterized by homogeneity or dispersion, is influenced by several factors like viscosity, density differences, and mixing methods.
1.2 Classifying the Mixers:
A plethora of mixing methods exist, each suited for specific applications. Here are some key categories:
Bulk Mixing: Aims for complete homogeneity throughout the entire volume, commonly used in liquids and pastes. Techniques include stirred tanks, blenders, and extruders.
Dispersive Mixing: Focuses on distributing smaller particles or droplets uniformly within a continuous phase. Homogenizers, colloid mills, and sonication are frequently employed.
Laminar Mixing: Utilizes repeated folding or stretching operations to achieve layering and eventual homogenization. Microfluidic devices and some bakery processes use this principle.
Turbulent Mixing: Introduces chaotic eddies and high shear forces to rapidly break down concentration gradients. Stirred tanks with impellers, jet mixers, and fluidized beds are examples.
1.3 Factors Affecting Mixing:
Several factors impact the efficiency and effectiveness of mixing:
Properties of the Materials: Viscosity, density differences, and particle size significantly influence mixing behavior.
Mixing Geometry and Flow Patterns: The shape and configuration of the mixing vessel and the resulting flow patterns determine mixing intensity and uniformity.
Mixing Time and Intensity: The duration and intensity of mixing are crucial for achieving the desired level of homogeneity.
External Forces: Application of additional forces like heat, ultrasound, or magnetic fields can enhance mixing in specific scenarios.
Part 2: Delving into Specific Mixing Types:
Understanding specific mixing types helps in selecting the most effective method for each application:
Stirred Tank Mixing: This versatile method uses rotating impellers to generate flow and achieve moderate to high shear mixing. Variations include impeller design, tank geometry, and baffles.
Fluidized Bed Mixing: Solids are suspended in a gas stream, creating a fluid-like behavior and enabling efficient mixing of granular materials.
Jet Mixing: High-velocity jets inject material into the mix, promoting rapid dispersion and homogenization. Used in pipelines and reactors.
Microfluidic Mixing: Utilizes microchannels to manipulate flow patterns and achieve precise mixing at small scales, oft
flow of fluid and its mechanism along with principleAkankshaPatel55
Fluid flow, the seemingly effortless movement of liquids and gases, plays a crucial role in various scientific and engineering fields. From blood circulation to airplane design, understanding fluid mechanics is essential. This note explores the basics of fluid flow, keeping it under 3000 words.
Understanding Fluids:
What is a fluid? Any substance that readily adapts to its container's shape, like liquids and gases.
Flow types: Laminar (ordered layers) vs. Turbulent (chaotic swirls), internal (in pipes) vs. external (around objects), steady (unchanging) vs. unsteady (variable).
Governing Principles:
Conservation of mass, momentum, and energy: Fundamental principles ensure mass, momentum, and energy are conserved within a system.
The Core Mechanism: Navier-Stokes Equations
These complex equations describe viscous fluid motion, incorporating the above principles.
Analytical solutions are often challenging, leading to the use of numerical methods like CFD.
Key Concepts:
Reynolds Number (Re): Ratio of inertial to viscous forces, predicting laminar-turbulent transition.
Boundary Layer Theory: Analyzes the thin region near solid boundaries where viscosity dominates.
Drag and Lift Forces: Forces exerted by flowing fluids on objects, important in aerodynamics.
Fluid Properties: Density, viscosity, and compressibility significantly impact flow behavior.
Applications and Importance:
Civil Engineering: Design of pipelines, dams, and water distribution systems.
Aerospace Engineering: Designing airplanes, rockets, and understanding airfoils.
Chemical Engineering: Designing reactors, pumps, and separation processes.
Biomedical Engineering: Understanding blood flow and designing medical devices.
Objectives, principle & applications of CENTRIFUGATIONAkankshaPatel55
Centrifugation is another important technique for separating components in a mixture, and it differs from filtration in some key ways. Here's a breakdown:
Centrifugation:
Principle: Utilizes centrifugal force, generated by spinning a sample at high speeds, to separate components based on their size, shape, density, and viscosity of the surrounding medium.
Process: Samples are placed in tubes and spun within a centrifuge rotor. Denser components migrate outwards, forming a pellet at the bottom, while lighter components remain closer to the center as supernatant.
Applications: Widely used in biology, chemistry, medicine, biotechnology, and other fields for separating blood cells, organelles, proteins, DNA, and more.
Types: Various types exist, like fixed-angle, swinging-bucket, gradient centrifugation, each with specific functionalities and applications.
actors influencing the process:
Centrifuge speed: Higher speeds generate greater centrifugal force, enabling separation of smaller and less dense particles.
Time: Longer centrifugation times allow for more complete separation, but may not be necessary for all mixtures.
Temperature: Certain separations require specific temperature control to maintain sample integrity or optimize separation efficiency.
Sample properties: Size, shape, and density of the components in the mixture significantly impact their separation behavior.
Rotor type: Different rotors have specific capacities, speeds, and applications. Choosing the right rotor is crucial for optimal results.
Objectives, applications & Theories in FILTRATIONAkankshaPatel55
Filtration is a physical separation process that separates solid matter and fluid from a mixture using a filter medium that has a complex structure through which only the fluid can pass. Solid particles that cannot pass through the filter medium are described as oversize and the fluid that passes through is called the filtrate. Oversize particles may form a filter cake on top of the filter and may also block the filter lattice, preventing the fluid phase from crossing the filter, known as blinding. The size of the largest particles that can successfully pass through a filter is called the effective pore size of that filter.
Filtration is used in many different applications, including:
Water treatment: to remove impurities from water, such as sediment, bacteria, and viruses.
Air filtration: to remove dust, pollen, and other allergens from air.
Oil filtration: to remove impurities from oil, such as dirt, metal shavings, and water.
Chemical processing: to separate solids from liquids in chemical reactions.
Food and beverage processing: to clarify liquids, such as juice, wine, and beer.
There are many different types of filters, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Some common types of filters include:
Depth filters: These filters are made of a thick layer of material, such as paper, cloth, or sand. The solid particles are trapped in the pores of the filter medium.
Surface filters: These filters are made of a thin layer of material, such as a membrane. The solid particles are trapped on the surface of the filter medium.
Cartridge filters: These filters are self-contained units that can be easily replaced.
Bag filters: These filters are made of a bag of fabric that is suspended in a housing. The solid particles are trapped in the fabric of the bag.
Objectives, applications & mechanism of drying processAkankshaPatel55
the process of removing moisture from a material. It's a crucial process in various fields, from food preservation and agriculture to manufacturing and construction. Here's a breakdown of the different aspects:
Mechanisms of Drying:
There are several ways to remove moisture from a material:
Evaporation: This is the most common method, where heat is used to convert liquid water into vapor. This vapor is then removed from the material, typically by airflow. Examples include sun-drying clothes or using a clothes dryer.
Desiccation: This method uses a desiccant, a material that absorbs moisture from the air. This creates a dry environment around the material, promoting moisture removal. Silica gel packets are a common example of desiccants.
Freeze-drying: This technique involves freezing the material and then removing the ice directly through sublimation (solid to gas transition) under a vacuum. This preserves delicate materials like fruits and pharmaceuticals.
Factors affecting drying rate:
Surface area: More surface area allows for faster moisture escape. Imagine a wet sponge - the more you spread it out, the faster it dries.
Temperature: Higher temperatures increase the vapor pressure of water, making it easier to escape. Think about clothes drying faster on a hot day compared to a cool one.
Humidity: The amount of moisture already in the air (humidity) affects how readily new vapor can be absorbed. Higher humidity slows down drying.
Airflow: Moving air removes evaporated moisture from the material's surface, preventing it from building up and slowing down further drying. Good ventilation is crucial.
Material properties: Different materials have different properties affecting moisture release, like pore size and permeability.
Applications of drying:
Drying plays a vital role in numerous fields:
Food preservation: Dehydration removes moisture from fruits, vegetables, and other foods, extending shelf life and preventing spoilage.
Agriculture: Drying grains and other crops after harvest prevents mold growth and ensures safe storage.
Manufacturing: Drying various materials like textiles, paints, and pharmaceuticals is crucial for processing and finishing.
Construction: Drying newly built structures before finishing prevents moisture damage and ensures structural integrity.
Types of dryers:
There are many types of dryers, each suited to specific materials and applications:
Convection dryers: Use heated air to remove moisture. Examples include clothes dryers and tunnel dryers used in food processing.
Freeze dryers: Used for delicate materials, removing ice through sublimation under vacuum.
Spray dryers: Atomize liquids into droplets, drying them instantly with hot air. Used for milk powder production, for instance.
Fluidized bed dryers: Suspend particles in a stream of hot air for efficient drying. Used in chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
Basic Principles and methodology of distillationAkankshaPatel55
What is distillation?
Distillation is a physical separation process that utilizes the differences in boiling points of various components within a liquid mixture. It involves selectively boiling and condensing these components to achieve greater purity or isolate specific desired fractions. Imagine separating salt from saltwater: distillation boils the water away, leaving behind concentrated salt.
How does it work?
Heating: The mixture is heated in a container called a still. As the temperature rises, components with lower boiling points start to vaporize first.
Vaporization: These vapors rise and travel through a condenser, a cooled tube or chamber.
Condensation: When the vapors encounter the cool surfaces, they lose heat and condense back into a liquid form.
Collection: This collected liquid, called the distillate, is usually richer in the more volatile component(s).
Fractional distillation: This technique involves multiple condensers at different temperatures, collecting separate fractions based on their boiling points. For example, distilling crude oil separates gasoline, kerosene, and other fractions.
Applications of distillation:
Purification: Distillation is widely used to purify water, removing impurities and producing drinkable water. It also purifies alcohol, removing water and other impurities to get higher-proof spirits.
Separation: Distillation is essential in separating various chemicals and compounds, like essential oils from plants, fragrances from flowers, and specific chemicals from crude oil.
Desalination: Distillation can be used for desalination, converting saltwater into freshwater, although other methods are more common now.
Types of distillation:
Simple distillation: Used for mixtures with significant boiling point differences. The distillate is less pure than other methods.
Fractional distillation: Used for complex mixtures with closer boiling points, collecting different fractions based on their volatility.
Vacuum distillation: Used for heat-sensitive materials that decompose at normal boiling points. It lowers the boiling point by reducing pressure.
Objectives, applications and factors on evaporationAkankshaPatel55
Evaporation is a specific type of heat exchange where a liquid changes its state into a gas. It's a crucial process in nature and has many significant applications.
Factors affecting evaporation rate:
Temperature: The warmer the liquid and surrounding air, the faster the molecules move and gain enough energy to escape, increasing evaporation rate.
Humidity: The amount of water vapor already present in the air (humidity) affects how readily new vapor can be absorbed. Higher humidity slows down evaporation.
Wind speed: Moving air removes evaporated molecules from the surface, preventing them from building up and slowing down further evaporation. Higher wind speeds increase evaporation rate.
Surface area: The larger the exposed surface area of the liquid, the more molecules have the chance to escape, leading to faster evaporation.
Liquid properties: Different liquids have different internal molecular forces and boiling points, impacting how easily they evaporate. For example, alcohol evaporates faster than water due to weaker molecular forces.
Consequences of evaporation:
Cooling: During evaporation, energy is used to break the bonds between water molecules, resulting in a cooling effect on the remaining liquid. This is why sweating feels cool on your skin.
Water cycle: Evaporation is the first step in the water cycle, where water continuously moves between Earth's surface and atmosphere. Water vapor rises, condenses into clouds, and eventually falls back to Earth as precipitation.
Salinity: As water evaporates from oceans and lakes, dissolved salts become more concentrated, impacting marine ecosystems.
Human activities: We use evaporation in various applications, like cooling towers in power plants, humidifiers, and drying processes.
Objectives, applications & mechanisms of Heat transferAkankshaPatel55
Heat transfer: This is the general scientific term for the movement of thermal energy from one object to another. It can occur through three main mechanisms: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Mechanisms of heat exchange:
Conduction: Direct contact between objects allows heat transfer through vibrations of their atoms or molecules. Metals are good conductors, while wood and plastic are poor conductors.
Convection: Heat transfer occurs through the movement of a fluid (liquid or gas). For example, hot air rises in a room, carrying heat upwards.
Radiation: All objects emit electromagnetic waves based on their temperature. Hotter objects emit more intense radiation, which can be absorbed by other objects, transferring heat. This is how the sun warms the Earth.
Applications of heat exchange:
Power generation: In power plants, heat from burning fuel boils water, creating steam that drives turbines to generate electricity.
Heating and cooling: Heat exchangers transfer heat from furnaces, boilers, or geothermal sources to air or water for heating buildings. Conversely, air conditioners use them to remove heat from indoor air.
Chemical processing: Many chemical reactions require specific temperatures, and heat exchangers maintain those temperatures by transferring heat in or out of reaction vessels.
Car engines: Coolant circulates through the engine, absorbing heat and transferring it to the radiator, where it's dissipated to the air.
Human body: Sweat evaporation and blood circulation are examples of heat exchange mechanisms that help regulate our body temperature.
Types of heat exchangers:
There are various types of examples include:
Shell and tube: Two fluids flow through separate channels separated by a wall, allowing heat transfer without mixing.
Plate: Thin metal plates allow efficient heat transfer between fluids in close contact.
Air-cooled: Fins increase surface area for heat transfer between air and a fluid flowing through tubes.
Size separation techniques are methods used to separate a mixture of particles into different groups based on their size. These techniques are widely used in various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and mining.
Here are some of the most common size separation techniques:
Sieving:
This is a simple and mechanical method that involves passing a mixture of particles through a series of sieves with different mesh sizes. Larger particles are retained on the sieve with the larger mesh size, while smaller particles pass through and are collected.
Filtration:
This method uses a filter medium to separate particles from a liquid or gas. The size of the pores in the filter determines which particles can pass through.
Sedimentation:
This method is based on the principle that larger particles settle faster than smaller particles in a fluid. The mixture is allowed to stand, and the larger particles settle to the bottom, while the smaller particles remain suspended.
Elutriation:
This method uses a stream of air or gas to separate particles. The air velocity is adjusted so that only particles of a certain size range are carried away.
Centrifugation:
This method uses a centrifuge to create a centrifugal force that separates particles based on their size and density. The heavier and larger particles are forced to the outside of the centrifuge tube, while the lighter and smaller particles remain in the center.
Additional techniques:
Flotation: Utilizes air bubbles to separate hydrophobic particles from water.
Magnetic separation: Applicable for magnetic particles or those tagged with magnetic beads.
Laser diffraction: Measures particle size distribution non-destructively.
Factors affecting size separation:
Particle size: The size range and distribution of particles in the mixture significantly impact the chosen technique's efficiency.
Particle shape: Spherical particles are easier to separate than irregular shapes, which can affect how they interact with the separation mechanism.
Particle density: The difference in density between particles plays a crucial role in techniques like sedimentation and centrifugation.
Fluid properties: In techniques like elutriation and filtration, the viscosity and density of the fluid influence particle movement and separation.
Desired separation: Specifying the required size fractions and size distribution is crucial for selecting the appropriate technique.
Implantable Drug Delivery Systems: Delivering Medication on Demand
Implantable drug delivery systems (IDDS) are miniature devices surgically placed under the skin or inside tissues to deliver a sustained and controlled release of medication directly to the target site. This targeted approach offers several advantages over traditional oral or injectable medications:
Benefits:
Improved treatment compliance: Eliminates the need for frequent dosing, improving adherence to treatment plans.
Enhanced efficacy: Delivers drugs directly to the site of action, maximizing their therapeutic effect.
Reduced side effects: Minimizes systemic exposure to the drug, potentially reducing unwanted side effects.
Controlled release: Offers precise control over the release rate and duration of medication delivery, optimizing treatment effectiveness.
Long-term therapy: Can provide continuous medication delivery for months or even years, ideal for chronic conditions.
Types of IDDS:
Biodegradable implants: Made from materials that naturally degrade over time, releasing the drug at a predetermined rate.
Non-biodegradable implants: Composed of materials that remain in the body after the drug is released, requiring surgical removal.
Reservoir implants: Contain a pre-filled reservoir of medication released through a controlled mechanism.
Pump implants: Use a micro-pump to deliver the medication at specific intervals or in response to external stimuli.
Applications:
Pain management: Chronic pain, post-surgical pain, arthritis
Hormonal therapy: Contraception, hormone replacement therapy
Cancer treatment: Localized chemotherapy, targeted drug delivery
Psychiatric disorders: Depression, schizophrenia
Neurological disorders: Parkinson's disease, epilepsy
Challenges and considerations:
Surgical implantation: Requires a minor surgical procedure, carrying associated risks and potential complications.
Cost: The devices and implantation procedure can be expensive.
Limited drug suitability: Not all medications are compatible with IDDS technology.
Device failure: Mechanical malfunctions or material degradation can occur over time.
Future of IDDS:
Advancements in materials science, miniaturization, and biocompatibility are paving the way for more sophisticated IDDS with:
Closed-loop systems: Sensors monitoring disease markers and adjusting drug release in real-time.
Multifunctional capabilities: Combining drug delivery with other functionalities like disease monitoring or biostimulation.
Personalized medicine: Tailored IDDS designed for individual patient needs and genetic profiles.
Mucosal Drug Delivery Systems: Targeting Medication Through Mucous Membranes
Mucosal drug delivery systems (MDDS) offer a unique approach to medication administration by delivering drugs directly to mucosal membranes. These membranes line various body cavities, such as the mouth, nose, lungs, eyes, vagina, and gastrointestinal tract. By bypassing the traditional oral route and its associated challenges, MDDS can offer several advantages:
Benefits:
Rapid onset of action: Drugs quickly access the bloodstream through the thin mucosal membranes, leading to a faster therapeutic effect compared to oral medications.
Improved bioavailability: Avoiding first-pass metabolism in the liver can significantly increase the amount of drug available to the body.
Enhanced patient compliance: Non-invasive routes like nasal or buccal delivery can be more comfortable and convenient than injections or tablets.
Targeted delivery: Specific formulations can target diseases affecting specific mucosal membranes, reducing systemic exposure and potential side effects.
Potential for controlled release: Sustained release formulations can maintain therapeutic drug levels for longer periods.
Different types of MDDS:
Buccal: Films, tablets, or patches adhere to the inner cheek for local or systemic delivery.
Sublingual: Tablets placed under the tongue dissolve rapidly for systemic absorption.
Nasal: Sprays, drops, or gels deliver drugs directly to the nasal cavity for respiratory or systemic effects.
Ocular: Drops, inserts, or films provide sustained or targeted delivery to the eye.
Vaginal: Rings, creams, or tablets deliver medication locally or systemically through the vaginal mucosa.
Pulmonary: Inhaled aerosols or solutions deposit drugs in the lungs for respiratory conditions.
Rectal: Suppositories or enemas release medication locally or systemically through the rectal mucosa.
Challenges and considerations:
Mucosal barriers: Mucus and tight junctions within the membranes can limit drug penetration.
Formulation challenges: Designing formulations that adhere to mucosal membranes, release drugs effectively, and are stable can be complex.
Potential for irritation: Some formulations can irritate sensitive mucosal tissues.
Limited drug suitability: Not all drugs are suitable for MDDS due to factors like size, stability, and absorption properties.
Future of MDDS:
Advances in bio adhesive materials, drug targeting strategies, and controlled release technologies are expected to expand the capabilities and applications of MDDS. Personalized medicine approaches using tailored mucosal formulations hold promise for further optimizing treatment efficacy and patient comfort.
unit 2. various approaches on Microencapsulation.pdfAkankshaPatel55
Microencapsulation is a process of coating tiny particles or droplets with a thin layer of material to create small capsules. These capsules, called microcapsules, can range in size from a few nanometers to a few millimeters and can be made from a variety of materials, such as polymers, lipids, and carbohydrates.
The core material of a microcapsule can be a solid, liquid, or gas. Some common core materials include:
Food ingredients: Vitamins, flavors, colors, antioxidants
Pharmaceuticals: Drugs, diagnostic agents
Agrochemicals: Pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides
Cosmetics: Fragrances, sunscreens, moisturizers
Electronics: Conductive materials, lubricants
The shell of a microcapsule is designed to protect the core material from the environment and to control its release. The release of the core material can be triggered by a variety of factors, such as:
Temperature
pH
Enzymes
Ultrasound
Applications in various industries, including:
Food industry: it is used to protect food ingredients from degradation, such as vitamins and flavors. It can also be used to control the release of flavors and colors, creating novel food experiences.
Pharmaceutical industry: used to improve the delivery of drugs by protecting them from the stomach environment and targeting them to specific sites in the body.
Agrochemical industry: used to protect agrochemicals from degradation and to control their release, reducing the amount of chemicals needed and minimizing environmental impact.
Cosmetic industry: used to protect cosmetic ingredients from degradation and to control their release, creating long-lasting products.
Electronics industry: used to protect electronic components from corrosion and to control the release of lubricants.
TECHNIQUES
Physicochemical techniques:
Coacervation: Involves layering oppositely charged polymers around the core material, forming a shell through electrostatic interaction.
Interfacial polymerization Utilizes monomers that react at the interface between the core and an immiscible phase, generating a polymer shell.
In situ polymerization: Monomers are directly polymerized around the core material within a continuous phase, creating the shell.
Spray drying: Emulsified or suspended core material is atomized and dried in a hot air stream, forming microcapsules as the solvent evaporates.
Fluidized bed coating: Core material is fluidized in a heated chamber while coating solution is sprayed, forming a layer-by-layer shell.
Physico-mechanical techniques:
Pan coating: Similar to sugar-coating, core material is layered with coating material in a rotating pan, building the shell gradually.
Extrusion: Molten core and coating materials are co-extruded to form capsules with con concentric layers.
Encapsulation by solvent evaporation: Core material is dissolved in a solvent, then dispersed in a non-solvent, causing precipitation and shell formation.
Other techniques:
Electrostatic encapsulation,
Microfluidic encapsulation.
Polymers;
polymers are an incredibly diverse and crucial group of materials present all around us, from the plastic water bottle in your hand to the DNA in your cells. Here's a breakdown of their key details:
What are polymers?
Large molecules, also called macromolecules, formed by repeating subunits called monomers.
Imagine a necklace where each bead is a monomer; stringing them together creates a polymer chain.
Can be natural (e.g., cellulose in plants) or synthetic (e.g., nylon)
Types of polymers:
Based on structure:
Homopolymers: Made from repeating units of the same monomer.
Copolymers: Made from two or more different monomers.
Blends: Mixtures of different polymers with tailored properties.
Based on properties:
Thermoplastics: Can be softened and reshaped upon heating.
Thermosets: Once set, cannot be easily reshaped by heat.
Elastomers: Highly elastic and rubbery.
Properties of polymers:
Highly diverse due to varying monomer types, chain lengths, and branching.
Can be strong, flexible, lightweight, insulating, conductive, etc.
Tailored properties for specific applications.
Examples of polymers:
Natural: DNA, proteins, cellulose (wood, paper), rubber, starch
Synthetic: Nylon, polyester, polyethylene (plastic bags), PVC (pipes), polyurethane (foam)
Applications of polymers:
Packaging: Food containers, bottles, plastic wrap
Textiles: Clothing, fibers, carpets
Construction: Pipes, insulation, building materials
Medical: Implants, drug delivery systems, artificial organs
Electronics: Coatings, wires, insulation
And countless more!
Additional details you might be interested in:
Polymerization: The process of forming polymers from monomers.
Biopolymers: Polymers produced by living organisms.
Degradable polymers: Polymers that break down naturally over time.
Polymer recycling: Processing used polymers into new products.
Targeted Drug Delivery Systems:
Targeted drug delivery systems (TDDS) are a revolutionary approach in medicine that aims to deliver medications directly to diseased cells or tissues, minimizing exposure to healthy parts of the body. This strategy offers numerous advantages over traditional drug delivery methods, including:
Reduced side effects: By minimizing drug exposure to healthy tissues, TDDS can significantly reduce the risk of adverse reactions and improve patient tolerability.
Increased efficacy: Delivering drugs directly to their target site allows for higher drug concentrations at the diseased area, potentially leading to improved treatment outcomes.
Enhanced specificity: TDDS can be designed to target specific biomarkers associated with diseases, offering greater precision and personalized treatment options.
Here's a closer look at the key components and mechanisms of TDDS:
Components:
Drug: The therapeutic agent encapsulated within the delivery system.
Carrier: A biocompatible material that encapsulates and protects the drug, facilitating its transport and release. Examples include liposomes, nanoparticles, and polymers.
Targeting moiety: A molecule attached to the carrier that specifically binds to receptors on the target cells or tissues, guiding the delivery system to its designated location. Antibodies, peptides, and aptamers are commonly used targeting moieties.
Mechanisms:
Passive targeting: Utilizes the natural properties of the carrier or targeting moiety to accumulate in the target area due to factors like size, charge, or permeability.
Active targeting: Employs specific interactions between the targeting moiety and receptors on the target cells, ensuring precise delivery.
Types of TDDS:
Liposomal drug delivery: Liposomes are microscopic bubbles made of phospholipids that can encapsulate drugs and deliver them to specific cells.
Polymeric nanoparticles: Nanoparticles made of biodegradable polymers can be designed to release drugs in a controlled manner at the target site.
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs): Antibodies are linked to cytotoxic drugs, allowing them to specifically target and kill cancer cells.
Aptamer-based drug delivery: Aptamers are short, single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules that can bind to specific targets with high affinity, guiding drug delivery.
Benefits of TDDS:
Improved treatment outcomes
Reduced side effects
Enhanced patient compliance
Personalized medicine options
Challenges of TDDS:
Complex design and development
Regulatory hurdles
Higher costs compared to traditional drugs
Future of TDDS:
Research in TDDS is rapidly advancing, with new technologies and targeting strategies emerging constantly. The future holds promise for even more precise and effective drug delivery systems, revolutionizing the treatment of various diseases.
unit 1 Posology and dose calculation for child.pdfAkankshaPatel55
Posology is the science of dosage, which encompasses the study of the amount of a medication that should be given to a patient, the frequency of administration, and the duration of treatment. It is a crucial aspect of pharmacology and therapeutics, as determining the correct dosage is essential for ensuring the safety and efficacy of a medication.
Here are some of the key factors that are considered when determining posology:
The patient's age, weight, and medical condition: These factors can all affect how a medication is metabolized and excreted from the body. For example, children and older adults may require different dosages than adults, and people with certain medical conditions may need to avoid certain medications or take them at lower doses.
The severity of the condition being treated: The severity of the condition will often determine the dosage of medication that is needed. For example, someone with a mild infection may only need a low dose of antibiotics, while someone with a severe infection may need a higher dose.
The form of the medication: Different forms of the same medication (e.g., tablets, capsules, injectables) can be absorbed into the body at different rates. This needs to be taken into account when determining the dosage.
The route of administration: The route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, topical) can also affect how a medication is absorbed into the body. This needs to be taken into account when determining the dosage.
Posology is a complex field, and there are many different factors that need to be considered when determining the correct dosage for a particular patient. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional to get advice on the appropriate dosage for any medication you are taking.
Here are some additional details about posology:
Posology is often expressed in terms of the following:
Dose: The amount of medication that is given at one time.
Frequency: How often the medication is given.
Duration: How long the medication is taken for.
There are a number of different ways to express posology, including:
Milligrams (mg): This is a unit of mass that is commonly used to measure the amount of medication in tablets, capsules, and liquids.
Micrograms (mcg): This is a unit of mass that is used to measure very small amounts of medication.
International units (IU): This is a unit of activity that is used to measure some medications, such as insulin.
Units: This is a unit that is used to measure some medications, such as heparin.
The specific way that posology is expressed will vary depending on the medication and the condition being treated.
Transdermal drug delivery system- structure of skinAkankshaPatel55
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) have transcended the realm of simple nicotine patches and entered an exciting era of innovation. Gone are the days of bulky, uncomfortable adhesives; in their place stand sophisticated systems capable of delivering a myriad of therapeutic agents through the seemingly impregnable barrier of the skin. To truly understand the magic behind this technology, we delve deeper, exploring its intricate mechanisms and promising future. The journey begins with a microscopic waltz at the skin's outermost layer, the stratum corneum. Drug molecules, meticulously formulated into miniscule particles, are incorporated into a semi-permeable patch. This patch acts as a launchpad, adhering snugly to the skin and initiating the drug's odyssey. Guided by the principles of Fick's Law of Diffusion, the drug embarks on a clandestine mission. Driven by a concentration gradient, it permeates the intercellular lipids of the stratum corneum, navigating a labyrinthine path formed by keratinocytes. This passive journey, governed by factors like drug lipophilicity and skin thickness, determines the rate and extent of absorption. However, diffusion plays just the first act in this multi-part drama. Once traversing the stratum corneum, the drug encounters the viable epidermis, a dynamic landscape teeming with enzymes and metabolic pathways. Here, some compounds may undergo degradation, limiting their systemic bioavailability. To overcome this hurdle, scientists devise ingenious strategies:
Penetration Enhancers: Chemical agents like propylene glycol or oleic acid temporarily disrupt the skin's lipid packing, easing the drug's passage.
Iontophoresis: Electric current gently guides charged molecules through the skin, bypassing enzymatic barriers and boosting delivery.
Microneedle Technology: Tiny, painless needles create transient microchannels, facilitating the delivery of larger molecules like proteins and peptides. The Symphony of Controlled Release:
A key advantage of TDDS lies in their ability to sustain drug release over extended periods. This controlled release symphony is orchestrated by sophisticated reservoir systems:
Matrix Systems: The drug is homogeneously dispersed within a polymer matrix, gradually diffusing out over time.
Reservoir Systems: A distinct drug reservoir separates from the adhesive layer, allowing for precise and prolonged delivery.
Programmable Systems: Advanced patches incorporate microfluidic channels and microchips, enabling customized release profiles and even pulsatile delivery for specific therapeutic needs.
Benefits Beyond Convenience:
The charm of TDDS extends far beyond the mere convenience of avoiding needles. They offer distinct advantages over traditional oral and parenteral routes:
Enhanced Bioavailability: By bypassing first-pass metabolism in the liver, certain drugs achieve higher systemic concentrations through transdermal delivery.
Improved Patient Compliance: Continuous, hassle-free adminis
SIZE REDUCTION AND FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE REDUCTION IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRYAkankshaPatel55
In the realm of pharmacy, size truly matters! Particle size reduction, often referred to as comminution, plays a crucial role in transforming raw materials into effective and readily absorbable medications. It's like shrinking giants - turning bulky substances into microscopic warriors ready to combat ailments.
Why is size reduction so important? Imagine trying to swallow a whole apple compared to taking a bite. The smaller the pieces, the greater the surface area exposed, and the faster and more efficiently something dissolves or reacts. In the world of medicine, this translates to:
Enhanced drug bioavailability: Smaller particles dissolve quicker and more readily in the digestive system, leading to faster absorption and action of the medication. Think of it as opening wider doors for the drug to enter the bloodstream and reach its target.
Improved drug stability: Smaller particles tend to be more stable and less prone to degradation, ensuring the medication's potency and effectiveness over time.
Uniformity and mixing: Precise size control allows for consistent drug distribution within a dosage form, guaranteeing accurate and reliable dosing.
Tailored drug delivery: Size reduction facilitates the development of specialized drug delivery systems, like inhalers or sublingual tablets, where minute particles are crucial for targeted action.
How is size reduction achieved? A variety of techniques are employed, each with its own advantages and best suited for specific materials:
Milling: Mechanical grinding using ball mills, hammer mills, or jet mills physically breaks down larger particles into smaller ones.
Micronization: Specialized techniques like air jet milling or fluidized bed milling achieve ultra-fine particle sizes in the micron range (1-10 micrometers).
Cryo-milling: Grinding at cryogenic temperatures minimizes heat generation, preserving sensitive drug compounds.
Size reduction isn't just about brute force. Choosing the right technique and particle size depends on various factors, including the drug's physical and chemical properties, desired release profile, and dosage form. It's a delicate dance between effectiveness, stability, and manufacturability.
The impact of size reduction extends far beyond individual medications. It enables the development of innovative drug delivery systems, like controlled-release tablets or transdermal patches, that improve patient compliance and treatment outcomes. It also plays a vital role in research and development, allowing scientists to study drug interactions and optimize formulations at the microscopic level.
So, the next time you pop a pill, remember the invisible giants behind it - the power of size reduction silently working its magic to deliver healing and hope.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Historical background and development of profession of pharmacy
1. PHARMACEUTICS- I
Unit- I
Akanksha Patel,
Asst. Prof.
UNIT-I
Historical background and development of profession of pharmacy: History of profession
of Pharmacy in India in relation to pharmacy education, industry and organization, Pharmacy
as a career, Pharmacopoeias: Introduction to IP, BP, USP and Extra Pharmacopoeia.
Dosage forms: Introduction to dosage forms, classification and definitions
Prescription: Definition, Parts of prescription, Handling of Prescription, Errors in
prescription.
Posology: Definition, Factors affecting posology, Pediatric dose Calculations based on age,
body weight and body surface area.
Pharmacy
The word Pharmacy was coined from the Greek word “Pharmakon” meaning “medicine”
or ‘drug’.
Definition: “Pharmacy is the art and science of preparing and dispensing medication, the
provision of drug information, interpretation of prescription orders, the compounding, labeling,
drug product selection and drug utilization reviews, patient monitoring and intervention.”
Or
‘The art, practice, or profession of preparing, preserving, compounding, and dispensing
medical drugs’.
Pharmacist- ‘Pharmacist is a trained person who is certified to make, sell, distribute medicine
and medicinal compounds.’
Or
a health-care professional licensed to engage in pharmacy with duties including dispensing
prescription drugs, monitoring drug interactions, administering vaccines, and counseling
patients regarding the effects and proper usage of drugs and dietary supplements.
SYMBOL OF PHARMACY-
- ‘the bowl of Hygeia’ is a symbol of pharmacy.
- The bowl of Hygeia has roots traced to Greek mythology.
- It consists of a snake wrapped around a bowl. In this, the snake represents Aesculapius
(the God of Medicine) and the bowl represents Hygeia (his daughter & Helper).
2. PHARMACEUTICS- I
Unit- I
Akanksha Patel,
Asst. Prof.
HISTORY-
- The concept of Hospital was well developed and practiced in India (In BC 226), during
the period of great Ashoka. That time leaves, cold water, animal extracts etc are used in
the treatments.
- The allopathic system of medicine was introduced in India during the British rule. It was
mainly meant for the ruling class.
There are 5 classifications for era-
1. ANCIENT ERA (AD 1600)- in ancient time, leaves, cold water, and animal extracts
used in the treatment. There are no synthetic sources available in this era.
Three major advances in pharmacy occurred at this time:
1. The formulary – a continuation of the documentation of the knowledge of specific
drug information to be used by pharmacists.
2. Dosage form-drugs were no longer harvested from herb gardens. They were
incorporated into sweetened dosage forms, such as syrups, confections, and juleps,
mixed with sugar and honey.
3. pharmacy shop-first appeared in Baghdad in about AD 762.
2. EMPIRIC ERA (1600-1940)- in this era pharmacopoeia was introduced and become
primary tool for pharmacist.
- Benjamin Franklin started the first hospital in 1751. It had a pharmacy and the first
hospital pharmacist was Jonathan Roberts.
- Prof William Procter (The father of American Pharmacy) devoted his time and efforts
advancement of pharmacy.
3. INDUSTRIALIZATION ERA (1940-1970)- in this era development and
manufacturing of drugs started on industry level.
- Rapid mass production of medicine followed. Standardization, biologically prepared
products, complex chemical synthesis, and increased use of parenteral medications
were all part of this period.
4. PATIENT CARE ERA (1970-present)- in this era research and development of new
medicine started.
- New drugs were developed. Had a lot of adverse reactions to drugs so drug review
and monitoring resulted.
- Pharmacist started taking more responsibilities including dispensing medicine and
patient education.
5. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING ERA (future prospects)-
Medications are being produced through recombinant DNA technology.
- New therapies for cancer, anemia, and hepatitis are being introduced.
3. PHARMACEUTICS- I
Unit- I
Akanksha Patel,
Asst. Prof.
History of pharmacy in India- it can be divided into 2 parts: -
1. Before independence
2. After independence
Before independence-
1842- Pharmacy education started at certified level in GOA by Portuguese.
1870- Madras Medical college conducted first licentiate exam for chemist and druggist.
1881- Formal training of compounders started in Bengal.
1901- Establishment of Bengal chemical and pharmaceutical works, Calcutta by Acharya P.
C. Ray.
1903- a small factory at Parel (Bombay) by Prof. T. K. Gujjar.
1930- Government of India appointed a committee under the chairmanship of late Col. R. N.
Chopra to see pharmacy problems in India.
1935- United province pharmaceutical association was established which later converted into
‘Indian Pharmaceutical Association’.
1937- Introduction of 3 yrs. B. Pharm course by Prof. Mahadeva lal Schroff at Banaras
Hindu university.
1940- Establishment of IPCA (Indian Pharmaceutical Congress Association).
1945- Pharmacy bill introduced to manage the pharmacy education in India.
1946- Publication of ‘Indian pharmacopoeia list’.
After independence
1948- publication of pharmacy act 1948.
1948- Indian pharmacopoeia committee constituted under the chairmanship of late Dr. B. N.
Ghose.
1949- establishment of pharmacy council of India (PCI).
1953- first education regulation was framed and started D. Pharm.
1955- Publication of first edition of India Pharmacopoeia.
4. PHARMACEUTICS- I
Unit- I
Akanksha Patel,
Asst. Prof.
CAREER IN PHARMACY-
It is one of the best career across the world. Pharmacy is a part of health care services which
completely deals with the drugs. There are some options following-
6. PHARMACEUTICS- I
Unit- I
Akanksha Patel,
Asst. Prof.
PHARMACOPOEIA-
Derived from Greek word ‘Pharmakon’ means drug and ‘Poiea’ means to make.
It can be defined as ‘a book of standards applicable to drug and their common dosage
forms and pharmaceutical aids published in a country under the authority of its own
government’.
- The book containing the standards for drug and other related substance are known as
pharmacopoeias and formularies. Collectively these books are known as drug compendia.
- It is a legal and official book issued by recognized authorities usually appointed by
Government of each country.
- It comprises list of pharmaceutical substances, formulae along with their description and
standards.
Classification- the drug compendia are classified as-
1. Official compendia.
2. Non official compendia.
1. Official compendia- official compendia are the compilation of drug and other related
substance which are recognized as legal standards of purity, quality, and strength, by govt
agency of respective countries of their origin.
Eg. List of Pharmacopeias: a) Argentine b) Austrian c) Belgian d) Brazilian e) British f)
Chinese g) Egyptian h) European i) French j) German k) Hungarian l) Indian m) International
n) Italian o) Japanese p) Yugoslavian q) Mexican r) Netherlands s) Nordic t) Polish u)
Portuguese v) Rumanian w) Russian x) Spanish y) Turkish z) United State.
2. Non official compendia- the book other than official drug compendia which are used as a
secondary reference sources for drug and other related substances are known as Non official
compendia.
Eg. Merck Index, Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, the United State Dispensary,
Martindale.
Indian Pharmacopoeia- the development of IP was started with and aim to promote public
health by bringing out authoritative and officially accepted standard for quality of drugs
including API, excipients, dosage form, and medical devices for use by health professionals,
patients, consumer.
EDITION PUBLISHING
YEAR
VOLUMES ADDENDUM/
SUPPLEMENT
FEATURES
1st 1955 1 Chairmanship- Dr. B. N.
Ghose (IPC)
986 monographs
Official title of monograph is
written in Latin language.
It includes crude drug, chemical,
biological and several formulae.
1960
7. PHARMACEUTICS- I
Unit- I
Akanksha Patel,
Asst. Prof.
2nd 1966 1 Chairmanship- Dr. B.
Mukharji
890 monographs & 41
appendices
284 monograph are deleted from
first edition
Title of monographs in Latin
language to English language
Doses given in metric system and
usual strength has been given for
tablets and injections.
1975 126 new monographs were
included and 250 monograph of
2nd
edition have been added.
Analytical procedure and some
appendices have been added.
3rd 1985 2 Chairmanship- Dr. Nitya Nand
261 new monograph and 9
appendices.
IUPAC nomenclature has been
used.
1989 46 new monographs were added
and 126 monograph of 3rd
edition
were amended
1991
4th 1996 2 Chairmanship- Dr. Nitya Nand
Color- blue
1149 monographs 123
appendices
Computer generated formulae
was used
2000 42 new monographs have been
added
2003 19 monographs have been added
Veterinary
supplement 1996
208 monographs and 4
appendices
8. PHARMACEUTICS- I
Unit- I
Akanksha Patel,
Asst. Prof.
5th 2007 3 Chairmanship- Dr. Nitya
Nand
Color- blue
V1- general notes, preface,
structure of IPC
V2- general monographs on drug
substance, dosage form,
pharmaceutical aids
V3- monographs on drug
substances, immunno- sera,
vaccines, blood related products.
2008
6th 2010 3 Chairmanship- Prof C.K.
Chandramauli
Color- blue
2000 monographs, 287 new
monographs, >600 monographs
are updated.
V1- general notes, structure of
IPC, acknowledgement,
introduction, general chapters.
V2- general notices, general
monographs on dosage form (A
to M), pharmaceutical aids.
V3- general monographs on
dosage form (N to Z)
2012
7th 2014 4 Chairmanship- Prof Gulab
Nabi Azad
Color- Red
2548 monographs,
radiopharmaceutical
monographs was added.
2015
2016
9. PHARMACEUTICS- I
Unit- I
Akanksha Patel,
Asst. Prof.
8th 2018 4 Chairmanship- Dr. C. K.
Mishra
Color- Orange
220 monographs are added, 366
monographs are revised, 7
monographs are omitted.
General chemical test and TLC
eliminated, UV, IR, HPLC, etc
are added.
2019
9th 2022 Chairmanship- Dr. Mansukh
Mandaviya
Color- brick red
92 New monographs are added
with 12 general chapters,
Vit. Minerals, amino acids- 22
Biotechnological products- 8
Released on 1st
july 2022
Effective on 1st
dec 2022
British pharmacopoeia
It is the national pharmacopoeia of the United Kingdom. It is an annually published
collection of quality standards for UK medicinal substances, which is used by individuals and
organizations involved in pharmaceutical research, development, manufacture and testing.
It was first published by General Medicine Council and was later done by Pharmaceutical
Commission.
Since then Pharmacopoeial commission is reconstituted from time to time and new editions of
British Pharmacopoeia are published.
First edition Publication 1864- it has 2 parts-
Part I- Materia Medica.
Part II- preparation and compound.
2nd
edition- 1867
3rd
edition- 1885
4th
edition- 1898
5th
edition- 1914
8th
edition- 1953: title of drugs and preparation were in English instead of Latin and matric
system
BP 2004
BP2007- monographs have been introduced for matrial specifically used in preparation of
traditional Chinese medicines.
10. PHARMACEUTICS- I
Unit- I
Akanksha Patel,
Asst. Prof.
BP 2008- Approx. 3100 monographs
BP2007-2009- there are 6 volumes
Vol 1 & 2- contains medicinal substances
Vol 3- contains formulated preparation, blood related products, immunological radiopharma -
ceutical preparations, surgical and homeopathic products.
Vol 4- supplementary chapters, IR spectra etc are included
Vol 5- veterinary
Vol 6- CD ROM version ( advance technology)
Latest- BP 2023- 23 new monographs, 59 pharmaceutical European monographs.
British Pharmaceutical Codex (BPC)
British Pharmaceutical Codex was prepared as a reference book to physicians and
dispensing pharmacists in 1907 as per the Council of Pharmaceutical Society.
Since then subsequent revisions of these books are published.
The decision of medicine commission stated that there should be only one book of
standards of medicine, so BPC was discontinued.
Later BPC was published as “The Pharmaceutical Codex” and plans to be encyclopedia.
The BPC differs from BP in:
BPC BP British National
Formulary (BNF)
BPC contains more drugs
and preparations.
It contains additional
information on standard of
drugs, surgical dressing,
pharmaceutical preparations,
etc
Pharmacological
classification of drugs are
given. It includes
preparations as per
Pharmaceutical forms.
It provides action and uses of
drugs
It contains formula and
preparation methods of some
other formulations.
It provides information about
actions, uses, dosage &
adverse reactions.
11. PHARMACEUTICS- I
Unit- I
Akanksha Patel,
Asst. Prof.
European Pharmacopeia
European pharmacopeia commission started working since 1964 to prepare EP Editions
1st edition: published 1967
2nd edition: published 1980
3rd edition: published 1997
4th edition: published 2001, valid from 1 January 2002
5th edition: published 15 June 2004, valid from 1 January 2005
6th edition: published 16 July 2007, valid from 1 January 2008
7th edition: published June 2010, valid from 1 January 2011
8th edition: published June 2013, valid from 1 January 2014
The European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) defines requirements for the qualitative and
quantitative composition of medicines, the tests to be carried out on medicines and on
substances and materials used in their production.
It covers active substances, excipients and preparations of chemical, animal, human or herbal
origin, homoeopathic preparations and homoeopathic stocks, antibiotics, as well as dosage
forms and containers.
It also includes texts on biologicals, blood and plasma derivatives, vaccines and
radiopharmaceutical preparations.
The European Pharmacopoeia and its requirements are legally binding in the member states of
the European Pharmacopoeia Convention and the European Union.
National Formulary (NF)
First National Formulary of US was published in 1888 by American Pharmaceutical
Association.
USP and NF was combined as a single book of drug standards as USP-NF.
USP-NF represents 25th revision of USP & 20th revision of NF official on 2002. From then
USP-NF was published annually.
NF covers over 3800 monographs for excipients and dietary supplements.
12. PHARMACEUTICS- I
Unit- I
Akanksha Patel,
Asst. Prof.
United States Pharmacopoeia (USP)
The United States Pharmacopoeia and the National Formulary (USP-NF) are recognized as the
official compendia and are used as reference books for determining the strength, quality, purity,
packaging and labeling of drugs and other related articles.
First USP was published in 1820 by US Pharmaceutical Convention in English and Latin. It
consists of 272 drugs.
USP contains over 3400 monographs for drug substances and products, together with over 160
general chapters that describe specific procedures to support monograph tests and other
information as well.
USP also contains 16 monographs and 9 general chapters on nutritional supplements.
International Pharmacopoeia
The International Pharmacopoeia is published by the WHO and is practically used in
developing countries.
It was prepared to meet the international uniformity and standardization of drugs.
International Pharmacopoeia was first published in 1951 in Multilanguage (English, French,
German, Japanese)
Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP)
JP is established and published to regulate the properties and quality of drugs by Ministry of
Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan.
It consists of general notices, rules for crude drugs, rules for preparations, general tests,
processes, apparatus and official monographs.
First published in 1886, JP has been revised many times.
13. PHARMACEUTICS- I
Unit- I
Akanksha Patel,
Asst. Prof.
Extra pharmacopoeia-
MARTINDALE
Martindale contains information on drug in clinical use worldwide, as well as selected
investigational and veterinary drugs. Herbal and complementary medicines, pharmaceutical
excipients, vitamins, and nutritional agents, vaccines, radiopharmaceuticals, contrast medica
and diagnostic agents, medicinal gases, drugs of abuse and recreational drugs, toxic substances,
disinfectants, pesticides.
It is published by the royal pharmaceutical society of great Britain and was first
published in 1883 by William Martindale.
It is an authoritative reference book on drug and medicines users.
It aim to provide practicing pharmacists and physicians with up to date information on
all drug substances, official, unofficial and propriety that are currently used in
pharmacy.