9. Embyology of nasal septum
5 facial prominences form the nose
• 1-frontal prominence
• Paired medial prominence
• Paired lateral prominence
Septum begins as a downward growth of frontal
prominence,as primary n secondary shelves
join in ,descending septum fuses with the
palate to separate the nasal cavity into 2
distinct nasal passages
10. Nasal septum
Anatomy of nasal septum:
Nasal septum consists of three parts:
1. Columellar septum
2. Membranous septum
3. Septum proper: principle constituents of septum proper
are
a)perpendicular plate of ethmoid
b)vomer
c)septal(quadrilateral cartilage)
minor contributions from crest of nasal bone,nasal spine
of frontal bone,rostrum of sphenoid,crest of palatine and
maxilla and anterior nasal spine of maxilla.
11. Nasal septum
o Mucosa :pseudostratified columnar epithelium
o along inferior two-thirds
o olfactory epithelium along superior one third
o forms a partition between right and left nasal cavities and
provides support to tip and dorsum of cartilagenous part of
nose.
o Septal cartilage lies in a groove in the anterior edge of vomer
and rests anteriorly on anterior nasal spine. during trauma, it
may get dislocated from nasal spine or vomer causing caudal
septal deviation and spur respectively.
15. • FROM ICA >ophthalmic artery >ant. and post.
Ethmoidal arteies
• FROM ECA- sphenopalantine artery br of int.
maxillary artery
Superior labial br of facial artery
19. LITTLE’S AREA (KIESSEL BACH’S PLEXUS)
Anterior ethmoidal
Septal branch of supeior labial
Septal branch of sphenopalotine
Septal branch of greater palatine
20.
21. Vomeronasal organ
Vomeronasal organ for
olfaction (primordial)
Aka Jacoben’s organ
Located on anterior septum
Found with endoscopy 76%
of the time
Don’t biopsy but recognize
as normal anatomic
structure
22. Factors affecting shape and position of
nasal tip
• Lateral crural complex
• Thickness of the overlying skin
• Ligaments and fibrous attachments of nasal
tip structures
23.
24. DOME
Anatmic dome :
Junction of middle and lateral crura
clinical dome:
The most anterior projecting portion of lower
lateral cartilage
Tip defining point:
The external projection of dome
25.
26.
27.
28. Nasal valve
• Narrowest point of upper airway
• Small changes in nasal septal structure can have
significant effects of airflow resistance n
sensation of obstruction
• Boumdaries – 2dimensional plane slicing through
caudal end of upper lateral cartilage superiorly
Alae – laterally
Bony nasal floor inferiorly
Septum medially
29.
30. Fractures of nasal septum
• Aetiopathogenisis:
-Trauma inflicted from front, side or below.the septum may
buckle on itself, fracture vertically, horizontally or get crushed.
-fracture of septal cartilage or its dislocation can occur without
nasal bones fracture.
septal injuries with mucosal tears cause profuse epistaxis
while with intact mucosa result in septal hematoma.
31. Fractures of nasal septum
Types :
1} Jarjaway fracture: result from blow from front.
fracture line starts just above the anterior nasal spine and
runs horizontally backwards just above the junction of septal
cartilage with the vomer.
2} Chevallet fracture: results from blow from below.
runs vertically from anterior nasal spine upwards to the
junction of bony and cartilaginous dorsum of nose.
33. Fractures of nasal septum
Treatment: -early recognition and treatment of septal injuries is
essential.
-dislocated or fractured fragments should be repositioned and
supported between mucoperichondrial flaps.
-haematomas should be drained.
Complications: a) deviation of cartilagenous nose.
b) asymmetry of nasal tip,columella,or
nostril.
34. DEVIATED NASAL SEPTUM
AETIOLOGY:
1) Trauma:
lateral blow-displacement of septal cartilage from vomer.
blow from front-buckling, fracture, duplication of septum with
telescoping of fragments.
2) Developmental: the septum should grow at the same rate as that of
face. if septum grows at faster rate it becomes buckled. unequal
growth between palate and base of skull may also cause buckling
(high arched palate)
3) Congenital: abnormal intrauterine posture cause compressing
forces acting on nose and upper jaw.
4) Hereditary
5) Racial: Caucasians are more affected
6) Secondary: to a tumour, mass or polyp.
35. DEVIATED NASAL SEPTUM
Types:
1) Deviations: upper or lower, anterior or posterior, C
shaped, S shaped. nasal cavity on the concave side of
the septum will be wider and may show compensatory
hypertrophy of turbinates.
2) Anterior Dislocation: seen on tilting the patients head
backwards.
3) Spurs: shelf like projection at the junction of bone and
cartilage. may predispose for epistaxis and headache.
4) Thickening: it may be due to organized haematoma or
over-riding of dislocated septal fragments
5) impacted septum-despite decongestants
37. Mladina classification for nasal septal
deviation
• Type 1- U/L vertical ridge in the valve region
• Type 2- same as type 1 but more severe obstrution n disturbance of
nasal valve
• Type3- U/L vertical ridge at d level of head of middle turbinate
• Type 4- combination of type3 wid either type ½
• Type 5- HZ septal crest in contrast wid lateral nasal wall
• Type 6- prominent maxillary crest C/L to deviation wid a septal crest
on d deviated side
• Type 7- combination of previously described septal deformity types
38. Clinical features
• Nasal obstruction: the most common symptom mainly on side
of DNS,C/L paradoxical nasal obstruction due to turbinate
hypertrophy may be seen
• Headache-contact with lateral wall sluders neuralgia,sinusitis
• Recurrent attacks of cold due to sinusitis
• Epistaxis-stretched mucosa on DNS-dry crusting n bleeding on
removal-stretched blood vessels over spur
• Anosmia/hyposmia-in high DNS
• External deformity
• Middle ear infection
39. Clinical features
• Cottle’s test: used in nasal obstruction due to
abnormality of nasal valve. In this test cheek is
drawn laterally while the patient breathes
quietly. If the nasal airway improves on test
side the test is positive and indicates
abnormality of nasal valve
43. History of septoplasty
• Edwin smith papyrus
treating broken nose by placing 2 plugs of linen coated wid grease& ext packing
wid stiff rolls of linen
• Bosworth opeartion (late 19th)
deviated part of septum amputed wid mucosa on convex side
• Asch (1899)- full thickness cruciate incision on septal cartilage
• Freer (1902) -SMR of total septal cartilage
• Killian (1904) -SMR wid preservation of dorsal&caudal portion of cartilage
• Metzenbaum (1929)-swinging door technique for caudal dislocation
• Peer (1937)-removal of caudal septum n replacement after its alterartion
• Cottle (1948)-maxilla –premaxilla septoplasty
44. Preoperative assessment
History
1. Allergies
2. Nasal obstruction (unilateral/bilateral, constant/intermittent, seasonal)
3. Bilateral symptoms that change in severity (mucosal disease)
4. Constant obstruction (fixed structural abnormality)
5. Presence of epistaxis or rhinorrhea
6. Prior nasal surgery
7. Medication history (especially vasoconstrictive sprays, OC’s)
8. Trauma
9. Symptoms (crusting, dry mouth, frequent sore throats, sinus problems)
45. Anosmia/hyposmia
University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification
Test (UPSIT)
Help identify malingering and gross degree of
impairment
34% of patients scored lower postoperatively after
septal surgery
66% improved or were unchanged
46. Rhinomanometry
Anterior rhinomanometry
Posterior rhinomanometry
Pernasal rhinomanometry
Objective information regarding respiratory
function
Quantifies nasal air flow and pressure
Nasal resistance (pressure/flow)
47. Acoustic rhinomanometry
Measures the cross-
sectional area of the
nasal cavity as a
function of distance
from the nostril
Sound generator, wave
tube, microphone, and
a computer
48. Optimizing acoustic rhinomanometry
Must form an acoustic seal with wave tube
without distorting the nasal tip
Results represent cross sectional area as a
function of distance (cm) from end of
nosepiece
Does not detail shape of the airway, cannot
provide information on nasal airway resistance
49. Physical exam
• External appearance of nose
• Mouth breather
• Adenoid facies (maxillary hypoplasia)
• Location of deviation
• Tip support
• Nasal valve
• Remove all crusts (? Underlying perforation,
exophytic lesion, etc)
• Any abnormal crusts, ulcerations, or polypoid
changes should delay elective surgery for
possible underlying systemic condition
• Examine with vasoconstrictor, endoscope
50. Goals of surgery
Exposure of the pathologic portion of septum
Removal or reconstruction of the defective
portions
Preserve nasal mucosa and lining
Prevent external deformity of patient
51. Anaesthesia
• Lignocaine 2% wid epinephrine 1/100,000
• Solution injected subperichondrially (not used only as a hemostatic
agent but for hydrodissection-with pressure lifting the mucosa and
perichondrium from cartilage
• Performed in anterior to posterior direction and d mucosa should
blanch as injection proceeds
• Injected bilaterally
• more the time taken for infillteration less is the time rqrd for Sx
52. You inject lidocaine with epinephrine and the patient becomes
tachycardic, hypotensive, and syncope…
Vasovagal?, Allergic Reaction to PABA?, Intravascular Injection of
Epinephrine?
Vasovagal-Bradycardic, Cool skin, Hypotensive, Impending sense of doom
Allergic Reaction-Tachycardic, Hypotensive, Flushed and warm skin
Intravascular Epinephrine-Tachycardic (from epinephrine), Hypotensive
from impaired ventricular filling of heart, Peripheral Vasodilation
(depending on the dose) can occur
53. Incisions
Kilian incision
Preserves projection the best
Should not be too far posterior (difficult to close)
Hemitransfixion incision
Full transfixion incision
High and Low transfixion incision
Open rhinoplasty incision
56. Treatment- surgery
• Submucous resection of nasal septum (SMR)
It is generally done in adults
It consists of elevating mucoperichondrial and
mucoperiosteal flap on either side of the
septum, removing the deflected parts of bony
and cartilagenous septum and then
repositioning the flaps
57. SMR
• Indications
Deviated nasal septum causing nasal obstruction and
recurrent headaches
Deviated nasal septum causing obstruction to ventilation of
paranasal sinuses and middle ear resulting in recurrent
infections
Recurrent epistaxis from septal spur
As a part of septorhinoplasty
Harvesting cartilage graft for tympanoplasty and
rhinoplasty
As an approach to surgeries of sphenoidal sinus, vidian
nerve and pituitary gland
59. SMR
• Anesthesia - Local anesthesia/ general
anesthesia
• Positioning: reclining position with head end of
the table raised
60. SMR - STEPS
• Infiltration: subperichondrial infiltration with 2% xylocaine with
adrenaline
• Incision: killian’s incision- curvilinear incision 2-3mm behind the
anterior end of septal cartilage
• Elevation of flaps: the mucoperichondrial and mucoperiosteal flap
is elevated
• Incision of the cartilage- cartilage is incised just posterior to the
first incision
• Elevation of opposite mucoperichondrial and mucoperiosteal flap
61. SMR – STEPS (cont…)
• Removal of cartilage and bone - cartilage can be
removed with Ballinger swivel knife or luc’s
forceps. Bony spur is removed using gouge and
hammer
• Preserve a strip of 1cm wide cartilage along the
dorsal and caudal borders ( L-struts)
• Nasal packing
63. Keystone areas
Preserve along bony
cartilaginous junction
Preserve along nasal floor
Diagram showing area of L
SHAPED STRUT cartilage
preserved
64. Submucous resection limitations
and comlications
Caudal end deformities are not addressed
Poor access to nasal spine
Dorsal deformities not addressed
Saddle back defomity
Septal hematoma
Collopse of nasal tip n columella
Nasal obstruction
Mucosal tear
TSS
Septal perforation
Cartilage n bone may have memory to return to original
deformed position
65. Reconstitution
Morselized cartilage replaced between flaps
Less risk of septal perforation
Future source of cartilage for rhinoplasty and
easier dissection
80. complications
• Bleeding
• Septal haematoma
• Damage to surrounding structures
• Septal abscess
• Septal Perforation
• Depression of bridge
• Retraction of columella
• Synichae
• Flapping septum
• Infection- sinus and middle ear
• CSF rhinorrhoea
81. Cottle’s line
• A vertical line between the
nasal process of frontal
bone and nasal spine of
maxillary crest. it divides
septum into anterior and
posterior segments
82. Septoplasty
• It is a conservative approach to septal surgery as much of the septal
framework is retained
• Indications:
Deviated nasal septum causing nasal obstruction and recurrent
headaches
Deviated nasal septum causing obstruction to ventilation of
paranasal sinuses and middle ear resulting in recurrent infections
Recurrent epistaxis from septal spur
As a part of septorhinoplasty
As an approach to surgeries of sphenoidal sinus, vidian nerve and
pituitary gland
84. Septoplasty (cont…)
• Anesthesia: local or general anesthesia
• Position: same as SMR
• Steps :
Infiltration
Incision: Freer’s incision– a unilateral hemitransfixation
incision at the caudal border of the septum
Exposure: the mucoperichondrial and mucoperiosteal
flap is elevated on only one side
85. Septoplasty (cont…)
Separate septal cartilage from vomer and ethmoid
plate
Inferior strip of cartilage is removed
Correct the bony septum by removing deformed parts
Minor deviations of cartilage are corrected by criss
cross incision which breaks spring action of cartilage
Nasal packing
86. Post-operative complications
• Bleeding
• Septal haematoma
• Saddle nose
• Damage to surrounding structures
• Septal abscess
• Septal Perforation
• Depression of bridge
• Retraction of columella
• Synechiae
• Persistent deviation
• Infection- sinus and middle ear
• CSF rhinorrhoea
• Toxic shock syndrome
87. Differences between SMR and septoplasty
SMR
1. Radical surgery
2. Not done in children
3. Killian’s incision
4. Flaps elevated on both sides
5. Most of cartilage removed
6. Caudal dislocation not corrected
7. Perforation chance higher
8. Post operative saddling may be
present
9. Revision surgery difficult
10. Rhinoplasty incision cant combine
11. Cartilage graft can be harvested
Septoplasty
1. Conservative surgery
2. Can be done in children
3. Freer’s incision
4. Flap elevated on concave side only
5. Most of cartilage preserved
6. Caudal dislocation corrected
7. Perforation rare
8. Post operative deformity absent
9. Revision surgery easier
10. Can combine
11. Cannot be harvested
88. ENDOSCOPIC SEPTOPLASTY
• Described by LANZA and STAMMBERGER
ADVANTAGES :
• Minimally invasive
• Better for treatment of isolated spurs
• Improved access to deviation posterior to septal perforation
• Better assessment of relationship b/w septum n middle turbinate
• Possible to see d separation of collagenous fibres connecting the
perichondrium and periosteum to underlying bone and cartilage
• Can be used as a teaching tool for residents
• mucosal disruptions are recognized immediately
89. Procedure
• Infilteration is given
• The nasal cavity is examined with a 0 degree
endoscope to see location of deviation and spur
• Rest of the steps are same as conventional
septoplasty
90. Directed septoplasty
• This approach is useful for managing isolated spurs in
absence of larger septal deviations
• HZ incision is made over the apex of spur,mucosal
flaps elevated in superior and inferior direction
• Spur incised using microdebrider or by traditional
septal transfixion with resection of spurring
cartilage/bone.
• Flaps redrapped to minimize exposure of raw mucosa
• Advantage :limited dissection and quicker post op
healing
91. Complications
• Major complications are rare
• Minor complications include epistaxis. Septal
hematoma, injury to nasopalantine nerve wid dental
numbness, scarring,perforation and CSF leak are rare
complications.
93. • A child coming wid nasal obstructions should be properly evaluated
very rarely cause will be septal deviation alone
Factors contributing are:
• Congenital nasal mass(dermoid,encephalocele,glioma)
• Nasal polyp
• Choanal atresia
• Foreign body
• Septal hematoma
• Adenoid hypertrophy
• Reversible obstruction (acut URTI,chronic sinusitis,allergic
inflammation)
• Isolated spur
• Turbinate hypertrophy
• Deviated septum
• Midface hypoplasia
94. Nasal septal perforation
Etiology :
Traumatic - post surgical, habitual nose picking, cauterization of septum with
chemicals or galvano-cautery for epistaxis
Pathological perforation
a) Septal abscess
b) Nasal myasis
c) Rhinolith or neglected foreign body
d) Chronic granulomatous conditions like TB, lupus, leprosy, syphilis, wegener’s
Inhalant irritants- snuff and cocaine irritant, industrial toxins
Malignancy
idiopathic
95. Septal Perforation
History
Crusting, bleeding, whistling
if perforation is small
Rhinorrhea and disruption
of lamellar flow if
perforation is large
Pain signifies chondritis
More anterior the
perforation the more likely
the patient will become
occult
96. Septal Perforation
Must rule out a chronic inflammatory disease
process, cocaine abuse, granulomatous
process in face of granulation tissue on
perforation
97. Physical Exam
Crusting on mucosa due to dry
nonlaminar flow, not
necessarily at site of
perforation
Bleeding at edge of
perforation
Picture with endoscope and
ruler to assess size of
perforation
98. What tests do I order?
Nasal cultures for fungal
and bacterial infections
Skin testing for TB, fungi
and anergy
VDRL, FTA-Abs, C-ANCA
Biopsy to rule out
autoimmune process
99. Principle
Perforation is unlikely to
heal on its own
More likely to contract
and create a larger
opening
100. Medical Therapy
Petroleum based ointments
Antiseptic wash per
Fairbanks (1 teaspoon salt
in warm water delivered by
Water-Pik device +/-
glycerin to moisturize +
boric acid or vinegar)
Medical button
101. Surgical therapy
Endonasal repair
Small perforations
External approach
Most perforations less than 2cm
Tissue expander
Free flap
102.
103. Nasal septal perforation
• Clinical features
• Whistling sound
• Irritation and crusting
• Epistaxis
• Nasal obstruction
104. Nasal septal perforation
Treatment :
Treat the root cause
Inactive small perforation can be surgically closed
by plastic flaps or septal mucosal flaps
Larger perforations are difficult to close: their
treatment is aimed to keep the nose crust free by
alkaline nasal douch and application of lubricants,
silastic obturator may also be used