Abstract

A generalized fast motion estimation algorithm using external and internal
stop search techniques for H.264 video coding standard

Ismail, Y.; McNeely, J.; Shaaban, M.; Bayoumi, M.A.
Circuits and Systems, 2008. ISCAS 2008. IEEE International Symposium on
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/ISCAS.2008.4542232
Publication Year: 2008 , Page(s): 3574 - 3577
Cited by: 2

IEEE Conference Publications

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In this paper, a set of computationally efficient accurate skipping techniques are proposed for
motion estimation. First, a partial internal stop search (ISS) technique which utilizes an
accurate adaptive threshold model is exploited to skip the internal SAD (sum of absolute
difference) operations between the current and reference blocks. Second, an external stop
search (ESS) technique greatly reduces the unnecessary operations by skipping all the
irrelevant blocks in the search area. The proposed techniques can be incorporated in any
block matching motion estimation algorithm. Computational complexity reduction is
reflected on the amount of saving in motion estimation encoding time. Simulation results
using H.264 reference software (JM 12.4) show up to 71.26% saving in motion estimation
time using the proposed techniques compared to the fast full search algorithm adopted in JM
12.4 with a negligible degradation in the PSNR by approximately 0.03 dB and a small
increase in the required bits per frame by only 2%.

A new technique for quality scalable video coding with H.264

Benierbah, S.; Khamadja, M.
Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions on
Volume: 15 , Issue: 11
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/TCSVT.2005.856897
Cited by: 2

IEEE Journals & Magazines


In this paper, we provide a technique that allows H264/AVC to achieve quality scalable
coding by allowing the coder to produce different coded motion qualities. This technique is
called block ordering scalability. It realizes scalability by exploiting the existing building
blocks of the standard. It may need minor changes of the current standard, but in its simple
form, presented here, it does not need any change at all. The blocks carrying the updating
picture information are ordered according to their importance into different slices. This
reordering allows realizing a gradual refinement of the quality of coded pictures. An
implementation of such a system is achieved by analyzing the motion of a given picture to
determine the most important blocks to code for basic quality and the less important ones
used for enhancement. In this case, scalability affects the quality of the reproduced motion.

This way of coding the enhancement blocks allows achieving rate-adaptive coding. Many
experimental results that show the efficiency of the technique are provided

Unequal Error Protection Technique for ROI Based H.264 Video Coding

H. Kodikara Arachchi; W.A.C. Fernando; S. Panchadcharam; W.A.R.J. Weerakkody
Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2006. CCECE '06. Canadian Conference on
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/CCECE.2006.277430
Cited by: 1



This paper presents a region of interest (ROI) based video coding technique for H.264 based
video coding with improved error resilience and error protection in the foreground. We used
the flexible macroblock ordering (FMO) tool in H.264 video coding standard to encode the
video frame into three separate slices. First slice carries the background, and other two slices
contains alternative macroblock of the foreground forming a check board pattern. Foreground
packets are protected with a stronger error correction code than background packets.
Experimental results show that the proposed technique improves the objective quality of the
foreground by more than 1 dB

Improved machine learning techniques for low complexity MPEG-2 to H.264
transcoding using optimized codecs

Holder, C.; Tao Pin; Kalva, H.
Consumer Electronics, 2009. ICCE '09. Digest of Technical Papers International Conference
on
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/ICCE.2009.5012345



This paper discusses techniques for efficiently implementing a Mpeg-2 to H.264 video
transcoder. The transcoding results reported in the literature are based on a reference
implementation and may not reflect the true performance gains obtained in real world
systems. We have developed low complexity transcoding algorithms and have implemented
these solutions using highly optimized encoder and decoder implementations available from
Intel. The transcoding algorithms are based on exploiting the mode decision knowledge
inherent in the decoded MPEG-2 data. Machine learning techniques are used to make
accurate and low-complexity H.264 MB encoding mode decisions. The results show that the
proposed transcoder reduces the complexity by 50% without a significant loss in PSNR. This
performance improvement in production quality transcoders, and demonstrates the
practicality of machine learning based video transcoding algorithms

H.264 Main Profile video decoding implementation techniques on
OMAP3430IVA

Ramachandra, P.; Satish, M.R.
Signal Processing (ICSP), 2010 IEEE 10th International Conference on
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/ICOSP.2010.5657208



High resolution H.264 video contents are present over Internet and local storage devices in
huge number thus pushing the need of supporting high definition H.264 video decoding in
current generation hand held devices. Texas Instrument's (TI) OMAP3430 (Open Multimedia
Applications Platform) is a multimedia processor which is highly used in portable devices.
This paper describes the efficient implementation of H.264 Main Profile video decoder on
Image and Video Accelerator (IVA) subsystem of OMAP3430 platform. Major focus of
current work is on algorithmic, architectural and memory level optimizations. Proposed
optimization steps help in achieving real time playback of high resolution H.264 Main Profile
contents on hand held devices with high performance and low power consumption

Perceptual video encryption using multiple 8×8 transforms in H.264 and
MPEG-4

Siu-Kei Au Yeung; Shuyuan Zhu; Bing Zeng
Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 2011 IEEE International Conference on
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/ICASSP.2011.5946976
Cited by: 1



It has been demonstrated in our earlier works that perceptual video encryption can be
effectively achieved by using multiple transforms where the block size 4×4 has been
considered. In this paper, we study the extension to the transforms of size 8×8. In this case, a
more complex flow-graph structure is resulted, thus leading to a larger room for encryption.
In addition, special technique on controlling the encrypted video quality is presented by
carefully selecting the number of rotations in the flow-graph structure of an 8×8 transform.
The proposed scheme is first evaluated using the high profile of H.264. It is then further
tested for the MPEG-4 standard that completely relies on 8×8 transform. Both cases show
that promising results can be achieved with our proposed scheme

An Edge Preserving Spatial Error Concealment Technique for the H.264
Video Coding Standard

Beesley, S.; Armstrong, A.; Grecos, C.
Research in Microelectronics and Electronics 2006, Ph. D.
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/RME.2006.1689909



This paper presents a combination of algorithms which, when used together, produce a highly
effective spatial error concealment technique that can be used on intra slices in the H.264
video coding standard. By first detecting edges passing through neighboring macroblocks, a
weighting system can be applied to a multi-directional interpolation scheme, experimental
results show that this preserves edges through erroneous macroblocks which in turn gives
both significantly improved mathematical and visual performance over the commonly used
weighted pixel value averaging

An Improved Transformation Technique for H.264 / Advanced Video Coding

Ezhilarasan, M.; Thambidurai, P.; Rajalakshmi, V.; Ramya, R.; Vishnupriya, M.
Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications, 2007. International
Conference on
Volume: 3
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/ICCIMA.2007.124



A video encoder/decoder (CODEC) performs video data compression by having combination
of three main modules such as motion estimation and compensation, transformation, and
entropy encoding. Among these three modules, transformation is the module of removing the
spatial redundancy that exists in the spatial domain of video sequence. Discrete cosine
transformation (DCT) is the defacto transformation method in existing image and video
coding standards. DCT is a popular transformation technique for intra and inter frame video
coding. Even though it has high energy preserving and correlation properties, it suffers from
blocking artifacts. This problem affects the performance of other subsequent modules
involved in the video CODEC. To overcome this problem, a hybridization method has been
incorporated in transformation module of video CODEC. This paper presents an
improvement in the transformation module by incorporating DCT as transformation
technique for inter frames and discrete wavelet transform for intra frames of video sequence.
This proposal is also applied in the existing H.264/AVC standard. Extensive experiments
have been conducted with various low-bit rate video sequences. The results show that the
proposed technique outperforms the existing transformation technique used in the
H.264/AVC considerably.

Improved H.264-based video coding using an adaptive transform

Biswas, M.; Pickering, M.R.; Frater, M.R.
Image Processing (ICIP), 2010 17th IEEE International Conference on
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/ICIP.2010.5652136



In block-based video coding, the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) has been adopted for
signal decorrelation in state-of-the-art standards. Although the Karhunen Loeve Transform
(KLT) is known to achieve optimal energy compaction, it has been reported to offer only
moderate compression as the KLT basis functions are source dependent and hence require the
transform itself to be coded. This paper describes a technique for prediction-error block
coding using the KLT. The proposed method does not require coding of the KLT bases.
Instead the basis functions can be derived at the decoder in a manner similar to the encoder.
The proposed method is incorporated into a standard H.264 video codec using an adaptive
transform selection approach. Our experiments show that the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio
(PSNR) improvement of up to 0.9 dB is achieved with the proposed technique when
compared with the standard H.264 codec.

Unequal Error Protection for H.264 Video Using RCPC Codes and
Hierarchical QAM

Wei-Ho Chung; Paluri, S.; Kumar, S.; Nagaraj, S.; Matyjas, J.D.
Communications (ICC), 2010 IEEE International Conference on
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/ICC.2010.5502199



Compressed video data is very sensitive to channel-induced errors and network losses. Most
conventional unequal error protection techniques involve forward error correction codes of
different rates or asymmetric signal constellations for data of different priorities. It is yet
unknown if combining the above two techniques can further improve performance. In this
paper, we investigate rate-compatible punctured convolutional (RCPC) codes concatenated
with hierarchical QAM for H.264 encoded video sequences. We investigate system
constraints and propose an optimization formulation to compute the optimal parameters of the
proposed system under the given source significance information. An upper bound to the bit
error rate of the proposed system is derived as a function of system parameters, including the
code rate and geometry of the constellation. The example shown demonstrates system design
for H.264 video, where PSNR improvement is observed

Robust Filtering Technique for Reduction of Temporal Fluctuation in H.264
Video Sequences

Jie Xiang Yang; Hong Ren Wu
Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions on
Volume: 20 , Issue: 3
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/TCSVT.2009.2035850
Cited by: 2

IEEE Journals & Magazines


The H.264/advanced video coding standard applies a spatial loop-filter in both encoder and
decoder to reduce the blocking artifact. However, the temporal fluctuation artifact is still
noticeable between intra-coded frames or between an intra (I)-frame and its preceding or
subsequent inter-prediction (P) frames. This letter proposes a temporal postfilter using a
robust statistical model to reduce the temporal fluctuation and to preserve the motion
sharpness of the reconstructed video. The novelty is the implementation of a simplified robust
statistical model as well as the Huber statistical model for the temporal fluctuation reduction.
Performance evaluations of fluctuation reduction have been conducted using the proposed
robust statistical temporal filter (RSTF), the Huber filter, and three other temporal filtering
techniques, in terms of a temporal impairment metric (i.e., the sum of squared differences),
and a spatial quality metric (i.e., the peak-signal-to-noise ratio). Consistent improvements of
the temporal fluctuation reduction and the perceptual picture quality produced by the RSTF
are demonstrated using the aforementioned performance criteria, and can be best appreciated
by viewing the sequences on professional broadcasting television monitors.

VCGE: Video Coding Grid Environment Using H.264 Video Compression
Technologies

Yang Tao; Zhiming Liu; Yuxing Peng
Computational Intelligence and Security, 2006 International Conference on
Volume: 2
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/ICCIAS.2006.295355



In this paper we propose video coding grid environment (VCGE), which is a project to
provide a high performance video-coding platform in a grid-computing environment. As far,
computational grids have become a vital emerging platform for high performance computing
and video coding applications with high computing complexity have been used widely in
many scientific research areas. We adopt the H.264 video compression technologies that are
due to get high coding efficiency and high encoding performance in the new JVT while have
very high computing complexity. VCGE is a combination of grid and H.264 video
compression techniques on which complex video coding and other related applications can be
carried out. In this paper, we discuss the infrastructure to provide the integration platform
with both techniques, and give the components of the environment, which provides flexible

and useful mechanism to achieve high video coding performance for video coding
applications. The proposed design is very efficient for more complex video coding
applications and presents us a novel video coding technology, which is leading a direction of
grid application development.

Adaptive Video Concealment using Neural Networks for H.264 Based Video
Coding

A. Shahriari; W.A.C. Fernando; H. Kodikara Arachchi
Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2006. CCECE '06. Canadian Conference on
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/CCECE.2006.277457



Transmission errors are unavoidable in almost all state-of-the-art communication systems.
Due to the predictive nature of the syntax elements and the use of variable length coding in
video coding techniques, even a single bit error could render a large portion of the bit stream
undecodable. Therefore, some parts of a picture may not be able to reconstruct correctly. Due
to spatial temporal prediction, these errors can be propagated spatial and temporal directions
forming annoying visual artifacts. Therefore, error concealment is a key requirement in
almost all video applications. In this paper, we propose a fully receiver based adaptive error
concealment algorithm using neural networks for video applications. A previously trained
neural network is fine tuned using correctly received motion vectors and the corrupted
motion vectors are predicted block by block using this network. Experimental results show
that the proposed algorithm improves the picture quality significantly

Fast Mode Decision Algorithm Using Efficient Block Skip Techniques for
H.264 P Slices

Youngsub Jo; Jongmin You; Wonkyun Kim; Jechang Jeong
Advances in Multimedia, 2009. MMEDIA '09. First International Conference on
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/MMEDIA.2009.24
Cited by: 1



In this paper, we propose a fast algorithm that can reduce the complexity for inter mode
decision of the H.264 encoder by minimizing a large number of calculations of inter mode
decision process adaptively. The main idea is to use the technique skipping unnecessary
macroblock modes. We focus on two block size modes, which is 16times16 and 8times8
block size modes, in proposed algorithm. The percentage of 16times16 block size modes is
the largest in most of the sequences. This means that many redundant mode calculations can
be removed. The percentage of 8times8 block size mode is small. But time consumption

caused in the mode decision of encoder is very considerable. Therefore if we can extract the
unnecessary 8times8 block size mode calculation well, a large amount of time can be saved in
total encoding process. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can
achieve up to 43% speed up ratio with a little PSNR loss. Increase of total bits encoded is
also not much noticeable

Streaming of H.264 video using scalable multiple descriptions and rateless
codes

Costamagna, Eugenio; Favalli, Lorenzo; Folli, Marco; Savazzi, Pietro
Wireless Pervasive Computing (ISWPC), 2010 5th IEEE International Symposium on
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/ISWPC.2010.5483763
Cited by: 1



Efficient and reliable techniques are key factors in the delivery of multimedia information
over networks such as mobile ad hoc networks and the internet. Existing works tend to mix
source coding techniques like multiple description coding and scalability with network
techniques such as path diversity and forward error correction capabilities (FEC) or more
recently rateless codes. In this work we exploit all these factors and propose a technique that
generates H.264 compatible scalable streams which are sent over independent paths using
rateless codes. The amount of allowed redundancy is adapted according to the channel
capacity on a group of pictures basis. We show that the approach is efficient and allows to
derive some design criteria to determine coding rate and buffer size at the receiver.

Unequal error protection of H.264 Scalable Video Coding using discrete
wavelet transfrom within a lognormal shadowing environment

Morcos, A.; Elshabrawy, T.
Consumer Electronics - Berlin (ICCE-Berlin), 2011 IEEE International Conference on
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/ICCE-Berlin.2011.6031842



In this paper, Unequal Error Protection (UEP) is applied to a proposed Scalable Video
Coding (SVC) amendment to the H.264/AVC standard. The proposed SVC framework uses
Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) as a hierarchically signal decomposition for multi-
resolution analysis and H.264/AVC as a source coding and compression technique. The
output streams are divided into four streams with different priorities. UEP is applied in two
different dimensions, the first dimension is defined under the video scalability and the second
dimension gives higher priority to I-frames over P-frames. UEP is realized using a
combination of Hierarchical Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (H-QAM) and Forward Error

Correction (FEC) based on Rate Compatible Punctured Convolutional Codes (RCPC). A
method to find the optimal selection of parameters for the H-QAM and the rate used by the
RCPC is proposed to achieve a certain predefined quality of service based on the received
SNR distribution due to lognormal shadowing within the network cell. Simulation results
show that the proposed UEP scheme outperforms the Equal Error Protection (EEP) for low
SNR values while minimizing as much as possible the loss for higher SNR users and thus
achieving a better quality of service

Data hiding in audio signal, video signal text and JPEG images

Sathya, V.; Balasubramaniyam, K.; Murali, N.; Rajakumaran, M.; Vigneswari
Advances in Engineering, Science and Management (ICAESM), 2012 International
Conference on



Steganography means hiding a message. Information hiding technique is a new kind of secret
communication technology. Information hiding system uses multimedia objects like audio,
images and text. Digital audio, images, text are increasingly furnished with distinguishing but
imperceptible marks, which may contain a hidden copyright notice or serial number or even
help to prevent unauthorized copying directly. Today the growth in the information
technology, especially in computer networks such as internet, mobile communication and
digital multimedia applications such as digital camera, handset video etc

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