3. BACKGROUND
The main purpose of fuel is to store energy, which should be in a stable form and can be easily
transported to the place of use.
Almost all fuels are chemical fuels. The user employs this fuel to generate heat or perform
mechanical work, such as powering an engine.
It may also be used to generate electricity, which is then used for heating, lighting, or other
purpose.
4. INTRODUCTION
The increase in energy consumption particularly in the past
several decades has raised fears of exhausting vital natural
resources.
Rapid industrialization and massive growth in population has
increased the dependence and use of natural fuels.
Approximately 90% of our energy requirement are met by
fossil fuels
5. INTRODUCTION..
Studies suggest that if exploited at the same rate, the coal reserves will
deplete in the next 200-300 years and petroleum deposits will deplete in
the next few decades.
So, it is important for us to engage in research and development of
alternative fuels so we may not face scarcity of natural resources in the
future.
6. CONVENTIONAL V/S ALTERNATE FUELS
Conventional Fuels:
Fossil fuels (petroleum), coal, and nuclear materials such as
uranium.
Alternate Fuels:
Also known as non-conventional fuels
Highly Oxidized, Sulphur Free, Environmental Friendly
Example:- Alcohol Fuel, Vegetable Oil,Biodiesel,Natural gas
7. NEED FOR ALTERNATIVE FUELS
World today is facing the pinch of rising energy consumption.
Green house gas emissions and global warming is also in the forefront
of critical issues.
India is ranked 6th in terms of energy demands but its domestic crude
oil production satisfies only ¼th of our current demands.
Cost of conventional fuels.
In some cases, alternative fuels are more environmentally friendly.
Some alternative fuels are more energy efficient.
8. The Energy Policy Act of 1993 (EPAct) DOE currently
recognizes the following as alternative fuels:
Mixtures containing 85% or more by volume of alcohol fuel, including
methanol and denatured ethanol
Natural gas (compressed or liquefied)
Liquefied petroleum gas (propane)
Hydrogen
Coal-derived liquid fuels
9. CONTINUED..
Fuels derived from biological materials (Algae)
Electricity (including electricity from solar energy)
100% Biodiesel (B100)
Pure biodiesel (B100) is considered an alternative fuel under
EPAct. But lower-level biodiesel blends are not considered
alternative fuels
10. BIODIESEL
Biodiesel is a domestically produced, renewable fuel that can be manufactured from
vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant greases.
Biodiesel is safe, biodegradable, and reduces air pollutants such as particulates, carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons, and air toxics.
Biodiesel can also be used in its pure form but it may require certain engine modifications to
avoid maintenance and performance problems and may not be suitable for wintertime use.
Need heat storage tanks in colder climates to prevent the fuel from gelling
11. IMPORTANCE OF BIODIESEL
Environmental friendly
Clean burning
Renewable fuel
No engine modification(for blends)
Increase in engine life
Biodegradable and non-toxic
Complete CO2 cycle
Sulphur free
13. TRANSESTERIFICATION…
A chemical exchange takes place between the alkoxy groups of an ester
compound by an alcohol.
Usually, methanol and ethanol are used for the purpose. The reaction
occurs by the presence of a catalyst, usually sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or
caustic soda and potassium hydroxide (KOH), which forms fatty esters (e.g.,
methyl or ethyl esters), commonly known as biodiesel.
It takes approximately 10% of methyl alcohol by weight of the fatty
substance to start the transesterification process.
15. BLENDS
Much of the world uses a system known as the "B" factor to state the amount of
biodiesel in any fuel mix.
100% biodiesel is referred to as B100
20% biodiesel, 80% petrodiesel is labeled B20
5% biodiesel, 95% petrodiesel is labeled B5
2% biodiesel, 98% petrodiesel is labeled B2
Blends of 20% biodiesel and lower can be used in diesel equipment with no, or only
minor modifications.
Biodiesel can also be used in its pure form (B100), but may require certain engine
modifications to avoid maintenance and performance problems.
16. PRODUCT QUALITY
Prior to use as a commercial fuel, the finished biodiesel must be analyzed using sophisticated
analytical equipment to ensure it meets any required specifications.
The most important aspects of biodiesel production to ensure trouble free operation in diesel
engines are:
Complete reaction
Removal of glycerin
Removal of catalyst
Removal of alcohol
Absence of fatty acids
17. ALGAE
Algae are simple plants that range from microalgae to
large seaweeds, such as giant kelp
Algae can be grown using sea-, and wastewater
unsuitable for cultivating agricultural crops
Most microalgae grow through photosynthesis by
converting sunlight, CO2,and a few nutrients, including
nitrogen and phosphorous, into biomass
Other algae can grow in the dark using sugar or starch
18. WHY ALGAE BIOFUEL
Can be grown on marginal lands useless for ordinary crops
High yield per acre –have a harvesting cycle of 1–10 days
Can be grown with minimal impact on fresh water resources
Can be grown using flue gas from power plants as a CO2 source
Can convert a much higher fraction of biomass to oil than
conventional crops, e.g. 60% versus 2-3% for soybean
19. ALGAE CULTIVATION
Algal Production or Algae Cultivation methods in practice .
1. Open pond
2. Closed-loop system
3 Algal Turf Scrubber
4. Hybrid System
20. OPEN POND SYSYEM
Algae is cultivated in ponds which are exposed to
open air.
Mostly uses environmental carbon dioxide.
The ponds can be in planned or unplanned, natural
or artificial.
Most efficient and low cost method where surface
water bodies are available with plenty amount of
water.
Open sewage-ponds also used for the cultivation.
21. CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM
Closed systems (not exposed to open air) .
Avoid the problem of contamination by other organisms
blown in by the air.
Widespread mass-production of algae by using this method
for biofuel production.
Highly controlled production .Allows integration facility with
other facilities like Combined Heat and Power (CHP) system.
22. ALGAL TURF SCRUBER(ATS)
Model of outdoor Algal Turf Scrubber
• Needs:
-Sunlight
-Non corrosive Turf Sheet
-Nutrients rich Water etc.
23. HYBRID SYSTEM
Hybrid Systems are the advanced cultivation systems.
These are basically need dependent combination of previous
algal production Technologies to overcome the demerits
These systems are capable of maintaining higher algal densities
for maximized algal biomass production within less cultivation
area.
These are called with different names depends on the
combination and use of technology.
24. FUTURE PREDICTIONS
From the study it can be predict that in future there will be:
Emphasis on the use of Byproducts
More Research & Development
Further Private & Government Investment
Clearer Regulatory & Statutory Guidelines for Algae
Businesses
Biofuel vehicles
Green buildings
25. COMPARISON OF OIL YEILDS
•Algae yield is multiple times higher than other biofuel crops
28. CONCLUSION
The basic concept of conventional fuel like petrol,coal etc is to extract carbon from earth
and releasing into atmosphere in the process of producing energy which causes global
warming.
Where as biofuels such as biodiesel,algal fuels etc concept is to use carbon present in
atmosphere to produce fuel .
If algae farms are cultivated near co2 rich areas such as industrial areas where normal food
crops can’t be grown we can obtain better results
Major draw back we have to look into is we should not let these commercial crops to
overcome food crops which result in food shortage which is not a good sign.