2. model building, among others. Thematically, human geography may be concerned with an array of
human enterprises, from villages and cities, schools, health, commerce and trade, to name a few. What
unites these is the emphasis on the often spatial human architecture of a variety of institutions and
practices. For example, a human geographer might be concerned with the geographic patterns of
communicable diseases, school performance in rural versus urban school districts or the rise of
innovative technology clusters.
Cultural geography, also known as human geography, covers a wide swath of human interaction
with the land. Cultural geography includes language, religion, medicine, cities, economics,
entertainment, and much more.
An analytical objective human geography is possible without theory. The idealist philosophy
can be used to draw a sharp distinction between the explanation of rational human actions and other
phenomena. A rational human action is explained by reconstructing the thought behind it. The human
geographer has no need of his own theories, because he is concerned with the theories expressed in the
actions of those being investigated. Procedures for testing the worth of an idealist interpretation of a set
of actions are just as appropriate, objective, rigorous, and intellectually responsible as those advocated
by positivist philosophers for theoretical explanations.
1. Perspectives in Human Geography: Areal differentiation; regional synthesis; Dichotomy and
dualism; Environmentalism; Quantitative revolution and locational analysis; radical,
behavioural, human and welfare approaches; Languages, religions and secularisation; Cultural
regions of the world; Human development index.
2. Economic Geography: World economic development: measurement and problems; World
resources and their distribution; Energy crisis; the limits to growth; World agriculture: typology
of agricultural regions; agricultural inputs and productivity; Food and nutrition problems; Food
security; famine: causes, effects and remedies; World industries: locational patterns and
problems; patterns of world trade.
3. Population and Settlement Geography: Growth and distribution of world population;
demographic attributes; Causes and consequences of migration; concepts of over-under-and
optimum population; Population theories, world population problems and policies, Social well-
being and quality of life; Population as social capital.
Types and patterns of rural settlements; Environmental issues in rural settlements; Hierarchy of
urban settlements; Urban morphology: Concepts of primate city and rank-size rule; Functional
classification of towns; Sphere of urban influence; Rural - urban fringe; Satellite towns;
Problems and remedies of urbanization; Sustainable development of cities.
4. Regional Planning: Concept of a region; Types of regions and methods of regionalisation;
Growth centres and growth poles; Regional imbalances; regional development strategies;
environmental issues in regional planning; Planning for sustainable development.
model building, among others. Thematically, human geography may be concerned with an array of
human enterprises, from villages and cities, schools, health, commerce and trade, to name a few. What
unites these is the emphasis on the often spatial human architecture of a variety of institutions and
practices. For example, a human geographer might be concerned with the geographic patterns of
communicable diseases, school performance in rural versus urban school districts or the rise of
innovative technology clusters.
Cultural geography, also known as human geography, covers a wide swath of human interaction
with the land. Cultural geography includes language, religion, medicine, cities, economics,

3. entertainment, and much more.
An analytical objective human geography is possible without theory. The idealist philosophy
can be used to draw a sharp distinction between the explanation of rational human actions and other
phenomena. A rational human action is explained by reconstructing the thought behind it. The human
geographer has no need of his own theories, because he is concerned with the theories expressed in the
actions of those being investigated. Procedures for testing the worth of an idealist interpretation of a set
of actions are just as appropriate, objective, rigorous, and intellectually responsible as those advocated
by positivist philosophers for theoretical explanations.
Human Geography:
1. Perspectives in Human Geography: Areal differentiation; regional synthesis; Dichotomy and
dualism; Environmentalism; Quantitative revolution and locational analysis; radical,
behavioural, human and welfare approaches; Languages, religions and secularisation; Cultural
regions of the world; Human development index.
2. Economic Geography: World economic development: measurement and problems; World
resources and their distribution; Energy crisis; the limits to growth; World agriculture: typology
of agricultural regions; agricultural inputs and productivity; Food and nutrition problems; Food
security; famine: causes, effects and remedies; World industries: locational patterns and
problems; patterns of world trade.
3. Population and Settlement Geography: Growth and distribution of world population;
demographic attributes; Causes and consequences of migration; concepts of over-under-and
optimum population; Population theories, world population problems and policies, Social well-
being and quality of life; Population as social capital.
Types and patterns of rural settlements; Environmental issues in rural settlements; Hierarchy of
urban settlements; Urban morphology: Concepts of primate city and rank-size rule; Functional
classification of towns; Sphere of urban influence; Rural - urban fringe; Satellite towns;
Problems and remedies of urbanization; Sustainable development of cities.
4. Regional Planning: Concept of a region; Types of regions and methods of regionalisation;
Growth centres and growth poles; Regional imbalances; regional development strategies;
environmental issues in regional planning; Planning for sustainable development. model
building, among others. Thematically, human geography may be concerned with an array of
human enterprises, from villages and cities, schools, health, commerce and trade, to name a few.
What unites these is the emphasis on the often spatial human architecture of a variety of
institutions and practices. For example, a human geographer might be concerned with the
geographic patterns of communicable diseases, school performance in rural versus urban school
districts or the rise of innovative technology clusters.
Cultural geography, also known as human geography, covers a wide swath of human interaction
with the land. Cultural geography includes language, religion, medicine, cities, economics,
entertainment, and much more.
An analytical objective human geography is possible without theory. The idealist philosophy
can be used to draw a sharp distinction between the explanation of rational human actions and other
phenomena. A rational human action is explained by reconstructing the thought behind it. The human
geographer has no need of his own theories, because he is concerned with the theories expressed in the
actions of those being investigated. Procedures for testing the worth of an idealist interpretation of a set
of actions are just as appropriate, objective, rigorous, and intellectually responsible as those advocated
by positivist philosophers for theoretical explanations.

4. Human Geography:
1. Perspectives in Human Geography: Areal differentiation; regional synthesis; Dichotomy and
dualism; Environmentalism; Quantitative revolution and locational analysis; radical,
behavioural, human and welfare approaches; Languages, religions and secularisation; Cultural
regions of the world; Human development index.
2. Economic Geography: World economic development: measurement and problems; World
resources and their distribution; Energy crisis; the limits to growth; World agriculture: typology
of agricultural regions; agricultural inputs and productivity; Food and nutrition problems; Food
security; famine: causes, effects and remedies; World industries: locational patterns and
problems; patterns of world trade.
3. Population and Settlement Geography: Growth and distribution of world population;
demographic attributes; Causes and consequences of migration; concepts of over-under-and
optimum population; Population theories, world population problems and policies, Social well-
being and quality of life; Population as social capital.
Types and patterns of rural settlements; Environmental issues in rural settlements; Hierarchy of
urban settlements; Urban morphology: Concepts of primate city and rank-size rule; Functional
classification of towns; Sphere of urban influence; Rural - urban fringe; Satellite towns;
Problems and remedies of urbanization; Sustainable development of cities.
4. Regional Planning: Concept of a region; Types of regions and methods of regionalisation;
Growth centres and growth poles; Regional imbalances; regional development strategies;
environmental issues in regional planning; Planning for sustainable development.
model building, among others. Thematically, human geography may be concerned with an array of
human enterprises, from villages and cities, schools, health, commerce and trade, to name a few. What
unites these is the emphasis on the often spatial human architecture of a variety of institutions and
practices. For example, a human geographer might be concerned with the geographic patterns of
communicable diseases, school performance in rural versus urban school districts or the rise of
innovative technology clusters.
Cultural geography, also known as human geography, covers a wide swath of human interaction
with the land. Cultural geography includes language, religion, medicine, cities, economics,
entertainment, and much more.
An analytical objective human geography is possible without theory. The idealist philosophy
can be used to draw a sharp distinction between the explanation of rational human actions and other
phenomena. A rational human action is explained by reconstructing the thought behind it. The human
geographer has no need of his own theories, because he is concerned with the theories expressed in the
actions of those being investigated. Procedures for testing the worth of an idealist interpretation of a set
of actions are just as appropriate, objective, rigorous, and intellectually responsible as those advocated

5. by positivist philosophers for theoretical explanations.
Human Geography:
1. Perspectives in Human Geography: Areal differentiation; regional synthesis; Dichotomy and
dualism; Environmentalism; Quantitative revolution and locational analysis; radical,
behavioural, human and welfare approaches; Languages, religions and secularisation; Cultural
regions of the world; Human development index.
2. Economic Geography: World economic development: measurement and problems; World
resources and their distribution; Energy crisis; the limits to growth; World agriculture: typology
of agricultural regions; agricultural inputs and productivity; Food and nutrition problems; Food
security; famine: causes, effects and remedies; World industries: locational patterns and
problems; patterns of world trade.
3. Population and Settlement Geography: Growth and distribution of world population;
demographic attributes; Causes and consequences of migration; concepts of over-under-and
optimum population; Population theories, world population problems and policies, Social well-
being and quality of life; Population as social capital.
Types and patterns of rural settlements; Environmental issues in rural settlements; Hierarchy of
urban settlements; Urban morphology: Concepts of primate city and rank-size rule; Functional
classification of towns; Sphere of urban influence; Rural - urban fringe; Satellite towns;
Problems and remedies of urbanization; Sustainable development of cities.
4. Regional Planning: Concept of a region; Types of regions and methods of regionalisation;
Growth centres and growth poles; Regional imbalances; regional development strategies;
environmental issues in regional planning; Planning for sustainable development.

7. causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian theory of evolution for its inability
to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.
One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of
the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between
modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the
extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes
and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of
natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm
continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.
Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental
mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this
change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably
physical anthropology, primatology, linguistics and genetics.
The term "human", in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of
human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus
diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several typological species of
Homo, now extinct, evolved. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo
neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe.
Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. The dominant view
among scientists is the recent African origin of modern humans (RAO) that H. sapiens evolved in
Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis.
Scientists supporting the alternative hypothesis on the multiregional origin of modern humans (MTO)
view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population from existing Homo
species, particularly H. erectus.causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian
theory of evolution for its inability to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.

8. One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of
the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between
modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the
extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes
and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of
natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm
continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.
Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental
mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this
change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably
physical anthropology, primatology, linguistics and genetics.
The term "human", in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of
human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus
diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several typological species of
Homo, now extinct, evolved. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo
neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe.
Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. The dominant view
among scientists is the recent African origin of modern humans (RAO) that H. sapiens evolved in
Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis.
Scientists supporting the alternative hypothesis on the multiregional origin of modern humans (MTO)
view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population from existing Homo
species, particularly H. erectus.causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian
theory of evolution for its inability to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.
One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of

9. the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between
modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the
extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes
and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of
natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm
continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.
Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental
mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this
change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably
physical anthropology, primatology, linguistics and genetics.
The term "human", in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of
human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus
diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several typological species of
Homo, now extinct, evolved. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo
neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe.
Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. The dominant view
among scientists is the recent African origin of modern humans (RAO) that H. sapiens evolved in
Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis.
Scientists supporting the alternative hypothesis on the multiregional origin of modern humans (MTO)
view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population from existing Homo
species, particularly H. erectus.causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian
theory of evolution for its inability to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.
One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of
the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between
modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the
extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes
and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of

10. natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm
continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.
Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental
mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this
change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably
physical anthropology, primatology, linguistics and genetics.
The term "human", in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of
human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus
diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several typological species of
Homo, now extinct, evolved. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo
neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe.
Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. The dominant view
among scientists is the recent African origin of modern humans (RAO) that H. sapiens evolved in
Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis.
Scientists supporting the alternative hypothesis on the multiregional origin of modern humans (MTO)
view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population from existing Homo
species, particularly H. erectus.causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian
theory of evolution for its inability to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.
One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of
the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between
modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the
extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes
and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of
natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm
continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.
Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental
mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this
change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably
physical anthropology, primatology, linguistics and genetics.
The term "human", in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of
human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus

11. diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several typological species of
Homo, now extinct, evolved. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo
neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe.
Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. The dominant view
among scientists is the recent African origin of modern humans (RAO) that H. sapiens evolved in
Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis.
Scientists supporting the alternative hypothesis on the multiregional origin of modern humans (MTO)
view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population from existing Homo
species, particularly H. erectus.causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian
theory of evolution for its inability to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.
One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of
the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between
modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the
extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes
and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of
natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm
continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.
Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental
mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this
change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably
physical anthropology, primatology, linguistics and genetics.
The term "human", in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of
human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus
diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several typological species of
Homo, now extinct, evolved. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo
neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe.
Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. The dominant view
among scientists is the recent African origin of modern humans (RAO) that H. sapiens evolved in
Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis.
Scientists supporting the alternative hypothesis on the multiregional origin of modern humans (MTO)
view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population from existing Homo
species, particularly H. erectus.causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian

12. theory of evolution for its inability to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.
One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of
the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between
modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the
extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes
and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of
natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm
continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.
Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental
mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this
change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably
physical anthropology, primatology, linguistics and genetics.
The term "human", in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of
human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus
diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several typological species of
Homo, now extinct, evolved. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo
neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe.
Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. The dominant view
among scientists is the recent African origin of modern humans (RAO) that H. sapiens evolved in
Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis.
Scientists supporting the alternative hypothesis on the multiregional origin of modern humans (MTO)
view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population from existing Homo
species, particularly H. erectus.causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian
theory of evolution for its inability to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.
One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is

13. now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of
the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between
modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the
extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes
and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of
natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm
continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.
Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental
mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this
change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably
physical anthropology, primatology, linguistics and genetics.
The term "human", in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of
human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus
diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several typological species of
Homo, now extinct, evolved. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo
neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe.
Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. The dominant view
among scientists is the recent African origin of modern humans (RAO) that H. sapiens evolved in
Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis.
Scientists supporting the alternative hypothesis on the multiregional origin of modern humans (MTO)
view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population from existing Homo
species, particularly H. erectus.causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian
theory of evolution for its inability to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.
One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of
the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between
modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the

14. extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes
and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of
natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm
continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.
Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental
mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this
change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably
physical anthropology, primatology, linguistics and genetics.
The term "human", in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of
human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus
diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several typological species of
Homo, now extinct, evolved. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo
neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe.
Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. The dominant view
among scientists is the recent African origin of modern humans (RAO) that H. sapiens evolved in
Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis.
Scientists supporting the alternative hypothesis on the multiregional origin of modern humans (MTO)
view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population from existing Homo
species, particularly H. erectus.

18. One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of
the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between
modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the
extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes
and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of
natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm
continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.
Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental
mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this
change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably
physical anthropology, primatology, linguistics and genetics.
The term "human", in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of
human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus
diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several typological species of
Homo, now extinct, evolved. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo
neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe.
Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. The dominant view
among scientists is the recent African origin of modern humans (RAO) that H. sapiens evolved in
Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis.
Scientists supporting the alternative hypothesis on the multiregional origin of modern humans (MTO)
view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population from existing Homo
species, particularly H. erectus.causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian
theory of evolution for its inability to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.
One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of

22. causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian theory of evolution for its inability
to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.
One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of
the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between
modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the
extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes
and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of
natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm
continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.
Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental
mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this
change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably
physical anthropology, primatology, linguistics and genetics.
The term "human", in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of
human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus
diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several typological species of
Homo, now extinct, evolved. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo
neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe.
Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. The dominant view
among scientists is the recent African origin of modern humans (RAO) that H. sapiens evolved in
Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis.
Scientists supporting the alternative hypothesis on the multiregional origin of modern humans (MTO)
view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population from existing Homo
species, particularly H. erectus.causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian
theory of evolution for its inability to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.
One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is

23. now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of
the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between
modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the
extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes
and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of
natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm
continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.
Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental
mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this
change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably
physical anthropology, primatology, linguistics and genetics.
The term "human", in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of
human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus
diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several typological species of
Homo, now extinct, evolved. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo
neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe.
Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. The dominant view
among scientists is the recent African origin of modern humans (RAO) that H. sapiens evolved in
Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis.
Scientists supporting the alternative hypothesis on the multiregional origin of modern humans (MTO)
view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population from existing Homo
species, particularly H. erectus.causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian
theory of evolution for its inability to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.
One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of
the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between
modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the

24. extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes
and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of
natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm
continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.
Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental
mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this
change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably
physical anthropology, primatology, linguistics and genetics.
The term "human", in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of
human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus
diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several typological species of
Homo, now extinct, evolved. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo
neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe.
Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. The dominant view
among scientists is the recent African origin of modern humans (RAO) that H. sapiens evolved in
Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis.
Scientists supporting the alternative hypothesis on the multiregional origin of modern humans (MTO)
view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population from existing Homo
species, particularly H. erectus.causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian
theory of evolution for its inability to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.
One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of
the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between
modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the
extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes
and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of
natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm
continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.
Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental
mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this
change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably
physical anthropology, primatology, linguistics and genetics.

25. The term "human", in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of
human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus
diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several typological species of
Homo, now extinct, evolved. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo
neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe.
Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. The dominant view
among scientists is the recent African origin of modern humans (RAO) that H. sapiens evolved in
Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis.
Scientists supporting the alternative hypothesis on the multiregional origin of modern humans (MTO)
view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population from existing Homo
species, particularly H. erectus.causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian
theory of evolution for its inability to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.
One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of
the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between
modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the
extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes
and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of
natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm
continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.
Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental
mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this
change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably
physical anthropology, primatology, linguistics and genetics.
The term "human", in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of
human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus
diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several typological species of
Homo, now extinct, evolved. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo
neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe.
Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. The dominant view
among scientists is the recent African origin of modern humans (RAO) that H. sapiens evolved in
Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis.
Scientists supporting the alternative hypothesis on the multiregional origin of modern humans (MTO)

26. view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population from existing Homo
species, particularly H. erectus.causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian
theory of evolution for its inability to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.
One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of
the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between
modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the
extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes
and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of
natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm
continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.
Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental
mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this
change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably
physical anthropology, primatology, linguistics and genetics.
The term "human", in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of
human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus
diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several typological species of
Homo, now extinct, evolved. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo
neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe.
Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. The dominant view
among scientists is the recent African origin of modern humans (RAO) that H. sapiens evolved in
Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis.
Scientists supporting the alternative hypothesis on the multiregional origin of modern humans (MTO)
view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population from existing Homo
species, particularly H. erectus.causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian
theory of evolution for its inability to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.
One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related

27. to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of
the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between
modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the
extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes
and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of
natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm
continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.
Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental
mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this
change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably
physical anthropology, primatology, linguistics and genetics.
The term "human", in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of
human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus
diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several typological species of
Homo, now extinct, evolved. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo
neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe.
Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. The dominant view
among scientists is the recent African origin of modern humans (RAO) that H. sapiens evolved in
Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis.
Scientists supporting the alternative hypothesis on the multiregional origin of modern humans (MTO)
view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population from existing Homo
species, particularly H. erectus.causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian
theory of evolution for its inability to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.
One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of
the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between

28. modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the
extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes
and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of
natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm
continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.
Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental
mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this
change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably
physical anthropology, primatology, linguistics and genetics.
The term "human", in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of
human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus
diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several typological species of
Homo, now extinct, evolved. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo
neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe.
Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. The dominant view
among scientists is the recent African origin of modern humans (RAO) that H. sapiens evolved in
Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis.
Scientists supporting the alternative hypothesis on the multiregional origin of modern humans (MTO)
view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population from existing Homo
species, particularly H. erectus.causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian
theory of evolution for its inability to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.
One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of
the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between
modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the
extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes
and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of
natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm
continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.
Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental
mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this

29. change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably
physical anthropology, primatology, linguistics and genetics.
The term "human", in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of
human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus
diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several typological species of
Homo, now extinct, evolved. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo
neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe.
Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. The dominant view
among scientists is the recent African origin of modern humans (RAO) that H. sapiens evolved in
Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis.
Scientists supporting the alternative hypothesis on the multiregional origin of modern humans (MTO)
view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population from existing Homo
species, particularly H. erectus.

32. One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of
the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between
modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the
extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes
and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of
natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm
continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.
Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental
mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this
change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably
physical anthropology, primatology, linguistics and genetics.
The term "human", in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of
human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus
diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several typological species of
Homo, now extinct, evolved. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo
neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe.
Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. The dominant view
among scientists is the recent African origin of modern humans (RAO) that H. sapiens evolved in
Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis.
Scientists supporting the alternative hypothesis on the multiregional origin of modern humans (MTO)
view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population from existing Homo
species, particularly H. erectus.causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian
theory of evolution for its inability to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.
One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of

35. One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of
the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between
modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the
extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes
and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of
natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm
continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.
Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental
mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this
change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably
physical anthropology, primatology, linguistics and genetics.
The term "human", in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of
human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus
diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several typological species of
Homo, now extinct, evolved. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo
neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe.
Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. The dominant view
among scientists is the recent African origin of modern humans (RAO) that H. sapiens evolved in
Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis.
Scientists supporting the alternative hypothesis on the multiregional origin of modern humans (MTO)
view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population from existing Homo
species, particularly H. erectus.causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian
theory of evolution for its inability to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.
One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of

36. causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian theory of evolution for its inability
to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.
One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of
the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between
modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the
extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes
and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of
natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm
continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.
Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental
mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this
change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably
physical anthropology, primatology, linguistics and genetics.
The term "human", in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of
human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus
diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several typological species of
Homo, now extinct, evolved. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo
neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe.
Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. The dominant view
among scientists is the recent African origin of modern humans (RAO) that H. sapiens evolved in
Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis.
Scientists supporting the alternative hypothesis on the multiregional origin of modern humans (MTO)
view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population from existing Homo
species, particularly H. erectus.causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian
theory of evolution for its inability to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.
One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is

37. now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of
the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between
modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the
extent that fragments of human skeletons have been combined with other species such as pigs and apes
and passed off as legitimate. Although genetic variability is seen across all peoples, the process of
natural selection leading to speciation is disputed. Research challenging the accepted paradigm
continues to surface raising significant questions about the certainty of evolution as the origin of man.
Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological evolution concerning the
emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species from other hominans, great apes and placental
mammals. It is the subject of a broad scientific inquiry that seeks to understand and describe how this
change occurred. The study of human evolution encompasses many scientific disciplines, most notably
physical anthropology, primatology, linguistics and genetics.
The term "human", in the context of human evolution, refers to the genus Homo, but studies of
human evolution usually include other hominins, such as the australopithecines. The Homo genus
diverged from the australopithecines about 2 million years ago in Africa. Several typological species of
Homo, now extinct, evolved. These include Homo erectus, which inhabited Asia, and Homo
neanderthalensis, which inhabited Europe.
Archaic Homo sapiens evolved between 400,000 and 250,000 years ago. The dominant view
among scientists is the recent African origin of modern humans (RAO) that H. sapiens evolved in
Africa and spread across the globe, replacing populations of H. erectus and H. neanderthalensis.
Scientists supporting the alternative hypothesis on the multiregional origin of modern humans (MTO)
view modern humans as having evolved as a single, widespread population from existing Homo
species, particularly H. erectus.causes a growing number of scientists to dissent from the Darwinian
theory of evolution for its inability to satisfactorily explain the origin of man.
One of the major evidences for the evolution of man is homology, that is, the similarity of either
anatomical or genetic features between species. For instance, the resemblance in the skeleton structure
of apes and humans has been correlated to the homologous genetic sequences within each species as
strong evidence for common ancestry. This argument contains the major assumption that similarity
equals relatedness. In other words, the more alike two species appear, the more closely they are related
to one another. This is known to be a poor assumption. Two species can have homologous anatomy
even though they are not related in any way. This is called "convergence" in evolutionary terms. It is
now known that homologous features can be generated from entirely different gene segments within
different unrelated species. The reality of convergence implies that anatomical features arise because of
the need for specific functionality, which is a serious blow to the concept of homology and ancestry.
Additionally, the evolution of man from ape-like ancestors is often argued on the grounds of
comparative anatomy within the fossil record. Yet, the fossil record indicates more stability in the forms
of species than slow or even drastic changes, which would indicate intermediate stages between
modern species. The "missing links" are missing. And unfortunately, the field of paleoanthropology has
been riddled with fraudulent claims of finding the missing link between humans and primates, to the