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Religion and social change ,[object Object],TO DESCRIBE A RANGE OF EXAMPLES ON RELIGION AND ANALYSE THEIR ROLE IN SOCIAL CHANGE,[object Object],UNDERSTAND SOCIOLOGICAL EXPLANTIONS OF THE ROLE OF RELIGION IN SOCIAL CHANGE,[object Object],EVALUATE RELATIONSHIP THE ANALYSIS BETWEEN RELIGION, SOCIAL STABILITY AND SOCIAL CHANGE ,[object Object]

The role of religion,[object Object],Sociologists that have studied the role of religion in society tend to fall into one of two broad camps:,[object Object],1. Those who see religion as a CONSERVATIVE force (conservative means keeping things the way they are.) These sociologists see religion as a force for stability and order. They may well favour a functionalist or a Marxist point of view.,[object Object],2. Those who see religion as FORCE FOR SOCIAL CHANGE– supporters of this position point to the role of religion in encouraging societies to change. They may well be influenced by the writings of Max Weber.,[object Object]

Religion is a conservative force ,[object Object],Religion is traditional and upholds traditional customs and beliefs to how society should be organised. ,[object Object],2. It functions to conserve or preserve the status quo,[object Object]

Conservative force ,[object Object],Maintain traditional beliefs,[object Object]

Maintain patriarchy?,[object Object]

Religion’s conservative function,[object Object]

Weber Religion as a force for change,[object Object],An Example: ,[object Object],The Protestant Ethic,[object Object],Calvinism brought about a work ethic that gave rise to capitalism (was one of the contributing factors, others resources, trade etc),[object Object]

The spirit of capitalism,[object Object],Capitalism is based on the systematic, efficient, rational pursuit of profit for its own sake, rather then consumption (not spent on greed for wealth as in pat).,[object Object],The spirit had Elective affinity (unconscious similarity) to the Calvinist beliefs and attitudes. ,[object Object],Weber Religion as a force for change,[object Object]

Calvinist beliefs ,[object Object]

Hinduism and Confucianism ,[object Object],Other societies had a higher rate of economic growth then Northern Europe in the C16th and C17th, but still failed to adopt modern capitalism.,[object Object],China and India were more materially advanced but didn’t adopt capitalism due to their lack of religious belief like Calvinism.,[object Object],They promote rewards in the other life, good deeds and other goals that lacked the material drive that Calvinism created.,[object Object]

Evaluation of Weber,[object Object],Before we begin, write down 3 key points that you feel summarise Weber’s theory.,[object Object],Religion is a force for social change,[object Object],The Protestant work ethic,[object Object],Theodicy - predestination,[object Object]

Evaluation of Weber,[object Object],Some commentators have suggested that slavery, colonialism and piracy were more important than Calvinist beliefs in accumulating the capital required for industrialisation.,[object Object],PARKIN– is critical of Weber as capitalism was late to develop in Scotland, despite Calvinism being present there.,[object Object],Marxists are critical – they argue that capitalism predates Calvinism.RHTawney – technological change give rise to capitalism. Then B adopted ideas to maintain it,[object Object],[object Object]

Kautsky– Weber overestimates ideas and underestimates the economic factors

Jonessurprising relevance for contemporary society – can see evidence in modern day society,[object Object]

The American Civil Rights Movement,[object Object],Bruce – ,[object Object],CRM = Religiously motivated social change ,[object Object],Campaigning involved direct action (marches, boycotts, demonstrations).,[object Object],Segregation outlawed in 1964,[object Object],The Black Clergy played a major role (Dr Martin Luther King) giving moral legitimacy to activists. They provided sanctuary and unity. Appealed to common Christian values of equality,[object Object],http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1QZik4CYtgw&feature=related,[object Object]

Bruce – Religion is an ideological resource ,[object Object],[object Object]

It had the shared values of those in power and those in wider society and could use these to push for change,[object Object]

The New Christian Right,[object Object],Campaigns increase profile since 1970s,[object Object],Use of media – Televangelists – to make converts and recruit new members,[object Object],Links with the Republican party,[object Object],New moral majority formed as a pressure group,[object Object],http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXOEAz46vMk,[object Object]

The New Christian Right,[object Object],The NCR has been largely unsuccessful ,[object Object],New moral majority – not a majority – but 15% of population,[object Object],Found it difficult to cooperate with other religious groups,[object Object],Oppositional groups – pro-choice,[object Object],Bruce NCR = Failed movement for social change,[object Object],Didn't connect with the mainstream beliefs about democracy, equality and religious freedom (as CRM did),[object Object]

Marxism, religion and change ,[object Object],Marxists recognise that religious ideas can have relative autonomy (can be partly independent from the economic base) so can sometimes be a force for change as well as stability,[object Object],Marx thinks religion humanises a world that exploitation has made inhuman,[object Object],Engels – inhibits change but can also challenge the status quo and encourage social change- fight against slavery,[object Object]

Marxism, religion and change ,[object Object],Like Engels – (inhibits change but can also challenge the status quo and encourage social change)- Ernst Bloch believed that religion could inspire protest and rebellion.,[object Object],Religion is an expression of the ‘principal of hope’ ,[object Object],Cast a vision of a better world and how this can be achieved (with political organisation leading to social change),[object Object]

Liberation theology,[object Object],Emerged in 1960s, Catholic church, opposition to military dictatorships and commitment to helping the poor in Latin America.,[object Object],Big move away for the Church from supporting elites and accepting poverty.,[object Object],Arose due to 3 factors,[object Object],Deepening rural poverty,[object Object],Human rights abuses by military dictatorships,[object Object],Commitment of priests to ideology that supported HR and the poor,[object Object]

Liberation theology,[object Object],Priests harboured freedom fighters, developed literacy programmes, took the sides of the oppressed and mobilised support.,[object Object],In 1980s the Church’s official line changed and it condemned liberation theory on the grounds that it resembled Marxism.,[object Object],The priests had to concentrate on the pastoral activities – not political struggles.,[object Object],The movement has since lost influence.,[object Object],Most countries are now democracies and Catholicism has got more conservative.,[object Object],But still defends democracy and HR,[object Object]

Liberation theology,[object Object],Liberation theory has led Marxists to believe that religion can be a force for social change.,[object Object],Otto Maduro– religion can be a revolutionary force that brings about change. The religious ideas radicalised the clergy in the fight for the peasants and workers,[object Object],Lowy – questions Marx’s view that religion always legitimises social inequality.,[object Object],Other Marxists disagree that it can bring about change – depends on definition of the social change,[object Object]

DebateAll religions should be abandoned as they as they cause more problems than they solve!,[object Object],Agree,[object Object],Wars through out history,[object Object],Ideology,[object Object],Terrorism,[object Object],Acceptance of fate ,[object Object],Intolerant attitudes.,[object Object],Disagree,[object Object],Personal comfort,[object Object],Solidarity,[object Object],Social Change,[object Object],Religious texts,[object Object],Norms and values,[object Object],Each group should prepare an opening statement, that outlines your general perspective. After this any member of the group can make a point. You should also have a closing statement to sum up why your perspective is correct.,[object Object]

Millenarian movements,[object Object],Millenarian movements are an example of the desire to change things on earth at present and bring about the kingdom of God.,[object Object],Millenarian movements expect the immanent transformation of this world by supernatural means. The group will be saved on earth and will live in utopia on earth – Peter Worsley,[object Object],Worked well amongst poor, exploited groups, especially in the colonies. ,[object Object]

Millenarian movements,[object Object],Millenarian movements used traditional beliefs, ideas and images with Christianity .,[object Object],They united tribal movements and became mass movements.,[object Object],The were the precursor to the political movements to overthrow colonial rule.,[object Object],For Marxists they were the first awakening of the proletarian self consciousness ,[object Object]

Gramsci: Religion and hegemony,[object Object],Interested in hegemony – how the government use ideas to control society.,[object Object],Hegemony – the way the RC use ideas (RELIGION) to control the WC,[object Object],Government have popular consent to rule so there is no need for coercion.,[object Object],Catholic Church helped win support ,[object Object],For Mussolini’s fascist regime. ,[object Object]

Gramsci: Religion and hegemony,[object Object],Hegemony isn't always guaranteed – WC can develop an alternative vision or a counter hegemony.,[object Object],Religion has a dual culture that can challenge as well as support the RC.,[object Object],[object Object]

Leaders support WC organisations - TUs,[object Object]

Quick Check Questions,[object Object],Questions:,[object Object],Write in full sentences,[object Object],20 Minutes ,[object Object]

9 mark Question ,[object Object],Identify and explain 3 reasons why the NCR might have failed to achieve its aims,[object Object]

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