Genetics Research Project outlines basic genetic principles including dominant and recessive alleles and how traits are expressed in offspring from parental alleles. It also discusses stem cell research, noting that research began in the 1960s with hopes to use stem cells to create non-cancerous tissues, but applications took decades to develop due to ethical concerns. Stem cell research implications involve debates around using embryos. The project also compares single-gene, chromosomal, and multifactorial genetic disorders and how genetic counseling helps families understand risk of passing on disorders. Karyotypes are used to predict disorders by showing all cell chromosomes.

1. Genetics Research Project By Grace Millard

2. Basic Genetic Principles

3. How are traits controlled by dominant and recessive alleles? In organisms, the inheritance of traits is controlled by dominant and recessive alleles, or rather genes. The alleles decide which trait in the gene is dominant. A dominant allele is an allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present. A recessive allele is an allele that is “covered-up” when a dominant allele is present.

4. How are traits controlled with co dominant alleles? When heterozygous alleles are neither dominant or recessive to each other so there both expressed.

5. Explain how the alleles of 2 parents combine to express traits in offspring? As shown in my beautiful punnet square the dominant allele always shows when present and even if there is a recessive allele it will be masked if a dominant allele is present

6. Stem Cell Research

7. Uses for stem cells http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Stem_cell_treatments.png

8. When did the project start and how did scientists hope to use this info Stem cell research started in the 1960s when scientists discovered cancerous cells in mice that could form many different types of tissue the discovery didn’t have lots of research applications and scientists weren't able to create non-cancerous self renewing stem cell from mouse embryos for nearly 2 decades .

9. how STEM CELLS WORK This is a rather colorful chart http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Stem_cells_diagram.png

10. What are the implications of Stem cell project in regards to ethical, legal, and social implications. The implications of stem cell research in regard to ethical, legal, and social implications are that there is a chance that the embryos the stem cells are coming from could be humans and people like Sen. Sam Brownback, believe that it is like killing human life at its earliest stage. Other people like Sen. Byron Dorgan believe that those embryos are not alive and the benefits could be far better.

11. How did the stem cell project change current laws such as GINA I don’t think the embryonic stem cell research has changed the GINA because that is a genetic info non-discriminating sort of thing, However I do know that former president George W Bush vetoed a bill that would have expanded federal funding for embryonic stem cell research because he didn’t think it was right and because of “snowflake” children who were adopted as embryos .

12. Genetic Disorders

13. Compare and contrast the 3 different types of genetic disorders Single gene disorder-when there's a defect in 1 particular gene (has simple and predictable inheritance patterns).(example:Cystic Fibrosis) Chromosome abnormalities-An abnormality that causes mental and/or physical defects, caused by errors in the number or structure of chromosomes(example:DownseSyndrome) Multifactorialdisorders-Conditions caused by many contributing factors.(examples: heart disease, diabetes, obesity)

14. How does genetic counseling help perspective parents who have genetic disorder regarding future children Genetic counseling can help perspective parents regarding genetic disorders by using tools such as karyotypes, pedigree charts, and Punnet squares to help couples understand their chances of having a child with a particular genetic disorder.

15. How are karyotypes used to predict genetic disorders? A karyotype is a picture of all chromosomes in a cell, arranged in pairs. Karyotypes are used to predict genetic disorders because they

16. sources Primary source-Dr. Fong from the University of Virginia Secondary sources-CQ Press Electronic Library. Web. 24 Mar. 2011. ://library.cq.com/>. http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre1999121700&type=hitlist&num=0 http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqresrre2006090100&type=hitlist&num=1 The txtbook http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_wtd020848.html http://www.marchofdimes.com/birthdefects_chromosomal.html Any other sources both(were labeled for reuse)-http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Stem_cell_treatments.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Stem_cells_diagram.png

17. Genetics Research Project By: Grace Millard THE END