3.  A national park is a park in use
for conservation purposes.
 Often it is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or
developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns.
 Although individual nations designate their own
national parks differently, there is a common idea: the
conservation of wild nature for posterity and as a
symbol of national pride.

5.  Kaziranga National Park is a national park in
the Golaghat and Nagaon districts of the state
of Assam, India.
 A World Heritage Site, the park hosts two-thirds of the
world's Great One-horned Rhinoceroses.
 Kaziranga boasts the highest density of
tigers among protected areas in the world and was
declared a Tiger Reserve in 2006.

6.  The park is home to large breeding populations of
elephants, wild water buffalo, and swamp deer.
 Kaziranga is recognized as an Important Bird
Area by Birdlife International for conservation of
avifaunal species.
 Compared to other protected areas in India,
Kaziranga has achieved notable success in wildlife
conservation.
 Located on the edge of the Eastern Himalaya
biodiversity hotspot, the park combines high species
diversity and visibility.

7.  Kaziranga is a vast expanse of tall elephant
grass, marshland, and dense tropical moist broadleaf
forests, crisscrossed by four major rivers, including
the Brahmaputra, and the park includes
numerous small bodies of water.
 Kaziranga has been the theme of several books, songs,
and documentaries.
 The park celebrated its centennial in 2005 after its
establishment in 1905 as a reserve forest.

8. Contents
History
Etymology
Geography
Climate
Fauna
Flora
Administration
Conservation management
Transport
Picture Gallery
Conclusion

9.  The history of Kaziranga as a protected area can be
traced back to 1904, when Mary Curzon, Baroness
Curzon of Kedleston, the wife of the Viceroy of
India,Lord Curzon of Kedleston, visited the area.
 After failing to see a single rhinoceros, for which the
area was renowned, she persuaded her husband to take
urgent measures to protect the dwindling species which
he did by initiating planning for their protection.

10.  On 1 June 1905, the Kaziranga Proposed Reserve Forest
was created with an area of 232 km2(90 sq mi). Over the
next three years, the park area was extended by
152 km2 (59 sq mi), to the banks of the Brahmaputra
River.
 In 1908, Kaziranga was designated a Reserve Forest.
 It was named as Kaziranga game sanctury. This was
because all used to play sports like golf here.
 The Kaziranga Game Sanctuary was renamed the
Kaziranga Wildlife Sanctuary in 1950 by P. D. Stracey,
the forest conservationist, in order to rid the name of
hunting connotations.

11.  In 1954, the government of Assam passed the Assam
(Rhinoceros) Bill, which imposed heavy penalties for
rhinoceros poaching.
 Fourteen years later, in 1968, the state government
passed the Assam National Park Act of 1968, declaring
Kaziranga a designated national park.
 The 430 km2 (166 sq mi) park was given official status
by the central government on 11 February 1974. In 1985,
Kaziranga was declared a World Heritage
Site by UNESCO for its unique natural environment.

12. Mary Curzon

14.  Although the etymology of the name Kaziranga is
not certain, there exist a number of possible
explanations derived from local legends and records.
 According to another legend, Srimanta Sankardeva,
the sixteenth century Vaisnava saint-scholar, once
blessed a childless couple, Kazi and Rangai, and
asked them to dig a big pond in the region so that
their name would live on.

15.  Kaziranga is located between latitudes 26°30' N and
26°45' N, and longitudes 93°08' E to 93°36' E within two
districts in the Indian state of Assam—the Nagaon
district and the Golaghat district.
 The park is approximately 40 km (25 mi) in length from east
to west, and 13 km (8 mi) in breadth from north to south.
 It covers an area of 378 km2 with approximately 51.14 km2
lost to erosion in recent years.
 A total addition of 429 km2 along the present boundary of
the park has been made and designated with separate
national park status to provide extended habitat for
increasing the population of wildlife or, as a corridor for safe
movement of animals to Karbi Anglong Hills.

16.  Elevation ranges from 40 m to 80 m. The park area
is circumscribed by the Brahmaputra River, which
forms the northern and eastern boundaries, and
the Mora Diphlu, which forms the southern
boundary.
 Other notable rivers within the park is Dhansiri.
 Kaziranga has flat expanses of fertile, alluvial soil,
formed by erosion and silt deposition by the River
Brahmaputra.

19.  The park experiences three seasons:
 winter.
 summer
 monsoon
 The winter season, between November and February, is
mild and dry, with a mean high of 25 °C (77 °F) and low of
5 °C (41 °F). During this season, beels and nallahs (water
channels) dry up.
 The summer season between March and May is hot, with
temperatures reaching a high of 37 °C (99 °F). During this
season, animals usually are found near water bodies.
 The rainy monsoon season lasts from June to September,
and is responsible for most of Kaziranga's annual rainfall of
2,220 mm (87 in). During the peak months of July and
August, three-fourths of the western region of the park is
submerged, due to the rising water level of the
Brahmaputra.

20.  . The flooding causes most animals to migrate to
elevated and forested regions outside the southern
border of the park, such as the Mikir hills.
 540 animals,including 13 rhinos and mostly hog deers
perished in unprecedented floods of 2012.
 However, occasional dry spells create problems as well,
such as food shortages.

21.  Kaziranga contains significant breeding populations of
35 mammalian species, of which 15 are threatened as per
the IUCN Red List.
 The park has the distinction of being home to the
world's largest population of the Great Indian One-
Horned Rhinoceros (1,855), Wild Asiatic Water
Buffalo (1,666) andEastern Swamp Deer (468).
 Significant populations of large herbivores include
elephants (1,940), gaur (30) and sambar (58).
 Small herbivores include the Indian Muntjac, wild boar,
and hog deer.

22.  Kaziranga has the largest population of the Wild water
buffalo anywhere accounting for about 57% of the world
population.
 Kaziranga is one of the few wild breeding areas
outside Africa for multiple species of large cats, such
as Indian Tigers and Leopards.
 Kaziranga is one of the few wild breeding areas
outside Africa for multiple species of large cats, such
as Indian Tigers and Leopards.
 Kaziranga was declared a Tiger Reserve in 2006 and has the
highest density of tigers in the world (one per five km²),
with a population of 86, as per the 2000
census.Other felids include theJungle Cat, Fishing Cat,
and Leopard Cats.

23.  Small mammals include the rare Hispid Hare, Indian Gray
Mongoose, Small Indian Mongooses, Large Indian Civet ,
Small Indian Civets, Bengal Fox, Golden Jackal, Sloth
Bear, Chinese Pangolin,Indian Pangolins, Hog
Badger, Chinese Ferret Badgers, and Particolored flying
squirrels.Nine of the 14 primate species found in India occur
in the park.
 Prominent among them are the Assamese
Macaque, Capped, Golden Langur, as well as the
only ape found in India, the Hoolock Gibbon. Kaziranga's
rivers are also home to the endangered Ganges Dolphin.
 Kaziranga has been identified by Birdlife International as
an Important Bird Area.It is home to a variety of migratory
birds, water birds, predators, scavengers, and game birds.


24.  Birds such as the Lesser White-fronted Goose, Ferruginous
Duck,Baer's Pochard duck and Lesser Adjutant, Greater
Adjutant, Black-necked Stork, and Asian
Openbill stork migrate from Central Asia to the park
during winter.Riverine birds include the Blyth's
Kingfisher, White-bellied Heron, Dalmatian Pelican,Spot-
billed Pelican, Nordmann's Greenshank, and Black-bellied
Tern.
 Birds of prey include the rare Eastern Imperial, Greater
Spotted, White-tailed, Pallas's Fish Eagle, Grey-headed
Fish Eagle, and the Lesser Kestrel.
 Monitor lizard species found in the park include the Bengal
monitor and the Water Monitor. Other reptiles include
fifteen species of turtle, such as the endemic Assam Roofed
Turtle and one species of tortoise, the Brown Tortoise. 42
species of fish are found in the area, including
the Tetraodon.

25. Hog deer Jungle fowls

26. Pallas's fish eagleBarasingha deer

27. Rose-ringed parakeets Asian elephants

28. Wild boarAn Indian Roller

29. Indian rhino

30.  Four main types of vegetation exist in this park. These
are alluvial inundated grasslands, alluvial savanna
woodlands, tropical moist mixed deciduous forests,
andtropical semi-evergreen forests.
 Based on Landsat data for 1986, percent coverage by
vegetation is: tall grasses 41%, short grasses 11%, open jungle
29%, swamps 4%, rivers and water bodies 8%, and sand 6%.
 There is a difference in altitude between the eastern and
western areas of the park, with the western side being at a
lower altitude. The western reaches of the park are dominated
by grasslands.
 Tall elephant grass is found on higher ground, while short
grasses cover the lower grounds surrounding the beels or
flood-created ponds.
 Annual flooding, grazing by herbivores, and controlled
burning maintain and fertilize the grasslands and reeds.
Common tall grasses are sugarcanes, spear grass, elephant
grass, and the common reed

31.  Numerous forbs are present along with the grasses.
Amidst the grasses, providing cover and shade are
scattered trees—dominant species
including kumbhi, Indian gooseberry, the cotton tree (in
savanna woodlands), and elephant apple (in inundated
grasslands).
 There are many different aquatic floras in the lakes and
ponds, and along the river shores. The invasive water
hyacinth is very common, often choking the water bodies,
but it is cleared during destructive floods. Another
invasive species, Mimosa invisa, which is toxic to
herbivores, was cleared by Kaziranga staff with help from
the Wildlife Trust of India in 2005.

32. Grasslands and deciduous forests
of Kaziranga .
Striking view of a leafless tree viewed
from a watch tower in Kaziranga
National Park with the backdrop of the
grasslands and the forest in the distance.

33.  The Wildlife wing of the forest department of the
Government of Assam, headquartered at Bokakhat, is
responsible for the administration and management of
Kaziranga.
 The administrative head of the park is the director, who
is a Chief Conservator-level officer. A divisional forest
officer is the administrative chief executive of the park.
 He is assisted by two officers with the rank of assistant
conservator of forests. The park area is divided into five
ranges, overseen by range forest officers.
 The five ranges are the Burapahar, Baguri, Central,
Eastern and North Bank.

34.  They are headquartered at Ghorakati, Baguri, Kohora,
Agoratoli and Biswanath respectively. Each range is
further sub-divided into beats, headed by a forester,
and sub-beats, headed by a forest guard.. The official
website of the Park is http://kaziranga.assam.gov.in
 The park receives financial aid from the State
Government as well as the Ministry of Environment
and Forests of Government of India under various Plan
and Non-Plan Budgets.
 Additional funding is received under the Project
Elephant from the Central Government.
 In 1997–1998, a grant of US$ 100,000 was received
under the Technical Co-operation for Security
Reinforcement scheme from the World Heritage Fund.
 Additional funding is also received from national &
international Non-governmental organizations.

35. A board proclaiming the biological
heritage of the Park

36.  Kaziranga National Park has been granted maximum
protection under the Indian law for wildlife
conservation.
 Various laws, which range in dates from the Assam
Forest Regulation of 1891 and the Biodiversity
Conservation Act of 2002 have been enacted for
protection of wildlife in the park.
 Poaching activities, particularly of the rhinoceroses for
its horn, has been a major concern for the authorities.

37.  Between 1980 and 2005, 567 rhinoceroses were hunted
by poachers.Following a decreasing trend for the past
few years, 18 one-horned rhinoceroses were killed by
poachers in 2007.
 Reports have suggested that there are links between
these poaching activities and funding of terrorism
Organisation.
 But these could not be substantiated in later years.
 Preventive measures such as construction of anti-
poaching camps and maintenance of existing ones,
patrolling, intelligence gathering, and control over the
use of firearms around the park have reduced the
number of casualties
 Since 2013, the park used cameras on drones which are
monitored by security guards to protect the rhino from
armed poachers.

40.  Authorised guides of the forest department accompany all
travellers inside the park .Mahout-guided elephant rides
and Jeep or other 4WD vehicles rides are booked in
advance.
 Starting from the Park Administrative Centre at Kohora,
these rides can follow the three motorable trails under the
jurisdiction of three ranges—Kohora, Bagori, and
Agaratoli.
 These trails are open for light vehicles from November to
mid-May.
 Visitors are allowed to take their own vehicles when
accompanied by guides.

41.  Buses owned by Assam State Transport Corporation and
private agencies between Guwahati, Tezpur, and Upper
Assam stop at the main gate of Kaziranga on NH 37 at
Kohora
 The nearest town is Bokakhat 23 kilometres (14 mi) away.
 Major cities near the park are Guwahati (217 kilometres)
and Jorhat (97 kilometres).Furkating 75 kilometres ,which is
under the supervision of Northeast Frontier Railway, is the
nearest railway station.
 Jorhat Airport at Rowriah (97 kilometres away), Tezpur
Airport at Salonibari (approx 100 kilometres away),
and Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport in
Guwahati (approximately 217 kilometres away) are the nearby
airports.
 Transportation is also available from Guwahati to Kaziranga
National Park and other places in Assam.

42. A Road from Xorai to Kaziranga on
NH 37

53. Therefore, we conclude this presentation by saying that
‘One touch of nature makes the whole world kin.’
So we as a school going students can take more
efforts like creating awareness, and as many say
that computer is just a mere waste of time. We can
prove that wrong by even creating awareness
online and on many other websites and as a
human being we have to put our hands together
and strive hard to have a better future for our
world.