The document summarizes key evolutionary tendencies in the kingdom Monera. It describes Monera as the oldest and simplest living organisms, including bacteria and cyanobacteria. Bacteria first evolved approximately 3.2-3.5 billion years ago, as evidenced by gene sequencing and ancient microfossils. Cyanobacteria were among the first organisms to evolve oxygenic photosynthesis approximately 2.45 billion years ago, introducing oxygen into the atmosphere. Actinomycetes are a group of bacteria that share characteristics with fungi and play an important role in decomposing organic materials in soil.

1. Evolutionary
tendencies in
Monera

2. PRESENTED BY:
M.Sohail Riaz
PRESENTED TO:
Dr. Atifa Masood

3. Kingdom Monera
 One-celled organism
 no nucleus
 Prokaryotic
 Smallest and simplest kind of living thing
 These are oldest and most abundant organisms
 Undergo asexual reproduction

4. Cont…..
 They form spore is called ENDOSPORE
 Endospore is a protective structure that forms inside a
moneran cell during unfavorable conditions
 Kingdom has two major groups of organisms, namely
bacteria and cyanobacteria

5. Bacteria
 Evolutionary history
 Found roughly 3.2-3.5 billion years ago
 Discovered through gene sequencing of bacterial nucleoids
 Furthermore, evidence of permineralized microfossils of
early prokaryotes was also discovered
 This suggests that an organism is present

6. Introduction
 Kingdom Monera
 Prokaryote=no nucleus or internal compartments
 All are single cells
 Single circular piece of DNA

7. Habitate
 They are found in nearly every habitat studied, including
some that no other organism is able to withstand
 These bacteria live in very hot
 Acid habitats and pH 2-4

8. Structure of Bacteria
Cell wall Protects and gives shape
Outer Membrane Protects against antibodies
Cell Membrane Regulates movement of materials, contains enzymes important
to cellular respiration
Cytoplasm Contains DNA, ribosomes, essential compounds
Chromosome Carries genetic information. It is circular
Plasmid Contains some genes obtained through recombination
Capsule & Slime Layer Protects the cell and assist in attaching cell to other surface
Endospore Protects cell against harsh environments
Pilus Assists the cell in attaching to other surfaces
Flagellum Moves the cell

10. Shapes of bacteria
1.Bacilli- rod shaped (rod shaped)
 Certain bacteria that live in your stomach are bacilli bacteria
2.Spirilla- spiral shaped (corkscrew shaped)
 Best known cause serious diseases
3.Cocci- sphere shaped (sphere or ball shaped)
 An example is bacteria that cause strep throat.
 Staphylococci- grape-like clusters
 Streptococci- in chains

12. Reproduction
 Reproduction is by fission
 Prokaryotes reproduce by simply splitting in two
 The DNA is copied and the cell divides into two identical
cells.

13. How do Bacteria cause disease?
 Metabolize their host for food (Heterotrophic bacteria)
 Secrete a toxin which can attack other body parts (Botulism is
an example)

14. How can Bacteria work to our benefit?
 Digest waste at sewage plants
 Chemical industry- make acetone and butanol
 Pharmaceutical- vitamins, antibiotics, insulin
 Food- yogurt, cheese, alcoholic beverages
 Decomposer
 Nitrogen fixers
 Symbiosis

15. CYNOBACTERIA
 Cyanobacteria, blue-green algae
 Autotrophic bacteria
 Its fossil has found age 3.8 billion years B.C
 This group of bacteria is one of the largest and important in
the earth.

16. Evolution
 Roughly 2.45 billion years ago, oxygen had appeared
 Photosynthetic Cyanobacteria evolved during this period
because they were the first microbes to produce oxygen as
a byproduct of their metabolic process
 Therefore, this phylum was thought to have been
predominant roughly 2.3 billion years ago.

17. Example of cynobacteria
 Nostoc is Cyanobacteria has the form of colony that adhere
 shape would be lone circle like necklace
 Nostoc reproduce by fragmentize

18. Evolution
 They are 3.5 billion years old
 Dominated as biogenic reef
 During Proterozoic – Age of Bacteria they were wide spread
 Then multicellularity took over
 Cyanobacteria were first algae.

19. Cyanobacteria terminology
 Division Cyanophyta - Cyanobacteria ‘formerly known as’
Blue Green Algae
 Cyano = blue
 Bacteria – acknowledges that they are more closely related
to prokaryotic bacteria than eukaryotic algae

20. Importance
 First organisms to have 2 photosystems
 produce organic material and give off O2 as a biproduct.
 Many – fix or convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms
through Nitrogen Fixation when other forms are unavailable.
 IMPORTANT because atmospheric N2 is unavailable to most
living organisms because breaking the triple bond is difficult.

21. Actinomycetes
 These are the organisms with characteristics common to
both bacteria and fungi
 They are unicellular like bacteria
 They do not have distinct cell-wall
 Their cell wall is without chitin and cellulose
 Actinomycetes colonies grow slowly
 Actinomycetes are numerous and widely distributed in soil
and are next to bacteria in abundance

22. Cont…..
 Plate count estimates give values ranging from 10^4 to 10^8
per gram of soil
 They are sensitive to acidity / low PH (optimum PH range 6.5
to 8.0)
 The population of actinomycetes increases with depth of soil
 They are heterotrophic
 The common genera of actinomycetes are Streptomyces
(nearly 70%)

23. Streptomyces
 Streptomyces is a genus of bacteria
 Grows in various environments
 Its shape resembles filamentous fungi

24. Functions/Role of actinomycetes:
 Degrade/decompose all sorts of organic substances like
cellulose, polysaccharides, protein fats, organic-acids etc
 Substances added soil are first attacked by bacteria and fungi
and later by actinomycetes, because they are slow in activity
and growth than bacteria and fungi
 They decompose / degrade the more resistant organic
substance

25. Cont….
 They are also responsible for subsequent further
decomposition of humus in soil
 They are responsible for smell of freshly ploughed soils
 One of the species of actinomycetes Streptomyces scabies
causes disease"Potato scab"in potato

26. THANK YOU