1.
MEMORY…
By
BNYS 3rd year
SVYASA

2.
CONTENTS…
 Introduction
 Definition
 What is memory…..???
 Sensory memory
 Short term memory
 Long term memory
 Memory is classifies into two types
 1. Explicit memory
 2. Implicit memory

3.
INTRODUCTION
• Memory is the processes by which information is
encoded, stored, and retrieved
• Encoding allows information that is from the outside
world to reach our senses in the forms of chemical and
physical stimuli
• Storage is the second memory stage or process

4.
DEFINITION
• Memory is defined as the ability to recall the
past experience
• It is also defined as retention of learned
materials
• Some memories remain only for few seconds
• Others last for hours, days, months or years
together

5.
SENSORY MEMORY
 Sensory memory corresponds approximately to
the initial 200–500 millisecond after an item is
perceived
 sensory memory that briefly stores an image
which has been perceived for a small duration

6.
COUNT…
 This entails that we maintain information over
periods of time
 This is the retrieval of information that we have
stored

7.
SENSORY MEMORY

8.
 Generally , memory is also classified as:-
 Short term memory
 Long term memory

9.
SHORT-TERM MEMORY
 Short-term memory allows recall for a period of
several seconds to a minute without rehearsal
 Short-term memory is believed to rely mostly on
an acoustic code for storing information

10.
COUNT…
 It is the recalling the events that happened very
recently, within hours or days
 There is another from of short term memory
called working memory
 It is a very short period on the basis of which an
action is executed

11.
SHORT-TERM MEMORY

12.
LONG-TERM MEMORY
 The storage in sensory memory and short-term
memory generally have a strictly limited capacity
and duration
 Long-term memory can store much larger quantities
of information for potentially unlimited duration
 This information is said to be stored in long-term
memory

13.
COUNT…
 It is otherwise called remote memory
 It is the recalling of the events of weeks, months,
years or sometimes lifetime
 Examples are recalling first day of schooling,
birthday celebration of previous year, picnic enjoyed
last week

14.
LONG-TERM MEMORY
Long term
memory
Explicit Implicit non-
declarative declarative
Episodic Somatic
Procedural
(Idea, Facts (Words and Emotional
(skill)
etc…) concepts etc…)

15.
MEMORY IS CLASSIFIES INTO TWO TYPES
 1. Explicit memory
 2. Implicit memory

16.
EXPLICIT MEMORY

17.
EXPLICIT MEMORY
 Explicit memory It is otherwise know as declarative memory
 It is defined as the memory that involves conscious recollection of
past experience
 The information stored may be about a particular event that
happened at a particular time and place
 Examples :-
 Recollection of a birthday party celebrated three days
 Explicit memory involves hippocampus and medial part of
temporal lobe

18.
IMPLICIT MEMORY

19.
IMPLICIT MEMORY
 It is defined as the memory in which past experience
is utilized without conscious awareness
 It helps to perform various skilled activities properly
 For example, cycling, driving, playing
tennis,dancing,typing

20.
 Depending upon the duration , memory is
classified into three types
 Sensory memory
 Primary memory
 Secondary memory

21.
SENSORY MEMORY

22.
SENSORY MEMORY
 It is the ability to retain sensory signals in the
sensory areas of brain
 It is the initial stage of memory
 It resembles working memory

23.
PRIMARY MEMORY
 It is the memory of facts, words, numbers, letters
or other information recalled for a few seconds to
few minutes at a time
 One need not search or squeeze through the mind
but this memory is easily replaced by new bits of
memory Example:---

24.
SECONDARY MEMORY
 It is storage of information in the brain for a longer
period
 The information could be recalled after hours, days,
months or years
 It also called fixed memory or permanent memory
 It resembles long term memory

25.
SENSORY MEMORY
 Sensory Memory: Storing an exact copy of incoming
information for less than a second; the first stage of memory
 Icon: A fleeting mental image or visual representation
 Echo: After a sound is heard, a brief continuation of the sound
in the auditory system

26.
TECHNIQUES USED TO ASSESS INFANT’S
MEMORY
 Infants do not have the language ability to report
on their memories
 So, verbal reports cannot be used to assess very
young children’s memory

27.
TECHNIQUES USED TO ASSESS OLDER CHILDREN
AND ADULTS' MEMORY
 Paired associate learning
 Free recall
 Recognition
 Detection Paradigm

28.
PAIRED ASSOCIATE LEARNING
 During this task a subject would be asked to
study a list of words and then sometime later they
will be asked to recall

29.
FREE RECALL
 Free recall is a basic paradigm in the
psychological study of memory
 The recall period typically lasts a few minutes,
and can involve spoken or written recall
 Items are usually presented one at a time for a
short duration

30.
RECOGNITION
 Remember a list of words or pictures
 List of alternatives that were not presented in the
original list

31.
DETECTION PARADIGM
 Individuals are shown a number of objects and
colors samples

32.
PHYSIOLOGY
 Brain areas involved in the neuroanatomy of
memory such as the hippocampus
 Learning and memory are attributed to changes in
neuronal synapses
 The hippocampus is important for explicit memory
 Also important for memory consolidation

33.
FUNCTION OF HIPPOCAMPUS
 The hippocampus from the olfactory bulb
 The second major line of thought relates the
hippocampus to memory
 Changes in synaptic connections in the hippocampus
 Hippocampus plays some sort of important role in
memory

34.
COUNT…
 Hippocampus damage may also cause memory
loss and problems with memory storage.

35.
COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE OF MEMORY
 Encoding of working memory
involves the spiking of individual
neurons induced by sensory input
 working memory signals in both
medial temporal lobe
 strong relationship between
working memory and long-term
memory

36.
MEMORY IN INFANCY
 A growing body of research now indicates that
infants as young as 6-months can recall
information after a 24-hour delay

37.
DISORDERS
 Loss of memory is known as amnesia
 Alzheimer's disease
 Parkinson's disease
 Hyperthymesia
 Korsakoff's syndrome
 Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

38.
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

39.
PARKINSON'S DISEASE
•Also affect memory and cognition

40.
HYPERTHYMESIA
 Also affect memory and cognition
 Affects an individual's autobiographical memory
 That they cannot forget small details that
otherwise would not be stored

41.
KORSAKOFF'S SYNDROME
 Known as Korsakoff's psychosis, amnesic-
confabulatory syndrome
 Organic brain disease that adversely affects
memory

42.
TIP-OF-THE-TONGUE PHENOMENON
 Common temporary failure of word retrieval
from memory