1. Business process Reengineering Chapter I

2. Need to Redefine the Management Concepts BPR was conceptualized because there arose a need to redefine management concept. The need to redefine management concepts arose because today, way we do business is quite different from the way business was conducted when the old management concepts were written by Fayol & F.W.Taylor.

3. Lets look at few of them Fayol gave the concept of Unity of Command & Scalar Chain. But in today’s corporations employees has more than one superior under Team Management & the information can flow from Multi-dimensional sources.

4. Adam Smith broke down work in specialized tasks. F.W.Taylor in his Scientific Management emphasizes on division of labour. But modern corporations prefer the employees with multi-skills

5. Previously corporations used to look for specialized skills.. But empowerment goes hand- in-hand with generalization. Modern organizations also desire to recruit the candidates with multi-cultural, skills, job & organizational background. These, modern day organizations believe in the emerging view that “rolling stone gather masses.”

6. Hierarchical corporate structures no longer a match for the dynamism of global markets. Function oriented hierarchical organizations require rigid information flows & they lead to long lead times for internal & external orders.

7. The organizational principles were designed for relatively stable environmental conditions. Today the change is no longer slow & evolutionary but rapid & revolutionary.

8. There is also a change from industrial society to Information society. Customer requirements & expectations of the quality of the products & level of services are also taking a new direction.

9. Previously the product was designed according to the convenience of the organization. But today they are designed to meet the expectation of the consumers keeping in view the competition.

10. Most of the organizations still follow the principles, structures & management concepts written down more than two centuries ago. Michael Hammer & James Champy suggests that the time have come to retire these principles & adopt a new set . They should re-engineer their business process in order to improve their efficiency & meet the competition effectively. But the key question is what is the new set that the organizations should adopt?

12. What is business process? Davenport & Short (1990) define business process as "a set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined business outcome."

15. The various infrastructural facilities like -transportation -banking -insurance -warehousing,etc. Helps to complete these activities smoothly & at fast rate. The process of conversion of inputs into output & meeting the customer needs is called business process.

16. Thus, according to Michael Hammer & James Champy “Business process is a collection of activities that takes one or more kinds of input and creates an output that is of value to the customer.

17. What is Reengineering? Reengineering (or re-engineering ) is the radical redesign of an organization 's processes , especially its business processes . Rather than organizing a firm into functional specialties (like production, accounting, marketing, etc.) and looking at the tasks that each function performs, we should be looking at complete processes from materials acquisition, to production, to marketing and distribution. The firm should be re-engineered into a series of processes.

18. Michael Hammer & James Champy have defined re-engineering as “The fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical, contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service & speed.” Definition of Reengineering

19. The word fundamental in the definition indicates that the business people in doing reengineering must ask the basic questions like -Why do we do what we do? -Why do we do it the way we do? -How can we do the present work more efficiently?

20. Radical redesign means changing from the roots but not superficial level. Radical redesign in reengineering refers to “disregarding all existing structures & procedures.” and developing the new methods of doing the work. Reengineering is “Business reinvention.” The word dramatic in the definition refers to “Achieving quantum leaps in performance.”

21. What is business process reengineering (BPR)? According to Michael Hammer & James Champy BPR can be thought of as the task of combining the business tasks jobs, functions, departments & structures into a coherent business process.

27. Integrated Business Model Inputs INTERNAL EXTERNAL CULTURE FINANCE FUNCTIONAL PROCESSES MARKETPLACE COMPETITION TECHNOLOGY CUSTOMER

28. ANALYSIS OF INPUTS STRENGTH WEAKNESS OPPORTUNITY THREATS SETTING GOALS MISSION VISION VALUES GUIDING PRINCIPLES

29. ALIGNMENT CORE STRATEGIES INTERNAL EXTERNAL CAPABILITIES WORK SYSTEM PROCESSES PEOPLE PRODUCTS MARKETPLACES CUSTOMERS DIFFERENTIATION

30. ORGANIZATIONAL GOALS STAEDY STATE PROCESS IMPROVEMENT VALUE - ADDED NEW PROJECTS PEOPLE FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS PROCESSES INTERNAL EXTERNAL PERSONNEL CUSTOMERS

31. TACTICAL ACTION PLAN IMPLEMENTATION MULTI-FUNCTIONAL TEAMS WORK TEAMS INDIVIDUALS MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS CUSTOMER SATISFACTION FUNCTIONAL GOALS PROCESS MEASURES PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT

32. Tactical Reengineering Tactical reengineering is the way of developing a small-scale, carefully targeted reengineering project with the very high chances of success. It helps you focus on a particular problem. Thus it lets your company gain or reclaim the high ground from your competitors.

33. Strategic & Tactical Reengineering Strategic reengineering begins with a -Reevaluation of the strategic situation. Based on this evaluation, managers will develop a vision & identify the one or two processes which are priority for design. -Set in motion a reengineering project, usually staffed by a centrally appointed team.

34. -A creative design stage follows with the prototyping and testing of the new ways of doing things, followed by full implementation. -