IAS Lecture 5 at Civil Services Study Centre at Administrative Training Institute, Kolkata

Best and most authentic book for Civil Service Preparation
to be available in the market from 15 April, 2014
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Subir Maitra/ATI-CSSC
iasstudymat.blogspot.in2

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Concepts

Some Important Demographic
Concepts

This book is available at all leading bookstore, on Flipkart and
Amazon India—Just look at the list of authors.
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Census 2011

36

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 In the next two / three decades, India’s population
will grow and large bulk of this increase will be
between the ages of 15 and 64, the so-called
“working age” population.
 The proportion of working age population in the
age group of 15-64 years in total population was
62.9 per cent in 2006 but is expected to rise to 68.4
per cent in 2026.
 An increase in the working age ratio can raise the
rate of economic growth, and hence confer a
“demographic dividend.”

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 People of working age are on average more
productive than those outside this age group.
 Also, because workers save while
dependants do not, a bulge in the working
age ratio contributes to higher savings rates,
increasing the domestic resources available
for productive investment.
 For actual tapping of the “demographic
dividend”, it is necessary not only to ensure
proper health care but also a major emphasis
on skill development and encouragement of
labour intensive industries.

Scholarly and Newspaper Articles on Census 2011
 http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/gRW40zspiwWncN
0sbwR1rJ/A-new-India-in-census-data.html
 http://www.livemint.com/Home-
Page/K4tZrsU3Y8LOFVysMSlAzI/A-new-India-but-
old-worries-persist.html
 http://www.livemint.com/Politics/zavbXY5w5oq6nB6v
FcXarL/Kolkata-sees-dip-in-population-suburbs-
register-an-increase.html
 http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/2014-lok-
sabha-polls-will-see-most-firsttime-
voters/article5710633.ece
 http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/brandl
ine/india-moves-ahead/article5634959.ece

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Demography and Development: Preliminary Interpretations of the 2011 Census
By K Navaneetham and A Dharmalingam, Economic & Political Weekly, April
16, 2011
 The provisional population figures of the 2011
Census do suggest that India‘s population growth is
finally slowing down.
 Although the total population size exceeded most
projections, the growth rate has slowed compared
to the 1990s.
 This is largely due to further declines in fertility
throughout the 2000s in the populous states in
northern India.
 However, it will be a few more decades before the
―momentum effect‖ arising from past high fertility
runs its course.
 The more than expected increase in population size

By K Navaneetham and A Dharmalingam, Economic & Political Weekly, April 16, 2011
 Regional variation in growth rates is along the
expected lines. Despite the narrowing of the north-
south gap in growth rates, the most populous states
have the inbuilt demographic momentum to run
further away from the rest in population size. This
means the centre of population gravity is likely to
move towards further north in the decades to come
with the attendant social, economic and political
implications.
 Although the population sex ratio has improved, the
unexpected surprise was the deterioration in child sex
ratios. Almost all the improvement in the population
sex ratio seems to have resulted from an increase in
survivorship among females aged seven and over.

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By K Navaneetham and A Dharmalingam, Economic & Political Weekly, April
16, 2011
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 With the exception of three states in the south, all the
major states fared worse in under seven sex ratios during
2001-11 than in the previous decade. As special measures
were taken to improve female undercount in the 2011
Census, the increasing masculinity in under seven sex
ratios, particularly in the north, is likely to have been due to
the widespread use of sex selective abortion and excess
female mortality.
 Long-term solution for eliminating discrimination against
female children lies in bringing about transformative
changes in social institutions and family. The continuous
gains in female literacy over the last two decades are signs
that far-reaching social changes are under way. How soon
we succeed in controlling female gender bias depends
largely on how fast the ―other half‖ achieves secondary
education. Early 20th century experience from elsewhere
shows that secondary education for all is essential for
women‘s empowerment (Szreter and Fisher 2010). In
women‘s empowerment lie the answers to India‘s
population and development problems.

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Conditions of SC/ST Households A Story of Unequal Improvement
By R B Bhagat in EPW, October 12, 2013
 This article shows considerable progress in the
well-being of people during the last decade as
India kept on moving on the path of economic
growth.
 Although marginalised social groups like SCs, STs
progressed significantly as reflected by the various
indicators of living conditions and assets, the gap
has widened between SCs and STs on the one
hand and SC-STs and the rest on the other.
 Also among the SCs and STs, the gap between
STs with that of the SCs has widened in most of
the indicators which shows SCs being more
politically organised and assertive with the rise of

Conditions of SC/ST Households A Story of Unequal Improvement
By R B Bhagat in EPW, October 12, 2013
 However, the same cannot be said with respect to ST
communities.
 There has been a clear regional pattern in level of human
deprivation as states like Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh,
Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh
show one of the lowest levels of living conditions and
assets for all the households in general and SC and ST
households in particular.
 In recent years, there has been a growing dissatisfaction
with poverty alleviation, employment generation and
social security programmes. Conditional cash transfer
through the banking system is being considered.
 Census data on the access to banking services throws
light on this. For example, about 58% of the total
households have access to banking services which goes
down to 50% among SCs and 44% among STs.

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Emerging Pattern of Urbanisation in India
By R B Bhagat, Economic & Political Weekly, August 20, 2011
 The declining trend in the urban popula-tion growth rate
observed during the 1980s and 1990s was reversed at the
national level, and the level of urbanisation increased
faster during 2001-2011.
 The urban population grew from 286 million in 2001 to 377
million in 2011 – an incre-ment of 91 million, which is
larger than the rural population increment of 90.5 million
for the first time since independ-ence.
 A substantial increase in the urban population is due to a
net rural-urban clas-sification and rural-to-urban migration.
 A huge number of new towns emerged during the last
decade, contributing significantly to the speeding up of
urbanisation.
 This has implications not only for providing urban
infrastructure and civic amenities, but also for reproductive
and child health services in urban areas.

Some Important Questions
Q.1: ‗Census after every 10 years is an useless exercise‘.
Do you agree? Express your views in 200 words.
10 Marks
Q.2: Excessive population in a country is often regarded
as a curse. Can you suggest some situations when
population growth is beneficial for a country? Write in
200 words. 10 Marks
Q. 3: What is demographic dividend? What do we need
to do to reap the benefits of this demographic dividend?
(200 words/10 Marks)
Write answers to these questions and post it to FB
Group page: Economic and Social Development in
India or send by mail to:

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You may visit my blog for my earlier
lectures and study materials
iasstudymat.blogspot.in
You may also join FB Group ‗Economic
and Social Development in India‘
created by me:
https://www.facebook.com/groups/econo
micandsocialdevelopment/
You may also write to me at:
sm.ias.ati@gmail.com
Or Call me
+919051484147

IAS Lecture 5 at Civil Services Study Centre at Administrative Training Institute, Kolkata

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IAS Lecture 5 at Civil Services Study Centre at Administrative Training Institute, Kolkata