AP Chapter 21 Genomics

1. GENOMICS AP Biology Chap 21

4. Fig. 21-2-4 Cytogenetic map Genes located by FISH Chromosome bands Linkage mapping 1 2 3 Genetic markers Physical mapping Overlapping fragments DNA sequencing Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

6. Fig. 21-3-3 Cut the DNA into overlapping fragments short enough for sequencing 1 2 3 4 Clone the fragments in plasmid or phage vectors. Sequence each fragment. Order the sequences into one overall sequence with computer software.

8. By summer 2007, genomes had been sequenced for 500 bacteria, 45 archaea, and 65 eukaryotes including vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants

11. Table 21-1

13. Fig. 21-7 Exons (regions of genes coding for protein or giving rise to rRNA or tRNA) (1.5%) Repetitive DNA that includes transposable elements and related sequences (44%) Introns and regulatory sequences (24%) Unique noncoding DNA (15%) Repetitive DNA unrelated to transposable elements (15%) L1 sequences (17%) Alu elements (10%) Simple sequence DNA (3%) Large-segment duplications (5–6%)

15. Fig. 21-9 Transposon New copy of transposon Insertion Transposon is copied Mobile transposon DNA of genome (a) Transposon movement (“copy-and-paste” mechanism) Retrotransposon New copy of retrotransposon Insertion Reverse transcriptase RNA (b) Retrotransposon movement Animation Quiz 5 - Transposons : Shifting Segments of the Genome

17. Fig. 21-8

19. Fig. 21-10 DNA RNA transcripts Nontranscribed spacer Transcription unit 18S 28S 5.8S 28S 5.8S rRNA 18S DNA (a) Part of the ribosomal RNA gene family Heme Hemoglobin  -Globin  -Globin  -Globin gene family  -Globin gene family Chromosome 16 Chromosome 11      2   1  2  1    G  A      Adult Fetus Embryo Fetus and adult Embryo (b) The human  -globin and  -globin gene families

24. Fig. 21-12 Transposable element Gene Nonsister chromatids Crossover Incorrect pairing of two homologs during meiosis and

27. Fig. 21-17 Adult fruit fly Fruit fly embryo (10 hours) Fly chromosome Mouse chromosomes Mouse embryo (12 days) Adult mouse

29. for example, flies with feet in place of antennae.