Educating for Cooperative Organizing; or, Is a Library Still a Library if No One is Organizing Stuff?
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Keynote presentation of the 2012 Annual Meeting of the Alabama Association of Law Librarians, Tuscaloosa, AL, May 25, 2012.
![At no time in history have people seen
themselves as technologically primitive. On
the contrary, they always saw themselves as
they were – at the leading edge of technology
in what they thought of as a time of
unprecedented change [emphasis mine].
Michael Gorman, 2003](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Educating for Cooperative Organizing; or, Is a Library Still a Library if No One is Organizing Stuff?
- 1. Educating for Cooperative Organizing OR Is a Library Still a Library if No One is Organizing Stuff? Steven L. MacCall, PhD Associate Professor School of Library and Information Studies University of Alabama
- 2. At no time in history have people seen themselves as technologically primitive. On the contrary, they always saw themselves as they were – at the leading edge of technology in what they thought of as a time of unprecedented change [emphasis mine]. Michael Gorman, 2003
- 3. Solon’s Three Library Technologies • Bibliography (for selecting articles & books) • Index (for article search) • Classification (for book browse)
- 4. Organization now resides in a black box. The algorithms used by Google, Westlaw, and LexisNexis to connect the researcher with desired information are proprietary…. There is no point in lamenting this development. The battle is over and mediation of information by librarians lost. Robert C. Berring, 2012
- 5. By making ownership of books so much more common, print diminished the luster of the Renaissance library…. The university libraries in Oxford and Cambridge fell into disuse. In Oxford the process of destruction was complete by January 1556, when the university made arrangements to sell off the library furniture. The library as a cultural institution struggled to adapt to the new age of print. Andrew Pettergree, 2010
- 6. Solon’s Library Technologies Recast • Selection (legal bibliography) • Database search of surrogates: – Legal periodical indexing – Book cataloging • Browse in the book stacks (Library of Congress Classification)
- 7. My General Research Question How to cooperatively organize published online resource collections for autonomous use outside of physical library environments?
- 8. Approach: Designed Environments Libraries as networks! Libraries as designed environments. Published resources as designed environments.
- 9. Specific RQs: Cooperative Organizing • SRQ 1: Past influences: How did we achieve today’s designed physical library environment? • SRQ 2: Present day challenge: What will be our designed environment for a more fully evolved online publishing environment?
- 10. Influences from the Past • SRQ 1: How did we achieve today’s designed physical library environment? • Library science and information science: – What is library science? – Why did information science emerge? • Those investigating cooperative organizing are interested in 1876 developments: – Cooperative cataloging (led by Cutter) – Cooperative classified shelf arrangement (led by Dewey)
- 11. Library Science Before Williamson Rep. • In 1876, Melvil Dewey referred to “library science” in the context of the body of knowledge required to optimize shared library management under library economy: – Existing library network (over 3,000 libraries in 1876) – All libraries are branches in a single system (Cutter) • By the turn of the century, it was apparent that cooperative organizing methods worked for books, but they failed to scale to all published materials: – Currently over 120K cooperatively organized libraries – BUT, bibliographical methods (i.e., analytical cataloging) failed to scale up to all published materials, esp. articles – Classification methods required user visits to libraries
- 12. The Information Science Century • With the early 20th century failure of cooperative library organizing methods to scale, there was an opening for LLA and for a new “information science” (IS) to develop: – In 20th century, IS became heavily concerned with improving search through algorithmic indexing – During this period, IS research came to dominate LIS schools as measured by doctoral student research output and the recent rise of the iSchool movement • Where is the library science research occurring for the future designed online library environment?
- 13. Present Day Challenge • SRQ 2: What will be the designed environment for the online library environment? • History of the book as text carrying format: – Book as organizing device – Book as aggregator of evidence (analytical bibliography) • Designing the designed online library environment: – A role for wiki-like publishing for online resources? – Digital Inversion Theory (if time permits)
- 14. Textual Formats Over Time • Let us review the history of textual formats: Textual Format Inscribing Method Ontological Status Label Tablet Imprinting Static “Tablet” Scroll Script Static “Book” Codex Script Static “Book” Codex Print Static “Book” Online Digital Static “eBook” Online Digital Dynamic “Online book”* * Wiki-like resource publishing?
- 15. Wiki Example: Negligence • Lawbrain: 1 Overview 2 History 3 The Reasonable Person 3.1 Knowledge, Experience, and Perception 3.2 Special Skills 3.3 Physical Characteristics 3.4 Mental Capacity 3.5 Children 3.6 Emergencies 3.7 Conduct of Others 4 Proof of Negligence 4.1 Statutes 4.2 Experts 4.3 Custom 4.4 Circumstantial Evidence 5 Duty 6 Proximate Cause 7 Intervening Cause 8 Defenses to Negligence Liability 8.1 Contributory Negligence 8.2 Comparative Negligence 8.3 Assumption of Risk 9 References 10 Related Resources on FindLaw 11 Related Blogs on FindLaw 12 See Also • Jurispedia (UK): 1 Introduction 2 General Negligence 3 Duty of Care 3.1 The Neighbour Principle 3.2 The Anns Two-Stage Test 3.3 The Caparo Test 3.4 Conclusion 4 Notes and references 5 See also • Wikipedia: 1 Elements of negligence claims 1.1 Duty of care 1.2 Breach of duty 1.3 Factual causation (Direct Cause) 1.4 Legal causation or remoteness 1.5 Harm 2 Damages 3 Procedure in the United States 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 References 7 External links
- 16. Wiki Example: Negligence - Duty • Lawbrain: 5 Duty • Jurispedia (UK): 3 Duty of Care 3.1 The Neighbour Principle 3.2 The Anns Two-Stage Test 3.3 The Caparo Test 3.4 Conclusion • Wikipedia: 1 Elements of negligence claims 1.1 Duty of care 1.2 Breach of duty
- 17. Digital Inversion Theory and Its Priorities • Locational inversion: Online infrastructure provides for on location rather than in physical library services. • Ontological inversion: Publishers’ online books provide for textual updates as needed rather than having to wait for the publishing of new physical editions. • Temporal inversion: First develop cooperative methods for organizing online books then design for textual transmission from codex to online. • Bibliographical inversion: – Cooperative organizing based on classification methods (i.e., browse) first rather than bibliographical (i.e., search) – Documentation of textual reception and use within network of branch digital libraries rather than within individual books
- 18. Conclusion • Berring’s dismissal of non-algorithmic search may very well be correct, but libraries always organize selected resources using multiple methods. • Ultimately, librarians may have to wait for publishers to evolve their online publishing model before librarians can cooperatively organize. • However, there is no reason why librarians cannot impact that evolution, which is one purpose of Digital Inversion Theory. • Without organizing, are libraries still libraries?
Notes de l'éditeur
- READ SLIDE As I mentioned early, my research interests are centered on cooperative library organizing, and from a high-level perspective, this reduces to a single general research question, and that is “How to cooperatively organize published online resource collections for autonomous use outside of physical library environments?”The central tenet of this question of cooperative organizing by libraries is based on cooperation for purposes of library economy: In short, to share the costs of organizing across libraries as much as possible. My supposition, which is under investigation, is that this cooperative impulse can be extended to the online publishing environment.Before leaving this slide, I’d need to explain what I mean by “autonomous use”? I tell my students that a library is a highly organized and navigable environment that facilitates autonomous use by our more experienced users. In fact, I have them think about a time when they each entered a library and were able to use it autonomously: Find a call number in the catalog (or come in already knowing your favorite call number), following the signage to the stacks, finding the shelf, reading the spine labels, locating the book, and taking it downstairs to the self checkout … all without *having* to interact directly with a professional librarian. THAT’S what I mean by autonomous use!
- My approach is to emphasize that no professionally managed library is an island because ALL libraries are connected in various networks. Of course, it is cooperative organizing networks that are of interest to us today, and as we will see, library cooperative organizing originated in 1876 and has been highly successful, though with known problems that we will discuss.An additional key to my approach is to emphasize that alibrary is designed environment, a design that is replicated across the network of libraries. Put most succinctly, if you know how to use one library, you know how to use any library (though sometimes after a brief tour).What will also be key is understanding published resources as designed environments. Again, if you’ve used one book or article, you’re able to use any one because in both cases individual books and articles are examples of their general design at least in their modern instantiations. Of course, there are exceptions to this: Do you remember the last time you cursed a non-fiction book for not having an index? I cannot emphasize this enough: No professional managed library is an island because they are ALL connected in a network. And now that we know that published resources are themselves designed environments, libraries are actually a network of designed environments containing designed published resources, though with known problems that we will discuss.And where are we today? 120K libraries and 150K librarians (with 336K total paid staff employees, a collective number that is bigger than IBM and would make the library network the 6th biggest employer in the US!)The important thing to note is that these libraries share a designed space that is organized by MLIS-educated librarians and trained professional staff who catalog and classify the books in the open stacks of physical library book collections. Analyzing further, individual books in these collections are themselves organized in standardized ways with tables of contents, indexes, and the standardized typographical conventions pertaining to chapters, chapter sections and even sub sections.And analyzing even further, these individual books aggregate evidence of their use through reader marginal notes and even the “wear and tear” that is seemingly only important to the analytical bibliographers in our midst.In short, a designed environment duplicated across over 120K libraries, and central to this design are the two methods for cooperative organizing envisioned by Dewey and Cutter in addition to the book, itself, and how it can be organized by authors, publishers, and readers.
- As one would expect, a general research question would naturally subdivide itself over time into more answerable and specific research questions.READ SLIDE
- READ TITLE
- I believe that library science can serve as a guide for facilitating the design of the designed online library environment.However, we must have an understanding of what library science is. In my view, library science should be understood as originally conceived by Dewey and others as defined above in the context of the body of knowledge required to optimize shared library management under the constraints of library economy.This is an earlier definition than the later understanding of library science that emerged from Williamson Report in the 1920s. This view of library science was based on the positivism and quantification research studies and was centered in the University of Chicago Graduate School of Library Science.However, regardless of the definition of library science chosen, the world of library practice faced an insurmountable challenge at the turn of the 20th century.READ SLIDE POINT TWO
- The failure of the Cutter/Dewey designed environment to scale up opening for new ways to think about information provision outside of the libraryREAD SLIDE (FIRST POINT)[[should note the role of LLA in the early century]]January 2012 Library Quarterly article “LIS dissertation titles and abstracts (1930-2009) where have all the librar gone?”From abstract: “The results provide general empirical support for long-held anecdotal assertions that libraries are no longer the primary research focus at the doctoral level in LIS. ” Which led to the question: Where is the library science research occurring for the future designed online library environment?
- READ SLIDE
- Let’s take a moment to examine a high-level analysis that breaks down the history of various formats, including the book, as a textual carrier. At minimum, this table indicates that we’ve been in this position before. READ SLIDEHowever, it is the dynamic ontological status of the online book (as an new option for publishing in the online environment) that provides new opportunities for the evolution of library services.
- The best current example of an online book is the Wiki. You will note that I am not necessarily advocating a full open Wiki approach to publishing. But the wiki model does allow for a structure online document the is functionally similar to the book format in that it is highly structured. However, was basic about the wiki is that it can be updated as needed at any level of granularity without need for entirely new editions, as was the case with physical books.Further, at the level of structural granularity displayed above, we notice the possibility of “analytical collocation”, or the bring together of parts of books in an organized way.NEXT SLIDE
- For example, the various “Duty” subentries could be brought together on a webpage more specifically classified as “Negligence – Duty”. Such analytical collocation capabilities is already available in the physical library as books can be brought together, say, on a table and parts of each book can be consulted using the internal navigation standard design features (book index, table of contents, and chapter sections)Again, I’ll note that I’m not necessarily advocating for a full Wiki approach, but merely using it as a structural example of online publishing.Of course, ultimately, the selection decision for whether or not to include open wikis is a legal bibliography question left up to individual librarians within their institutional contexts.
- READ SLIDETemporal inversion attempts to understand the dynamics of textual authoring as exemplified by the work of textual critic John Bryant as he documented the influences of Melville’s Typee on Melville’s subsequent editing. Typee had been published in serial form in a popular magazine prior to its publication as a novel in book form (a common practice in the 19th century)This work is based on genetic criticism, which is attempts to document historical influences on the concept of authorship. It is through this approach that we recognize that print works have histories … either social influences as reflected by Typee or through the classic cases of editioning.