Learning resources compiled by S.Rengasamy for the students doing their Bachelor and Master of Social Work Course

1. Broader Meaning of Resource Mobilization
Mobilization is "the process of forming crowds, groups, associations, and organizations for the pursuit
of collective goals" (Oberschall quoted in Scott p. 169). Organizations do not "spontaneously emerge"
but require the mobilization of resources.
Resource mobilization is a sociological theory that forms part of the study of social movements. It
stresses the ability of movement's members to acquire resources and to mobilize people towards the
furtherance of their goals. [Kendall 2006] In contrast to the traditional collective behavior paradigm
that views social movements as deviant aberrations, resource mobilization--which emerged in the
1970s--views social movements as formed by rational social institutions and social actors taking
political action. [Buechler 1999]
According to resource mobilization theory, it is a core group of sophisticated strategists that works
towards harnessing the disaffected energies, attracting money and supporters, capturing the media’s
attention, forging alliances with those in power, and creating an organizational structure. This theory
assumes that without such resources, social movements cannot be effective and further that dissent
alone is not enough to engender any social change. [Kendall 2006]
This theory is based on the assumptions that individuals are rational. Also, it views social movements
as a goal-oriented activity. Thus, following rational choice theory, individuals are viewed as weighing
the costs and benefits of movement participation and deciding to act only if benefits outweigh costs.
When movement goals take the form of public goods, the free rider dilemma has to be taken into
consideration. Organization is more important than acquisition of resources, or than resources
themselves. Organization focuses on interactions between social movement organizations (SMOs) and
other organizations (other SMOs, businesses, governments, etc.). Organization infrastructure is
another aspect of study in this approach. [Kendall 2006]
Resource mobilization theory may be divided into two camps:
John McCarthy and Mayer Zald are the originators and major advocates of the classic
entrepreneurial (economic) version of this theory, while Charles Tilly and Doug McAdam are
proponents of the political version of resource mobilization.[Kendall 2006]
The entrepreneurial model blends economics and organization theory to account for collective action.
It argues that grievances are not enough to lead to the creation of a movement, and instead that
access to and control over resources is the most important factor. This model states that the flow or
resources from and towards the group can be best explained by the laws of supply and demand, and
that individual or group involvement (or lack thereof) is accounted for by rational choice theory.
Critics, however, point out that resource mobilization theory fails to explain social movement
communities. [Kendall 2006]
The political version of RMT focuses on the political struggle instead of economic factors. [Kendall
2006] Critics have argued that it fails to account for social change brought about by groups with
limited resources and that it marginalizes the role of grievances, identity and culture as well as many
macro-sociological issues. [Kendall 2006]
S.Rengasamy Madurai Institute of Social Sciences
Of all the resources required for a Voluntary organization
/NGO /NPO, resources in the form of ‘money’ is the most
important one. Without this resource we cannot activate the
other resources in the agency / community. In the market
oriented economy like ours, it is the monetary resource,
which determines the expansion or contraction of other resources. The
Mobilizing and Managing of Financial Resources

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Resources are the inputs that are used in the activities of a program. Broadly speaking, the term
encompasses natural, physical, financial, human, and social resources, but the vast majority of
the resources are financial resources. In kind resources such as the provision of office space,
seconded staff, or partner participation at board meetings are a second level of resources.
Resource mobilization is the process by which resources are solicited by the program and
provided by donors and partners.
The process of mobilizing resources begins with the formulation of a resource mobilization
strategy, which may include separate strategies for mobilizing financial and in-kind resources.
Carrying out a financial resource mobilization strategy includes the following steps: identifying
potential sources of funds, actively soliciting pledges, following up on pledges to obtain funds,
depositing these funds, and recording the transactions and any restrictions on their use. The
process is generally governed by legal agreements at various stages.
Financial management refers to all the processes that govern the recording and use of funds,
including allocation processes, crediting and debiting of accounts, controls that restrict use, and
accounting and periodic financial reporting systems.
success of any NGO / community organization agency lies in its ability to raise
enough funds (monetary resources), or to convert other resources in such a way that it
can be exchanged for the money, or to plan its activities into fundable projects.
In the earlier days when ‘Alms Giving’ and charity was held a high and respected
place, the persons who were concerned with community affairs, were able to collect
the necessary funds from the wealthy people. But at present the motives behind
giving charity as well as the dimensions of the community problems have drastically
changed.
The resultant effect is that the resources are drying. At the same time more and more
money is required for welfare services of meeting the changing needs and adopting
better methods of helping the people. To get over this crisis, either the state aid is to
increase or the agencies have to depend largely upon the community’s support. It is
not possible to step up the aid from the Government. This necessitates a change in
our outlook and we should think of more suitable ways and means of raising money
from the public.
Explanation:
FUND-Literally means a sum of money on which some enterprise
is founded or expense supported.
MOBILIZE /RAISE- Means to bring about or to get.
CAMPAIGN-Means an organized and intensified series of operations in the advocacy
of some cause or object.
FUND RAISING- Means obtaining the requisite funds for the operation of a voluntary
agency.
SOURCES OF FUNDS
Government:
The major type of support extended by the Govt. to the voluntary agencies is in the
form of Grants – in – Aid.
Grants – in – Aid is a sum of money assigned by a higher to a lower authority
either out of the former exchequer or out of the revenue source specially designed
for the purpose. (E.g. Subsidy, Concession, Material incentive, Staff deputation)

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A system of centralized, partially decentralized and decentralized pattern of Grants-in-
Aid system evolved to support the voluntary agencies.
-Centralized – CSWB – directly distributing the grants
-Partially decentralized – CSWB giving it to SSWB and then to voluntary agencies.
-Decentralized – CSWB themselves grant it.
Types of Grants:
*One Year Grant *Plan Period Grant *Maintenance Grant*Development Grant*Non
recurring / Capital Grant *Discretionary Grant *Grants for Innovative and
Experimental Projects*Administrative Grant *Grants for Meeting Deficit *Grants for
Appointing Staff
Conditions for getting Grants – in – Aid
Registration
Three year existence
Well established memorandum and bye – laws.
Paid / volunteer work with will established working condition.
Annual report submission and audited statement of accounts.
Submission of detailed project proposal.
Accepting the powers of Grant – giving agency.
Private / Voluntary Sources:
Private / Voluntary Sources consists of
Subscriptions
Donations
Sponsorship
Creating endowments /fixed deposits and getting interest from it
Service fees
Sponsorship
Paid ‘Solicitors’ campaign
Collection by organizing premier shows
Collection of left over food from hotels / second hand clothes / newspaper
Contributions / Collections (Hundial)
Voluntary agencies are experiencing the following problem in raising adequate funds.
a. Donors dictate the terms
Problems related b. Donors specification
to sources c.Donors using it for their political advantage
d. Weakening of the religious sources
Problems in raising e. New sources are not tapped
Funds Problems related a. V.a.’s want only cash
Voluntary Agencies b. V.a’s poor and limited contact with the
prospectivedonors prospective donars
a. Absence of proper public relations
b. Poor staff morale and out moded working
Problems related to pattern
the functioning of c. Misuse and misappropriation of funds
Voluntary agencies d. Lack of credibility among public

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Other Problems identified are:
With the high cost of living, people have little money to donate
There is no co-ordination between the agencies located in an area. Several
agencies approaching one and the same person for collecting money for the same
purpose.
Industrialists and businessmen find it more profitable to invest money in political
fields to get more advantages rather than donating money to charitable institutions.
The various agencies engaged in providing grants – in – aid programs appears to
be gaining more and more hold on the institutions through its rules and regulations
for utilization grants.
Donors often do not have any idea about the standing of an agency. No systematic
attempts made by the agencies so that prospective donors’ maybe prompted to
contribute resources through them.
Keeping in view the virtues of voluntary agencies (human touch, dedication,
flexibility, nearness to the community) and the problems faced by them in raising
enough funds to carry out their programs, it was decided to support the voluntary
organizations with necessary funds in the form of grants –in – aid. Grants – in – Aid
was also not a new concept in the past. It was discretionary and sporadic in nature.
Govt. decided to make it as a permanent feature, that too not through a govt.
department but through an autonomous body.
Fundraising Campaign –I
To collect funds from regular sources such as getting grants from the government,
subscriptions, creating endowments, fees, and interest from endowments one need not
resort to campaign tactics, If the agency wants to tap from sources other than regular,
say it form public, it has to organize a fund raising campaign.
A fund raising campaign is a highly organized undertaking. Fund raising campaign is
based on five general principles.
1. Skilled planning and direction
2. Compilation, efficient distribution and constant control of a sufficient number of
prospect cards (i.e. appeals)
3. Organized use of large number of volunteer solicitors (canvassers)
4. The largest amount of publicity
5. A short and specific period to complete the work.
Planning the Campaign
Preparing the Budget Preparing a list of
Patrons
Forming a fund raising
committee[FRC]
Selecting volunteers
Amount required Enlist their support Prepare a prospect Orientation training
Cost of fund raising
campaign [FRC]
Ask them to appeal Determine the strategy
i.e. Methods & Duration
Assignment of quotas
and prospect cards
Campaign supplies
Solicitation of Prospects /Collecting fund
Review meeting /Dealing with Campaign Crises
Big Gifts Receiving / Recording / Auditing Sundry Collection
Campaign mop up / Dinner / Award / Appreciation
Evaluation of the Campaign

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Methods of Collection
1. Mere collection methods Paid solicitors, campaign sponsorship program. Collection
at religious / ceremonial gathering Hundi / Musti Dan /
Birthday / Auspices day.
2. Partly Beneficial Methods Organizing premier shows. Publishing calendars / diaries
etc. Organizing lectures and demonstrations / exhibition
3. Wealth from waste Organizing matches
4. Lottery Method Collection and sale of old news paper arrangements for
utilization of left over foods in canteens / restaurants /
marriage parties.
COMMUNITY CHEST / UNITED FUND / JOINT BUDGETING / FEDERATED FINANCIAL
CAMPAIGN
Fund raising is not an easy task. It requires the services of trained and experienced
personals. The agency has to spend a lot of time in collecting funds relegating its
regular services. Even if the agency can spare time and personals, there is no
guarantee that the public will make positive response. The prospective donor may
also irritated if too many organizations appeal to them for funds. At times, the cost of
the campaign may exceed the collections made during the campaign. So, to solve the
problems connected with the individual agency’s attempt to raise funds, innovative
methods are being adopted. These methods are variously called as community chest /
joint budgeting, united fund / federated financial campaign etc. The main feature of
these methods is to raise funds collectively and appropriates it on the basis of already
agreed upon terms and priorities.
Community Chest:
The idea of community chest was first conceived in 1913 in Cleveland USA. A
community chest is a co-operative organization of citizens interested in fund raising
for welfare work and voluntary agencies needing the communities’ financial support.
Its main functions is to raise money through the community and distribute it according
to a systematic budget procedure and to ensure more co-operative planning, co-
ordination and administration of the community’s social welfare services.
Community chest is not an adhoc organization, but a permanent agency to raise funds
for continuing services.
Fund raising through international agencies.

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FUNDRAISING - II
Many community organisations need to raise funds to be able to continue their work
in the community or to carry out special projects. Seeking funding is one of the most
important tasks facing these organisations. For a number of them it’s also a difficult
task.
This material will give some tips on how to go about successfully raising funds, from
how to create a fundraising plan through to completing grant applications. A lot of
what is covered can be summarised into the following six-step approach to raising
funds.
Step 1: Gather information about the organisation
Step 2: Gather information about the project or activity
Step 3: Find out about funding sources and possible activities
Step 4: Create a fundraising plan
Step 5: Implement the fundraising plan – send out applications and complete
fundraising activities
Step 6: Account for funding received and evaluate how your plan worked
Fundraising plan
The most important step in successful fundraising is to have a plan. You need to take
time to think through strategies for achieving that plan. Also set a timeline and break
down tasks into manageable
pieces.
Producing a fundraising plan
involves the following 3 steps:
1. FIRST STEPS
• Identify the purpose of
obtaining funds.
• Check whether fundraising is
really necessary – consider what’s
available now and whether there are
other ways of achieving what you
want e.g. does another group have
the equipment that you could use?
Rather than money, could you get a
donation of a service or item instead?
• Think about whom will gain
from the fundraising e.g. will
your target group benefit?
ONCE DECIDED TO RAISE
FUNDS
• Establish a fundraising committee
• Describe the exact purpose for raising funds
• Set a budget
• Set goals
• Build a fundraising pyramid (see picture)
Fundraising pyramid

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• List the other (non-monetary) resources needed
• Build a fundraising team
• Consult
• Evaluate (and choose) your funding options (see “Funding Options” below).
• Know how to account for any funding you might receive
• Develop your strategies (including a timeline) to put your final plan into action.
Funding options
LOCAL FUNDRAISING ACTIVITIES
• Food and entertainment
• Sales
• Money for labour
• Sponsored activities
• Exhibitions or demonstrations
• Community services
• Competitions
RAISING MONEY THROUGH MEMBERSHIP
• Membership fees
• Having patrons
• "Friends of the organisation" membership
• Business membership
• Local authority or government agency membership
• Major sponsors
DONATIONS
Donor-donee relationship
BUSINESS SPONSORSHIPS
Sponsorship strategy
A sponsorship strategy involves:
• identifying activities suitable for sponsorship
• writing a clear summary of and budget for the proposed activity
• identifying potential benefits for the sponsors
• establishing the value to the sponsor
• identifying potential sponsors and selecting who you will approach
• writing the sponsorship proposal
• approaching the sponsor
• follow up with the sponsor.
Ways of recognising sponsors
You could put the sponsor’s name on:
• Clothing
• All stationery, which can be done cheaply with a self-inking stamp
• All promotional material such as entry or registration forms, posters, tickets
• Notice boards at clubrooms
• Cups, medals and ribbons
• A display by the sponsor in the clubrooms
• The club banner.
You could also:
• advertise the sponsor's wares or activity in programmes and club newsletters

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• promote and foster the sponsor's name and products at, or during, an event, in your
annual report, or at the AGM
• have the organisation or its members become involved in promotional activities for the
sponsor
• give the sponsor the opportunity to market products at the venue or to the
participants
• distribute the sponsor's advertising material at clubrooms or to all participants
• have the sponsor's advertising on your venue
• have the sponsor use photos of events for their own promotions.
PROFESSIONAL FUNDRAISING CONSULTANT
Applying for funds
Whether you’re applying for public funding, a trust grant or making a sponsorship
proposal, a well-presented application stands the best chance of success.
Applying for Funds - Application Contents - Checklist
• A funding application typically requires the following information, which can be altered to
suit your group and the funding body:
• Introduction – to your organisation, its staff and volunteers, services provided,
community served, numbers.
• Legal form – are you an incorporated society or charitable trust? Do you have an umbrella
organisation willing to receive money on your behalf? Are you registered for GST?
• The problem – outline the problem your project seeks to address. Enclose any needs
analysis, evidence or statistics.
• Objectives – these should be specific, achievable and able to be evaluated.
• Procedure – who will implement the project, how and with what?
• Evaluation – explain how you intend to measure whether the project was worthwhile.
• Budget – list all items of anticipated income and expenditure, including staff salaries and
administration costs. Note any other sources of funding that you have approached for this
project, and when you expect a response. State how much the organisation is providing.
Attach professional quotes.
• Request – ask for a specific amount of money that is realistic in terms of the project
budget and of the size of the grant usually made by the funding body. In many cases it
will be less than the total expenses identified in the budget.
• Contacts – list address and phone numbers of two people who can provide the funder
with any further information or clarification.
• Referees – list two or more referees from outside your own organisation who
understand the project and support it.
• Other information – attach any letters of support and other materials that support your
case such as media releases, annual reports, brochures, annual accounts etc.

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Budgeting
Estimation of Financial Requirement of a Project
Budgeting:
Budgeting is the first step in the financial administration. It is a fundamental part of
the planning process. Budget is a statement showing the various sources from which
money is to be raised during a particular period and the programs and activities on
which this will be utilized.
Indicates the financial conditions of the agency during the coming year.
Indicates the distribution of funds for certain definite welfare services.
Indicates the proposed expenditure for a specific period, and the purpose and the
proposed means of securing the income required.
Is a basic means of controlling the programs as well as funds
It is the program of work of the agency expressed in rupees and paise.
Definition
Budget means formal quantitative statement of resources allotted for planned
activities over stipulated periods of time. Future plans if its expressed in
quantitative numerical terms are called as budget.
Purpose of the budget.
The purpose of budget is
1. Assessment :To asses the financial requirement of an agency
To start fund raising campaign
To request various grant giving bodies for financial assistance.
2. Indication: To indicate the lines on which money raised / received (forecasting)
will be spent.
3. Guidance: To guide the staff of the agency about the manner of spending money
on various schemes and heads of account.
4. Helping: To help the managing committee to exercise financial control over the
agency’s work.
5. Informing: To inform the community about sources of income and the plan for
incurring expenditure.
Methods of preparing a budget: (Steps)
1. Preparing a schedule of payments and expenditure in respect of each activity or
heads of expenditure. E.g. Salaries, Travel, Communication, Equipment, Medicine
Contingencies.
2. Collecting the income / expenditure statement for the last three years, on each
head of account.
3. Actual income / expenditure during the previous year.
4. Budgeted income / expenditure during the previous year.
5. Proposed income / expenditure for the coming year.

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Estimation of Financial Requirement
Proforma of budget estimate / accounts in respect an orphanage for the year ………….
Note: -
Receipts Payments
Budget Account Head
Averageofthe
last3years
Budgeted
Actual
Proposedforthe
year
Budget Account Head
Averageofthe
last3years
Budgeted
Actual
Proposedforthe
years
Grants Recurring
Donations Salaries of staff
Subscriptions Food & clothing
Sale proceeds Raw material for crafts
Interest Medicines
Rent of building Rent
Fees Light water etc
Value of services Contingencies
Value of donations in kind Non recurring
Balance from the previous
year
Van
Equipment
To be collected Building / maintenance
Other items Other items
Total Total
BUDGET
MEANING
STATEMENT SHOWING THE INCOME &EXPENDITURE
FOR A SPECIFIC PERIOD IN NUMERICAL TERMS
PURPOSE
ASSESSMENT
FORECASTING
GUIDANCE
HELPING
INFORMING
STEPS
PREPARING SCHEDULE OF PAYMENTS & EXPENDITURE
BUDGETTING STATEMENTS FOR THE LAST 3 YEARS
ACTUAL INCOME AND EXPENDITURE FOR THE PREVIOUS YEAR
BUDGETTED INCOME/ EXPENDITURE FORTHE PREVIOUS YEAR
PROPOSED INCOME AND EXPENDITURE FOR THE NEXT YEAR
SOURCE/
MATERIAL FOR
BUDGET PREPARATION
ACCOUNTS FOR THE LAST 3 YEARS
LETTERS OF SANCTION FROM DONARS
REQUEST
FROM
VARIOUS
HEADS
BUDGETTINGBUDGETTING

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1. The list of heads of accounts is not exhaustive. An agency could adopt the above from as
far as possible leaving out items not applicable or adding a few items of Receipts and
payments, if necessary.
2. The value donations in kind to be shown / separately against the relevant items with extra
entry on the sides.
The above proforma explains not only the process of budget preparation but also indicates
how to estimate financial requirements of a project.
Financial estimates are usually done under two major headings i.e. recurring and non-
recurring.
Recurring expenses are those expenses which happens regularly, includes salaries to the staff
(Project Director, Professional, Administrative, field staff) expenses related to project activities
(depends upon the nature of the project) and contingencies expenses.
Non–recurring (capital expenses that happens once in a while) includes building construction
machinery and other project related expenses.
Expenditure pattern not only differs from project to project but it also differs from phase to
phase. The first phase (planning) consumes less resources and the second phase
(implementation) phase consumes more resources.
So, estimation of financial resources demand knowledge about the expenses that are to be
incurred under various headings and also the volume of resources required phase of a
project.
Foreign Contribution Regulation Act 1976
Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 1976 (FCRA) was enacted in the year 1976
with the prime objective of regulating the acceptance and utilization of foreign
contribution and foreign hospitality by persons and associations working in the
important areas of national life. The focus of this Act is to ensure that the foreign
contribution and foreign hospitality is not utilized to affect or influence electoral
politics, public servants, judges and other people working in the important areas of
national life like journalists, printers and publishers of newspapers, etc. The Act also
seeks to regulate the flow of foreign funds to voluntary organizations with objective of
preventing any possible diversion of such funds towards activities detrimental to the
national interest and to ensure that such individuals and organizations may function in
a manner consistent with the values of sovereign democratic republic.
The organizations seeking foreign contributions for definite cultural, social, economic,
educational or religious programs may either obtain registration or prior permission to
receive foreign contribution from Ministry of Home Affairs by making application in
the prescribed format and furnishing details of the activities and audited accounts.
The registration is granted only to such association which has proven track record of
functioning in the chosen field of work during last three years and after registration,
such organization is free to receive foreign contribution from any foreign source for
stated objectives. Registration is granted only after thorough security of the activities
and antecedents of the organization and office bearers thereof. However, such
organizations which are newly established and do not have proven track record of
functioning may also receive foreign contribution for specific activities, for a specific
purpose and from a specific source after seeking project based prior permission (PP)
from the Ministry of Home Affairs.

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In order to bring in transparency in the administration of the Foreign Contribution
(Regulation) Act, 1976 and the Rules framed there under, improve the functioning,
disseminate the information and enhance user friendliness of the various procedures
the web-site is uploaded with all the FCRA forms, Citizens’ Charter, list of registered
associations, State-wise status of application for registration/prior permission, etc. In
our efforts to bring in further improvements in the system, the following additional
charters/materials are uploaded for information and guidance of all concerned:
CHARTER FOR NGOs / ASSOCIATIONs APPLYING FOR GRANT OF PRIOR ERMISSION
/ REGISTRATION UNDER THE FOREIGN CONTRIBUTION (REGULATION) ACT, 1976.
• Any NGO wishing to receive Foreign Contribution (FC) must have a definite
cultural, economic, educational, religious or social program.
• It shall neither receive nor utilize any FC without obtaining either prior permission
or registration from the Central Govt.
• Details of FC received prior to obtaining either prior permission or registration
should be mentioned clearly at the time of applying for prior permission or
registration, as the case may be.
• An application for seeking prior permission to accept foreign contribution is
to be made in Form FC – 1A, and for grant of registration in Form FC – 8,
respectively. The forms can be downloaded from Ministry of Home Affairs
Web Site at http://mha.nic.in/fcra.htm
• The application should be complete in all respects and no column should be left
blank.
• Each Prior permission application should be sent for receiving a specific amount,
for a specific purpose and from a specific donor. The donor’s commitment letter
specifying the amount of FC and copy of project for which FC is solicited should
invariably be sent along with the FC-1A form.
• Copies of following documents are required to be sent along with FC-1A and FC-8
form
1. Copy of certificate of registration issued under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 or
Trust deed , as the case may be;
2. Details of activities during the last three years;
3. Copies of audited statement of accounts for the past three years (Asset and Liabilities,
Receipt and Payment, Income and Expenditure);
If any printed work is brought out by the association, a certificate from the Press
Registrar that the publication is not a newspaper in terms of section 1(1) of the Press
Registration of Books Act, 1867
Sarkar-approved contributions only
In the name of internal security, the Foreign Contributions (Regulation) Bill
would add to the government's already long list of rules applicable to voluntary
organizations, even as it ignores the fact that they receive less than one per cent of
the foreign funds flowing into the country.

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Indian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have not only been getting money from big donors like
the US, Germany, the UK, Switzerland and Italy, but are also receiving contributions from Pakistan. In
fact, Islamabad has consistently been donating money to various associations in the last three years.
Although the amount contributed by Pakistan is quite small when compared to that given by the
bigwigs, it has put Islamabad in the august list of donors. The contributions by Pakistan and the other
big donor countries have gone to NGOs engaged in carrying out cultural, economic, educational,
religious or social programs in different parts of India.
Statistics released by the home ministry regarding 'foreign funds to NGOs' show that India, which has a
total of 33,937 registered associations, received Rs 12,289.63 crore in foreign contributions during
2006-07 as against Rs 7,877.57 crore in 2005-06, a substantial increase of nearly Rs 4,400 crore
(56%) in just one year.
The US, Germany, the UK, Switzerland and Italy were the top five foreign contributors during 2006-07.
These five countries have consistently been the big donors since 2004-05. Spain, the Netherlands,
Belgium, Canada and France are the other countries which figure prominently in the list of foreign
donors.
The US has been the biggest donor to Indian NGOs in the last several years. It contributed over Rs
2,971 crore in 2006-07 alone. As far as Pakistan is concerned, the country contributed Rs 43.28 lakh in
2004-05, Rs 71.70 lakh in 2005-06 and Rs 21.99 lakh in 2006-07.
In response to a query on whether NGOs getting money from outside had been known to divert the
funds for illegal work or to spread terror activities, the home ministry, in a written reply in the Lok Sabha
on Tuesday, said, "There are no specific inputs to indicate misuse of foreign contribution by the
registered associations (under the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act) for terrorist activities."
The ministry pointed out that no association having a definite cultural, economic, educational, religious
or social program could accept foreign contributions without registration or prior permission under the
Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA), 1976. "However, as and when complaints relating to the
violation of the provisions of the FCRA against associations come to the notice of the government,
appropriate action is taken," it said.
Such activities may include prohibiting the NGOs from receiving foreign contributions, freezing their
bank accounts and prosecuting them in a court of law. On the basis of various complaints, as many as
44 NGOs have been prohibited from receiving foreign contributions whereas the bank accounts of 11
others have been frozen. Besides, the cases of 17 organizations have been referred to the CBI for
detailed investigation.
Among the states, Tamil Nadu has the distinction of having the highest number of registered
associations (3,009) and getting the highest amount of foreign contributions in India. Maharashtra,
Tamil Nadu, Delhi, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Gujarat and
Rajasthan are the top ten states which received major foreign contributions in 2006-07
Salient features of Foreign Contribution Regulation Act, 1976
• An act to regulate the acceptance and utilization of foreign contribution or
foreign hospitality by certain persons or associations, with a view to ensuring that
parliamentary institutions, political associations and academic and other voluntary
organizations as well as individuals working in the important areas of national life
may function in a manner consistent with the values of a sovereign democratic
republic, and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
Need for Foreign Contribution Regulation Act, 1976
• Regulating foreign contribution meant for influencing elections or individuals or
associations working in important areas of national life.
• Not meant to prohibit receipt of foreign contribution for genuine purposes.
• Security considerations.

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Registering an NGO is the first step to get foreign funding
Societies Registration Act 1860
Each state has its own rules and regulations
Century outmoded sections continues
Office Bearers are not eligible for remuneration as per certain state rules
Re-registration is must in certain states
Takeover provisions
Indian Trust Act, 1882
Applicable only for private trust but, can be registered as per public charitable trust
No external control
It is considered non-democratic but depends on trust deed
Cooperative Societies Act
Have became political weapon of ruling parties in certain states
Elections are not conducted and bureaucrats are ruling in those states
Section 25 Companies
Administration has to control more time in filling forms
Rules & Regulations applicable as per Companies Act
Medium & small NGOs needs proper personnel to handle the regulatory requirements
Foreign Contribution
• Foreign contribution means the donation, delivery or transfer made by any
foreign source of any
a) article, not given to a person as a gift, for personal use, if the market value in India
of such article exceeds one thousand rupees;
b) currency, whether Indian or foreign;
c) foreign security as defined in clause 2(i) of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act,
1973.
NOTE: Contributions made by a citizen of India living in another country, from his
personal savings, through the normal banking channels, is not treated as foreign
contribution. It is advisable to obtain the passport details of the concerned citizen of
India before accepting such contributions.
Foreign Source
• Government of foreign country or any agency of such government.
• International agencies, not being of
a) United Nations or its specialized agencies
b) World Bank
c) International Monetary Fund
d) Such other agencies as so notified by the Central Government.
• Foreign Company or Corporation incorporated in foreign country
• Trade Union in a foreign country
• Foreign Trust or Foundation or Society or Club formed or registered outside India
• Company where more than half of shareholding held by foreign Govt., foreign
citizens, foreign corporations
• Citizens of foreign countries

15. Management of NGOs –Mobilizing & Managing Financial Resources – S.Rengasamy
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Who cannot accept Foreign Contribution?
• Candidate for elections.
• Correspondents, columnists, cartoonists, editor, owner, printer.
• Judge, Government servant or employee of any corporation
• Member of any Legislature
• Political party or office-bearer thereof.
Types of permission
An association having a definite cultural, economic, educational, religious or social
program can receive foreign contribution after it obtains the prior permission of the
Central Government, or gets itself registered with the Central Government.
Registration
• Means permanent permission to accept foreign contribution from any foreign
source.
• Granted to associations with proven track record having definite cultural,
economic, educational, religious, social program.
Reasons for rejection of Registration Applications
• Association being in formative stage
• Association formed for personal gain
• Association involved in prosetylisation
• Members of Executive Committee involved in illegal/criminal activities
• Sister association prohibited under the act
• Applicant association prohibited
• Association involved in anti-national activities
• Stated objects of the association not being pursued.
• Applicant having close links with another association with doubtful credentials
• Incomplete application.
Must dos for the registered associations
• Designated exclusive Bank account for receipt and utilization of foreign
contribution.
• Submission of annual FC-3 returns.
• Change in members, home, address, objectives of the association to be reported to
Central Government within 30 days.
• Change in the O.B’s by 50% or more with prior permission only
• Exclusive accounts for utilization of foreign contribution and audit by the Chartered
Accountant.
• Exclusive accounts for receipt and utilization of foreign contribution .
• Substantial proportion of foreign contribution to be spent on welfare activities
Reduction in Administrative expenses

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Indian Diaspora’s opinion on FCRA
The Indian Diaspora, particularly from the affluent Silicon Valley, had pleaded for the scrapping
of the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA). Instead of scrapping, its obnoxious features
got worse. Fears that money could incentivize conversions stymied any action. Fortunately, one
obnoxious regulation making it compulsory for any contribution aimed for educational
institutions, overlooking that such contributions to the alma mater was a way of repaying back,
was scrapped by the new government.
The FCRA was introduced in 1976 as an Act to ‘‘regulate the acceptance and utilization of foreign
contributions/ donations or foreign hospitality of certain persons or associations with a view to
ensuring that parliamentary institutions, political associations and academic and other voluntary
organizations as well as individuals working in important areas of national life function in a
manner consistent with the values of sovereign democratic republic.’’ Notwithstanding the
unexceptionable (although somewhat pompous) objective, in practice its application has been
detrimental in multiple ways.
The Act is administered by the Ministry of Home Affairs. The Foreigners Division of MHA is a
bureaucratic web scrutinizing thousands of applications; a vestige of the ‘‘permission culture’’.
Some 23,000 associations stand registered under the FCRA and roughly 700 associations get
permissions each year and over 14,598 such associations filed returns in 2001-02 alone. The Act
regulates a spectrum of activities:
1 International conference
2 Individual foreign scholars
3 Foreign contributions need prior approval.
4 Foreign hospitality,
5 Scholarships
6 Media
7 The Indian Diaspora finds the Act even more onerous because currently contributions from
NRIs to corporate sector come under the Foreign Exchange Maintenance Act, while non-
corporate organizations are under the ambit of the FCRA. FERA was repealed some time ago
and FEMA which was its replacement looks into foreign exchange utilization for business
purposes. However, even philanthropic activities are clubbed under FCRA and contributions do
not get any tax exemption for the donations given by them. Action on Singhvi Committee’s
recommendations has been tardy.
The FCRA is an archaic legislation. Even as India has become increasingly globalised, this Act
reflects undue diffidence. It is a part of a misplaced paranoia that foreigners are busy conspiring
to destabilize us and even self-respecting Indians and recognized academic institutions can be so
easily subverted. Every country must protect attempts to subvert institutions and, given
enhanced security concerns, keep a firm check on suspect money.
There are, however, other means to achieve this unexceptionable goal. Several existing laws like
the Money Laundering Act, Foreign Exchange Management Act and other legislations under the
control of Ministry of Home Affairs can be strengthened to meet this objective. The FCRA
deserves to be scrapped. Democratic institutions and our pride in preserving an ‘‘open society’’
need repeated vindication. Can we arrange a decent but quick burial for this outmoded law?
Prior Permission when required
• Where the association does not have a FCRA registration
• Where the association is placed under prior permission category
• Where registration is frozen
• Associations of political nature, not being political party
Essentials of prior permission
• Donor specific
• Donee specific
• Amount specific – within overall limits
• Purpose specific

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FCRA Problems
Genuine groups with documental
evidence of support letters from
donors, summarily rejected
If there is a change of 50 % or
more of the office bearers, fresh
application – undemocratic
Grey Areas:
When FC losses its characteristics.
Not able to support Gross Root
level Orgs.,/CBOs
FC 8 Application recommendation
letter from Collector or Govt.,
officials
Penalties
• Prohibition
• Placing the association in prior permission
category
• Fine
• Seizure/confiscation of the foreign
contribution
• Imprisonment upto 5 years
Role of Banks
• Prime source for receipt and utilization
• Can keep a watch over activities of
doubtful associations
• Information about foreign contribution
• Not to allow receipt and utilization of foreign contribution without Registration or
prior permission.
Bilateral Development Assistance
Preferred Bilateral partner countries
• Japan
• United Kingdom
• United States of America
• Germany
• European union Countries
• Russian Federation
Preferred Areas for Bilateral Development Assistance
Projects of economic and social importance
Technical assistance programs that aim at enhancement of knowledge/skills of
Indian Nationals
Each project to be cleared by the DEA. No blanket permission to any NGO based
on reputation/past performance
FCRA clearance compulsory
Procedure for clearing the proposals
• Bilateral partners to identify the recipient organizations and projects.
• Submission of brief particulars of program/project to the DEA.
• Response of DEA to bilateral partners.
• Approval of list of recipients/programs/projects.
• Transfer of funds by bilateral partner to the recipient organizations.
• Monitoring the physical and financial progress of the projects.

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RECEIPT OF FOREIGN CONTRIBUTION
Year Amount Rs/crores % increase over previous Year
2000-01
2001-02
2002-03
4535.2
4871.9
5046.5
3.58
7.42
15.56
Amount wise break-up of foreign contribution received by reporting associations
Year Below
Rs.1 cr
Between
Rs.1-5 cr
Between
Rs.5-10 cr
Above
Rs.10 cr
2000-01 13815 669 62 52
2001-02 14761 721 77 52
2002-03 15650 798 76 66
TOP DONOR COUNTRIES
Foreign Contribution Rs/crores
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03
USA 1492.63 1658.29 1679.84
Germany 664.51 702.33 715.04
UK 677.59 679.29 685.38
Italy 269.78 304.55 315.82
Netherlands 227.04 237.37 261.88
TOP DONORS)
Foreign Contribution (Rs. in crores
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03
Ford Foundation, USA 41.32 56.05 121.94
World Vision International, 80.43 78.33 90.24
Vicent E Ferrer Spain 63.26 63.06 79.16
Christian Children Fund.USA 43.07 44.27 75.15
Foster Parents Plan International, USA 76.37 72.37 53.73
TOP RECIPIENT STATES/UNION TERROTORY
Foreign Contribution (Rs. in crores)
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03
Delhi 763.05 794.42 880.77
Tamil Nadu 649.45 695.49 774.99
Andhra Pradesh 589.52 559.56 629.76
Karnataka 489.96 504.98 629.76
Maharashtra 466.91 464.35 505.13
TOP RECIPIENT DISTRICTS
2000-01 2001-02 2002-03
Bangalore 365.13 362.19 357.66
Chennai 310.77 311.55 363.45
Mumbai 240.25 298.28 283.53
Kolkotta 167.38 168.38 181.44
Anantapur 165.43 115.42 168.95
TOP PURPOSES

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Rural Development 547.74 464.61 486.50
Establishment
Expenses
170.05 859.00 673.77
Construction &
Maintenance of School
192.46 242.24 275.74
Relief/Rehabilitation of
Victims of Natural
Calamities
339.77 438.65 265.85
Construction of
hospital/
dispensary/clinic
145.77 186.65
Trends
Year Registered Associations Amount of foreign contribution
received (in Crores)
1993-94 15,039 1865
1994-95 15,723 1892
1995-96 16,740 2168
1996-97 17,723 2571
1997-98 18,489 2864
1998-99 19,834 3402
1999-00 21,244 3924
2000-01 22,924 4535
2001-02 24,563 4872
2002-03 26,404 5047
ISSUES IN THE FUNCTIONING OF NGO’S
• Non-existent regulatory mechanism
• Accountability
• No perspective planning for NGO sector
• Proliferation of paper organizations
• No National NGO policy
• Comprehensive National Legislation Required
Accountability

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Accountability
People often talk about accountability of NGOs. Sometimes this makes scandalous
headlines. Other times, it may lead to a heated argument in a drawing room.
■What is financial accountability?
■How is it enforced in the context of NGOs?
■How do NGOs look at it?
■What are public expectations in this connection?
■How does the corporate sector deal with this issue?
Perceptions
Different people have widely differing views of financial accountability of NGOs. Some
believe them to be extremely honest; others argue equally vehemently that they are all
corrupt. As always, the truth lies somewhere between these two extreme views.
In our experience, there are some NGOs who may not be doing any real work, but maintain
their accounts very nicely. These NGOs may be primarily vehicles for self-enrichment or for
tax evasion. Then again there are many NGOs whose work is exemplary but the quality of
accounting is quite poor. Sometimes this is due to lack of accounting personnel or skills.
Other times, this may be due to faulty budgeting policies or organizational pressures. There
are also some NGOs whose work and accounts both shine equally well. These can be held
up as models to be emulated by all.
Accountability – Authority – Responsibility:
Efficient Use of Resources
Administrative Accountability
• A few writers in the field of management indicate that accountability means the
managers’ liability for the proper discharge of the duties use the term
accountability by his industries.
• Some others conceive that accountability as the requirement of those organization
members to whom responsibility and authority are delegated be held answerable
for results.
• Responsibility, authority. accountability are related terms. The purpose of all this
is to make efficient use of resources. Efficient use of resources is again depending
on administrative ability.
• Administrative accountability involves the ability to mobilize allocate and
combine the actions that are technically needed to achieve development
objectives. -Katz
• Administrative accountability involves efficiency related to the conversion of
inputs and outputs, with special attention as to how the inputs are used.
• Administrative accountability is the capacity of the administration to achieve the
desired objective of socio –economic progress and nation building.
• Accountability means taking responsibility for the omissions & commissions of
the subordinates
• related to efficiency
• Ability to mobilize, allocate & combine actions that are needed to achieve
development.

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Why accountability?
D.A is the arm of the state; they can enact & enforce law. D.A at times regulates the
activities of other administration. Because of these public expect that D.A should rise
above the normal patterns of management in commerce & industry
Accountability is like electricity, is difficult to define, but possess qualities that make
its presence in a system immediately detectable.
Accountability means liability to give a satisfactory account of the exercise of the
power, falling which some kind of evil or punishment may follow.
Administrators are guilty of
1. Non–feasance; [ laziness, ignorance, want of care, corruption.]
Officials have not done what the custom or law requires them to do owing to laziness,
ignorance or want of care for their charges of corrupt influences.
2. Mal–feasance; [waste & damage, ignorance, technical incompetence]
Means that a public duty is performed with waste and damage because of ignorance,
negligence and technical incompetence.
3. Over–feasance; [dictatorial power, vanity ambition genuine, sincere, public
spirited enthusiasm]
Means when an official duty is undertaken beyond what law & custom oblige or
empower. If may occur act of dictatorial temper, vanity and ambition of an official or
his genuine, sincere, public spirited enthusiasm.
To control them accountability is stressed; it is achieved through [control
mechanisms]
Internal system controls; (department)
• Hierarchy; a body successively classified in subordinate grades.
• Span of Control: Define the number of subordinates an administrator can
efficiently control or direct.
• Unity of Command: States that subordinates should have no more than one
superior to whom they are directly responsible.
• Inspection Supervison.
Defining Financial Accountability
The word accountability has many different interpretations in the NGO sector, and is a
complex, multi faceted concept. In the present context, the discussion is limited to
financial accountability. Fortunately, this is simpler to deal with. Simply put, financial
accountability is the ability to account for money properly. This would
mean that a person is able to show how they have used the money. They should also be
able to show that the money was used properly and accounted fairly. Finally, their
financial reports should be financially true and not misleading.
Simply put, financial accountability is the ability to account for money properly.
Hierarchy
Span of control
Unity of command Well known accountability facilitating
devices.
Inspection
Supervision

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The key principles of NGO accountability, and how can it be applied?
The four principles of accountability call for responsibility and authority to be clearly
specified, guidance and support to be provided at all stages to everyone involved, exercise
of responsibility and authority to be monitored and assessed, and appropriate action to be
taken.
One of the first principle is that responsibility and authority has to be clearly specified. The
responsible person must be informed of the expected program results and resources
(financial and human) allocated for the purpose. Monitoring and evaluation systems should
be clarified, along with organizational values, policies, rules and regulations, and the
behavioral standards.
The second principle calls for providing guidance and support to the responsible person in
the form of regular and timely management information, training and development, access
to senior managers, and advice from financial and human resource management experts.
The third principle calls for the monitoring and assessment of the needs of responsibility
and authority. This is done by an objective comparison of results against targets and
standards, covering such issues as delivery of programs, cost and quality; management of
human and financial resources; decision-making - authority fully exercised but not
exceeded; and compliance with policies, values, rules and regulations, and behavioral
standards.
The final principle is on taking appropriate action. This deals with issues such as
excellence, satisfactory performance, unsatisfactory execution of responsibility and
authority as a result of carelessness or ignorance, unacceptable execution of responsibility
and authority due to deliberate flouting of policies, rules and regulations, or exceeding the
limits of decision-making authority.
External system controls: (people)
Legislative, electorate or the people, professional bodies counts
Political
Legislative
Financial, Judicial / normative accountability
Through prescribing conduct & rules.
Internal individual controls –administrators values towards law, his moral
development, promise keeping mutual aid, respect for persons / property.
Ombudsman type institutions– Lokpal & Lokayukta
Accountability is determined by
• nature of political structure.
• nature of social organization
• nature of political culture
• level of popular expectations
• value system of the public
• levels of administrative morality
• power relations.

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Regulatory Authorities
Different Government departments approach this issue from different perspectives. For
example, Ministry of Home Affairs is concerned with whether some NPOs, which receive
foreign funds, could use these to influence electoral politics. It is also concerned with
whether the funds could be used to influence media or effect religious conversions. The
new FCRA Bill 2006 takes it further to whether foreign funds could be used for anti-national
activities.
The Income Tax Department is focused on whether the tax exemptions granted to NPOs
could be misused as a tax shelter and thus cause the Government to lose revenue. This
normally happens when people set up paper-based NPOs and use these to mask their
business activities. Or they could use these to provide fake tax deductions to taxpayers.
Contrary to general perceptions, the society registrars are normally not concerned with
ensuring accountability of NPOs. They essentially function as a public record office. This
role varies from one state to another
However, in some states, such as Maharashtra and Gujarat, the Charity Commissioner is
also concerned with preventing theft of funds or properties entrusted to trusts and societies.
Similarly, the Companies Registration office also tries to ensure that section 25 companies
are not used for personal enrichment.
Thus, it can be seen that Government authorities are primarily not concerned with financial
accountability of NPOs. They do not see themselves as arbiters of good financial
management.
Methods to improve the Administrative Accountability
1. There should be decentralization of authority because concentration of power and
authority corrupts bureaucrats
2. The duly elected representatives of the people in the legislatures should tighten
their group and no exclusively depend on the bureaucrats for running day-to-day
administration of their department.
3. Institutions like those of the Lokpal and judiciary tribunals should be encouraged
and empowered to look into the grievances of the public against the bureaucrats.
4. They should be constantly reminded that they are the servants of the people with
whom they must establish healthy contacts.
5. Socially, they should never be allowed to develop a sense of class and self-
consciousness.
6. Top bureaucrats must be taught at responsive to public opinion, which they should
be told by direct & indirect means and methods.
7. Nepotism in making appointments should be ruthlessly crushed.
8. The bureaucracy should be deprived of judicial powers so that people can hope to
get justice against their high handedness. Effective political control, good
management, efficient personal administration, internal review professional moral
and non official participation in administration can go a long way to improve the
administrative accountability and there by removing many of the evils of
bureaucracy.
Methods to improve accountability.
• Decentralization Political control
• total dependency on the bureaucrats should be avoided
• Institutions like Lokpal should be encouraged
• Bureaucrats should be remained that they are servants
• Not allowing them to develop a class consciousness
• Depriving them judicial powers.

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Financial Accountability
1. An NGO should operate in accordance with an annual budget that has been approved
by the board prior to the beginning of each fiscal year.
2. An NGO should create and maintain financial reports on a timely (at least quarterly)
basis, accurately reflecting the financial activity of the organization, including the
comparison of actual to budgeted revenue and expense.
3. Quarterly financial statements should be provided to the board of directors. The
statements should identify and explain any significant variation between actual and
budgeted revenues and expenses.
4. An organization should subject its financial reports to an annual audit by a Chartered
Accountant.
5. An NGO should provide employees and volunteers with a confidential means to report
suspected financial impropriety or misuse of organization resources.
6. An NGO should have written financial policies governing the following matters, where
appropriate: (a) investment of the assets of the organization; (b) internal control
procedures; (c) purchasing practices; (d) reserve funds; (e) compensation, including salary
and benefits; (f) expense account reporting; and (g) earned income.
7. The organization should have clear and written policies on loans and staff advances.
8. Wherever possible, the organization should ensure that its funding base is diversified.
• Effective political control, efficient personal administration internal review,
professional moral non-official participation.
Administrative Accountability
• Dovetailing of professional judgment into citizens’ preferences.
• Accountability, like electricity, is difficult to define, but possess qualities that
make its presence in a system immediately detected.
Concept of Administrative Accountability is culture oriented
Administrative Accountability
It power is not to be abused, it must be accompanied by responsibility / accountability.
Accountability means liability to give a satisfactory account of the exercise of the
power, failing which some kind of evil or punishment may follow.
Accountability is built up in constitutional provisions, statues, rules, judicial decisions
& precedents and customs & usages
Accountability is achieved thro ‘
• the legislature
• the electorate or the people
• the administrative superiors
• professional bodies
• courts
So accountability in administration is political, administrative, professional and
judicial.
Responsibility to the Legislature:
• to hold office, they have to win the confidence
• If the party is powerful/majority – then what?
• Questions, resolutions and debates are the methods

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Conduct & Discipline:
Accountability is established thro’ conduct rules
1) Maintenance of correct behavior towards official superiors and of loyalty to the
state.
2) Restrictions to engage in private trade, business, contracting debt, acquisition &
disposal of property etc.
3) Observance of a certain code of ethics in the official, private & public life.
4) Regulation of political activities of the public servants public servant has to forego
certain citizen rights.
5) All India service rules.
Discipline:
In attention to duty, inefficiency, insubordination, immorality, lack of integrity,
violation of the recognized code of ethics.